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In this study, 12 commercially available paper towels were collected from the local market. Their tensile properties were investigated by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). Four tensile properties namely: (i) extensibility (EMT), (ii) tensile energy (WT), (iii) tensile resilience (RT) and (iv) linearity of WT (LT) were evaluated. Experimental results revealed that the tensile properties varied within the products. EMT was used as the key property for discussing the tensile properties of paper towels. However, when the different tensile properties were correlated, it was found that WT/RT, WT/EMT and RT/EMT had strong Pearson correlation. In addition, there was no significant statistically relationship between weight and thickness to EMT. Based on this study, it can provide some information about the tensile properties of paper towels in local market which may help the industry for further improving the product quality.

12 commercially available paper towels were collected from the local market and studied in this paper. Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F) was used for evaluating their bending properties. Two bending properties namely: (i) bending rigidity (B) and (ii) bending moment (2HB) were evaluated. Experimental results indciated that the bending properties varied within the products. B was used as the key property for discussing the bending properties of paper towels. When the correlations of different bending properties were investigated, it was found that no significant was found between B and 2HB. However, there was significant statistically relationship between weight and B but no relationship between thickness and B. With the use of the results, the product developer could improve the bending properties of the paper towels.

In this study, 12 commercially available paper towels were collected from the market. Their shearing properties were evaluated by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). Three properties namely: (i) coefficient of friction (MIU), (ii) deviation of MIU (MMD) and (iii) geometric roughness (SMD). Experimental results revealed that the surface properties varied within the products. When different properties were correlated, it was found that there was not significantly relationship between MIU, MMD and SMD. However, weight and thickness had well statistically relationship to SMD.

As a kind of environmentally friendly material, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) has the following advantages: renewable raw materials, easy recycling, biodegradable, safety and so on. It can be combined with antibacterial agents to prepare the antibacterial packing materials for food. In this paper, the nano-ZnO was modified by titanate coupling agent TM-38s at first,determines the best dosage of TM-38 is 3% in the modification process,the dosage of the isopropyl alcohol for 40ml,improving its dispersibility. And then added in the MFC suspension to formulate the antibacterial coating for antibacterial coated paper preparation. The changes of antibacterial properties of the paper before and after coating were investigated in this study. The results showed that the paper had a significant antibacterial activity to e. coli and staphylococcus aureus (the antibacterial circle was bigger than 15 mm).When the nano-ZnO dosage was 2.5wt%, the antibacterial properties of the coated paper could reach the best situation. Application of the antibacterial caoated paper to the food packaging could restrain and kill the microorganisms on the food surface effectively, prolong the shelf life of food, and improve the food safety.

This paper describes the use of a printing circuit technology to generate hydrophilic channels in a filter paper. Pattern was first designed using Protel soft, and printed on a blank paper. Then, the pattern was transferred on a sheet copper using a thermal transfer printer. The sheet copper with pattern was dipped in a ferric trichloride solution to etch the whole pattern of the sheet copper. At last, the etched sheet copper was coated with paraffin, then with a filter paper and heated at the other side of the sheet copper with an electric iron. The melting paraffin penetrated full thickness of the filter paper and formed a hydrophobic “wall”. Colorimetric assays for the presence of protein and glucose were demonstrated in the paper-based device. The work is helpful for researching paper-based microfluidic devices for monitoring health and detecting disease.

Biopolymers have the potential to serve as coating materials for paper to improve its performance properties. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of kelp coating on the physical properties of coated papers. It was found that kelp coated paper showed significant difference on physical properties, compared with uncoated. Kelp coated papers greatly increased in tensile strength. Paper coated with kelp solution can be used to produce packages with the potential to be used to maintain agricultural produce quality for the food industry, and may have other applications.

The experiment studied effects of paper on the height and glossiness of UV ink-jet 3D printing. The results showed that there all existed penetrations between the 1st ink layer and three kinds of paper, the bigger the roughness and bulk of paper were, the larger the penetration was, and penetration between the 1st ink and paper was obviously larger than that between two ink layers. Penetration between two ink layers was stable, almost not affected by paper. The bigger the roughness and bulk of paper were, the smaller the glossiness of ink layer was. There appeared directional ink strips on ink layer on three kinds of paper, beginning from the 3rd ink layer, there also appeared ink pits on ink layer on paper whose roughness and bulk were the biggest, which showed printer precision was also an important factor for the glossiness, apart from paper. Thus, the tight and smooth paper should be selected in UV ink-jet 3D printing. Before printing, pretreatment should be done to exclude the influence of the 1st ink layer and the ink strips.

Screen printing fluorescent security inks can be widely applied in the field of anti-counterfeiting packaging and printing special. Paper-based screen printing fluorescence security ink was prepared by europium polymer fluorescent material as fluorescent agent, alkyd resin etc as links, meanwhile various additives were added. The performance of europium polymer was studied by IR, UV spectra, fluorescence spectra, and fluorescent security performance of ink were studied by fluorescence spectrophotometer, the results showed that the fluorescence emission spectrum was narrow, and had a main peak at 612nm and high fluorescence efficiency, so this ink had good fluorescence security performance. The fineness,viscosity,stability etc printability of the ink were studied by fineness gauge, viscosity meter, the test result showed that the ink had good printability, can be applied in the security printing process of screen printing.

The study on the method of the color measurement of gold and silver foil paper is important to control color quality in the printing industry. The methods used in the experiments were to study the role of the gold tone and silver tone by studying the influence of gold tone and silver tone with different content on the chromatic value of normal color ink with different tone and different saturation. In the experiments, chromatic value of SPIN and SPEX respectively in the diffuse light conditions of color measurement could represent the chromatic value of the ink containing gold or silver ink. Then the difference of L values between SPIN and SPEX was defined as lightness difference. The ratio of the difference of saturation between SPIN and SPEX to their sum was defined as saturation ratio. Therefore, the Correlation Properties between lightness difference and saturation ratio was quantified. The result shows that with the quantity of gold and silver ink increasing, saturation ratio has linear relation with lightness difference for the same color. Similarly, with the saturation of normal ink colors increasing, saturation ratio has linear relation with lightness difference for a series of colors containing the same quantity of gold and silver ink .

Two equivalent models based on sandwich panel theory and equivalent panel theory were discussed in this paper. By analyzing the performance of fiber - paper honeycomb sandwich structure compound panel by bending load, the computational results are in accordance with test and Engineering software ANSYS. Therefore, it shows that the finite element equivalent models are reasonable and practical for the optimization design of fiber - paper honeycomb sandwich composites.

As a high technique environmental friendly material, Wood-plastic composite (WPC) material has wide range of applications and is extruded by recycled wood fiber products and wasted LDPE. Waste Paper-Al-Plastic materials including Tetrapak beverage and milk boxes are used to extrude the WPC as thermal insulation exterior wallboard instead of normal wood fiber material in the present research. In this paper, simulated thermal insulation and Oxygen index combustion test were operated at the Lab conditions. Some experimental results are presented as follow: heat transfer coefficient of 100mm thick WPC hollow wall is 0.922 W/m2•K, which is equivalent to the thermal insulation performance of a 0.35m thick fly ash aerated concrete block. Oxygen index of 27 indicates that WPC is inflammable material. Zinc borate (ZB) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are effective flame retardant for Paper-Al-Plastic WPC.

The theory of natural frequencies were acquired from vibration experiment, meanwhile, the first order frequencies of honeycomb sandwich structure composites were obtained by using the sandwich laminboard theory and equivalent panel theory via the finite element software ANSYS. The simulation results were compared to the experiment results to get the error of calculation of the two different equivalent methods, thereby we can select more appropriate equivalent method to ensure the veracity of the result analysis and provide a reference for the optimization design of the fiber-paper honeycomb sandwich structure composites.

The light inspection on surface finishing of most product measurement is an important feature in the industries. In this study, a lab module tester for examination on the different type quality of tissue paper quality was done. The light reflectance element was used in this study to differentiate the quality of tissue paper. The laser diode and photodiode was used as manipulator to differentiate the tissue paper and photo detector to detect the reflected light from the surface of tissue paper. The both of laser diode and photodiode were placed in a light box. Different level of intensity reflected from the surface material will have different voltage output. The result showed that the total ply high quality tissue paper has a higher reflected voltage output compared to low quality tissue paper.

The effects of aluminum foil packaging materials on color reproduction were mainly studied from the following two aspects in this topic: (1) through the study of CIEl976 chroma space, color difference evaluations of 7 kinds of colors for aluminum foil were compared with that of coated paper, based on the established color libraries of coated paper. (2) Four different spectrophotometers of X-Rite were used to measure L*、 a*、 b* of different colors, analyzing the effects of different spectrophotometer on color reproduction. Research has proved that: (1) the method which color was transferred to the aluminum foil, according to the established color libraries of coated paper, is feasible, and there was no difference between two colors on aluminum foils by visual inspection, the chromatic aberration was less than 1. (2) From the measurements, aspheric photometers like X-Rite939, Spectroeye, X-Rite500 cannot be used for color measurement on aluminum foil, the error is bigger than SP64, and accuracy is lower. (3) Through the total color difference analysis of four instruments on magenta, the ball SP64 portable spectrophotometer is the most suitable equipment for color reproduction on aluminum foil packaging materials.

The size and the number of folds severely affect the performance of the diesel fuel filter. Computational fluid dynamics method was applied to diesel filter internal flow simulation, and flow pressure lost was test to verify the simulation result. CFD result shown that, when the filter paper angle less than 3°, the internal flow resistance of fuel filter grown rapidly. The flow resistance decreased slowly when filter paper angle of greater than 6°. If filter paper angle was less than 3 °, effective filter area of filter decreased sharply, and filtration efficiency was lower than limit. The filter paper dust capacity increased rapidly, when filter paper angle was greater than 4.5 °, which prolonged filter life. In order to ensure the flow resistance, filtration efficiency and service life, the angle of the filter paper should be between 3 ° to 4.5 °.

The purpose of this research was undertaken to use flour of wild taro corm (ColocasiaEsculenta (L.) Schott) as a resist paste for batik on cotton fabric and using dye solution from pigment dyestuffs. Colour value, K/S values, sharpness of cotton batik fabric were evaluated. The washing and rubbing fastness of the batik fabric was also evaluated. From the result of experiment it can be concluded that the pattern at resist area of cotton batik fabrics show sharpness. Colour fastness to washing and rubbing were ranging between good to very good level. Pigment dye solution can be painted on cotton fabric by using batik technique.

Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource to help aid the national energy depletion crisis of fossil fuel and coal. One of the most potential renewable energy sources in Malaysia is hydropower followed by solar energy. This paper presents the fabrication of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) using organic dyes from dragon fruit and chlorophyll which is extracted from spinach. The fabrication of DSSC uses the Dr.blade method. Result shows that the efficiency by using dragon fruit as sensitizer at 40µm TiO2 Thickness is 6.45%, better than the usage of chlorophyll dye which is 4.23% at the same thickness. Result also shows that at 80µm by using the dyes from chlorophyll extract has higher solar cell efficiency compare to dragon fruit. This shows that both the chlorophyll extract and dragon fruit shows potential in the development of a feasible working organic dye.

Co-gasification of biomass and coal is increasingly considered as a promising technology for sustainable utilization of coal and large-scale use of biomass. Co-gasification characteristic and kinetic analysis are the basic and essential information for the application of this technology. In this paper, co-gasification behavior of a typical bituminous coal from western China and spent mushroom compost (SMC) was investigated through thermogravimetric analyzer. The temperature interval was from ambient temperature to 1000 ○C with various heating rates (10, 20, 40 ○C•min-1) under carbon dioxide atmosphere. Kinetic parameter was solved through Distribution Activation Energy Model (DAEM). The results indicated that he maximum decomposition rates of the mixture and SMC were higher than that of coal except 25% SMC. Slightly synergistic effect during the co-gasification was found. The average values of the activation energy were 25.07 kJ•mol-1 for bituminous coal, 204.47 kJ•mol-1 for 25% SMC, 123.14 kJ•mol-1 for 50% SMC, 144.05 kJ•mol-1 for 75% SMC and 227.50 kJ•mol-1 for SMC, respectively.

Dual-frequency ultrasonic assisted ozonation was proposed to degrade pesticide wastewater. The frequencies of ultrasound were 28 kHz and low-MHz (208 kHz, 495 kHz, 679 kHz and 890 kHz). The influence of ultrasound frequency was investigated in this paper. The electrical conductivity of deionized water was measured under different conditions, and degradation rate of acephate solution was used to verify degradation effect of the treatment. The results implied that the 208 kHz system was suitable for ozone dissolving and 495 kHz system was suitable for acephate degradation.

A new low cost microfluidic device has been designed and fabricated. Three thread microchannels were fabricated using tape and three indicting filter papers were also made by dipping three filter papers into sodium nitrite with different concentration. The side of the thread microchannels was connected to the indicting filter papers and then mounted on a 1280yx-LiNbO3piezoelectric substrate, on which an interdigital transducer and reflector were fabricated using microeletric technology. PDMS film was coated to avoid the evaporation of microfluid transporting in the thread based microchannels. When a 25.5MHz RF signal with 25.4dBm power was applied on the IDT, the microfluid on the piezoelectric substrate was actuated by surface acoustic wave and transported along the thread microchannels, and reacted with nitrite ion in the indicting filter paper. Experimental results show that the thread-piezoelectric substrate microfluidic device can be used for biological or chemical analysis.

The extended uses of mineral oil based lubricant have continuously troubling the global environment issues. The remaining mineral oil resources also being the most debated issues in renewable energy conferences. Vegetable oils are still offering the highest possibility in replacing the mineral oil resources. This research is concerning on how to eliminate one of the disabilities found in palm oil based lubricant which is oxidation. Palm oil possessed unsaturated double bond in which susceptible to oxidation process. The simplest approach is to blend the palm oil based with anti – oxidant agent homogenously. This research was conducted using double fractionated palm oil (SPL) as lubricant and Tertiary-Butyl-Hydroquinone (TBHQ) as anti – oxidant agent to determine the tribology behavior including the coefficient of friction, wear scar diameter and the surface roughness profile. The experiment was also conducted using four-ball tribotester by following ASTM D4172B standard. Superior Mineral Engine Oil (EO) was used as comparison. The results found that SPL+TBHQ was able to reduce the coefficient of friction and provided lower surface roughness value. However it was unable to minimize the mean wear scar diameter compared to EO. The physical appearances of wear worn are also being observed in this research.

This paper based on the principle of ammonia nitrogen is sensitive to the light which wavelength is 664nm, that is to say, there are, in statistic sense, significant linear relationships between these two parameters, design an ammonia nitrogen sensor based on LED and photomultiplier which is a new method for fast and simple Ammonia nitrogen detection.

TheProduction of biofuel from biomass sources is believed to reduce the reliance of fossil fuel and its cost. This investigation was aimed to produce and characterize the bio-oil obtained from co-pyrolysis. Two different feed stocks were used for co-pyrolysis; one is Mahua seed (MS) and the other one is Polystyrene (PS). The effect in addition of plastic to biomass in pyrolysis process were investigated on the yield and quality of products. Experiments were conducted in a semi-batch pyrolysis reactor under various parameters of temperature, heating rate and blending ratio. The results indicated that a temperature of 525 °C, and blend ratio of 1:1is maximumwith a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The yield of bio-oil obtained from the co-pyrolysis was found to be approximately 71%, which was higher about 22% than that of yield obtained from pyrolysis of Mahua seed (MS) alone. Further the bio-oil was characterized using different spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses. The analysis of the results for characterization of bio-oil indicated that the synergetic effect increased the bio-oil yield and its quality.

By exploring the acid yellow G to buck dyes dyeing was carried out on the fast-growing Yang path of material。Through orthogonal test to determine the optimum technology of dyeing;Test results are as follows。Dyed with acid dyes, test optimization process is dye mass fraction is 0.3%, dyeing time for 4 days, penetrating agent mass fraction is 0.05%, the dye solution pH value of 5.2.。

Thermal compression is effective for solid-liquid separation of various materials. In this paper, thermal compression was applied on the dewatering of sewage sludge with coal as a filter aid. Experiments with 0.25-1 mm coal particles (0.2 kg coal/kg dry sludge solid) obtained cakes of solid content over 49%. Higher dosage of coal generated cakes with lower moisture content. The combustion behavior of the sludge cake was studied using TG/DTG analysis. The results showed that a total weight loss of 65.1% occurred from 25 °C to 800 °C, including two major weight loss stages corresponding to loss of moisture and volatile materials respectively.

The application of high voltage electric field for preservation of fruit juices has a promising scope in the food industry. The pulsed electric field (PEF) is an innovative non- thermal technique and free from bio-toxic effects. The technique has a viable solution of the problem yet faced in the food industry to prolong life and preserve and maintain quality with natural properties of the liquid food and beverages. In this study, we have treated the pineapples juice samples by different strengths of pulsed electric field such as 10, 20 and 30kV/cm for 5 minutes in each test. This study used new design of helix treatment chamber with three different lengths of 20, 30and 50cm. In these experiments, all samples were kept in same and normal condition with a temperature around 25-26 andthe humidity was between 55 and 65%. Then the observation based on chemical tests such as pH, conductivity, salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS) was recorded for all samples before and after the test. Based on results obtained by chemical parameters suggest that the injection on pulsed electric field of 30 kV/cm by the 50 cm treatment chamber has the best effect on pineapple juices characteristic as compared to the other value. The result of this experiment is encouraging and supportive of the better way for pasteurization the pineapple juices and increasing longevity of pineapple juices.

As the key process of weaving, sizing is one of the processes which are of great costly and serious pollution in the whole cotton-textile production chain. Great efforts had been made to study new sizing to reduce costs and environment pollution. In this paper, Methyl cellulose ether (MC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether (HPMC) were prepared by the hemp core and further used as a textile sizing. The chemical structure of the hemp cellulose ether was characterized by the FTIR analysis. The paste viscosity was tested by the Viscometer. The sizing properties of hemp cellulose ether were evaluated by the weaving process. The results indicated that the wrap breakage rat, weft breakage rate and loom efficiency of MC and HPMC blended sizing was similar to those of PVA sizing. Compared to COD in the desizing wastewater of 3600 mg/L of PVA, the COD of hemp sizing was very small. It was 330 mg/L. Therefore, it is concluded that the hemp core ether is a new and environment-friendly textile sizing, which has low cost and contributes a healthier ecosystem.

This paper introduces the application for micro-suspended system in the bleaching process of natural pigmented animal fiber, and compares the whiteness, strength, alkali solubility and subsequent dyeing property of the pigmented fiber after being bleached by traditional process and micro-suspended bleaching process respectively. The results of this study have suggested that adding micro-suspended chemical addictive in the bleaching process of natural pigmented animal fiber is able to protect fiber from damage, develop the fiber whiteness, improve the quality of the textile of this kind, and further enhance the fiber’s both subsequent spinnability and wear behavior.

Aiming at the reliability of Q345 steel material impacted on high temperature and dynamic shock load, its mechanical properties are studied in this paper based on the split Hopkinson pressure bar, the SHPB test facility is introduced in detail. And the stress-strain curves of Q345 steel are obtained in the special industrial condition. The flow stress decreases clearly in pace with the increasing of temperature, which provides credible technique evidences for the maintenance and health appraising of the structure.

A new method to determine the crushing size for Desulfurization and deashing is introduced. By this method, the proper crushing size of 3mm for the high sulfur coal in this research is obtained. Three cone hydrocyclone is used as the separation equipment for -3mm size fraction. Ep (Probable error) values from three cone hydrocyclone’s performance on different size fractions are discussed and an Ep value of 0.073 was achieved from three cone hydrocyclone’s treatment of 3mm-0.2mm size fraction. A desulfurization and deashing process is designed which leads to a satisfactory desulfurization and deashing result.

To study functionality of coffee yarn knitted clothing fabrics, use five different proportion of coffee yarn: 70% viscose/30% coffee yarn; 67.5% viscose/32.5% coffee yarn; 65% viscose/35% coffee yarn; 62.5% viscose/37.5% coffee yarn; 60% viscose/40% coffee yarn, knit five kinds of fabrics on computerized flat knitting machine.Test and analysis odor removal performance, hygroscopic, heat accumulation function of trial fabrics. The results show that: to coffee yarn and viscose blended knitted fabrics, along with coffee yarn content increases, the odor removal rate of the fabric has increased significantly, the fabric hygroscopic enhance, better performance of heat accumulation. 40% coffee yarn content of the fabric has a good heat accumulation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of plasma-induced ozone treatment on the colour yield of the textile fabric. In this study, a textile fabric with red colour was subjected to plasma-induced ozone treatment under different treatment conditions. Experimental results revealed that colour fading effect was achieved in the textile fabric but the degree of colour fading depends much on the treatment conditions. The colur fading effect was determined by the colour yield through instrumental measurement.

Experimental research on the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater has been carried out. The method of ultrasonic combined Fenton has been used.Separately by using ultrasonic and Fenton oxidation method to treat printing and dyeing wastewater, the hydrogen peroxide dosage, FeSO4•7H2O dosage, shaking time, pH value, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power and other factors are investigated.The COD and chromaticity removal effect of printing and dyeing wastewater are calculated. The experimental results show that the above factors have a certain impact on the treatment effect. Based on these results, the orthogonal test method is used in this experiment, the optimal conditions of ultrasound combined with Fenton reagent for dealing printing and dyeing wastewater has been determined.The orthogonal experimental results show that the optimal reaction conditions of orthogonal test are below:pH value is 3, the best time for the experiment is 1.5h, hydrogen peroxide dosage is 5mL, seven water ferrous sulfate dosage is 0.7grams, ultrasonic power is 142.5W. Experiments are conducted in accordance with the best reaction conditions. On the optimal process conditions, the removal rate of COD reaches 94.6% and the chroma removal rate reaches 87.5%. The effect of using ultrasonic combined with Fenton reagent to treat printing and dyeing wastewater is better than the use of single method.

The article studies the pyrolytic properties of the binderless hot-briquetted lignite in East Mongolia during the process of middle-temperature and low-temperature pyrolysis, mainly on the law of semi-coke characteristics and the tar extracts, pyrolysis water, gas velocity, gas contents at different temperature, meanwhile compared the pyrolysis characteristics of the raw coal and briquette. The research shows that as the temperature increasing, the semi-coke yield obtained by pyrolysis of lignite briquette is nearly 6% higher than raw coal, Tar releasing is approximately equal to raw coal, the pyrolysis water yield of raw coal is about13.85% higher than the briquette, the gas yield of briquette is about 7% higher than raw coal, gas velocity of briquette is higher than raw coal, calorific value of briquette gas is about 3 MJ/Nm3 higher than raw coal, gas composition rules are approximately equal, and both with a high content of CO and H2, and as well as suitable for synthesis gas. The main process of binderless briquetting is to remove moisture from coal samples. It relatively makes gas releasing process and water-oil separation more easily and makes the gas calorific value improved.

A biologically aerated filter (BAF) is a novel, flexible and effective bioreactor that provides a small footprint process option at various stages of wastewater treatment. Double layers of activated carbon and ceramsite were applied in the biological aerated filter reactor. An experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to investigate the treatment efficiencies at different air/liquid ratios. The experimental results obtained showed that air/liquid ratio had a greater effect on NH4+–N removal than COD removal. More than 80% ammonia nitrogen was removed at 2 of air/liquid ratio. However, less than 50% COD was removed at 2 of air/liquid ratio.

The pyrolysis characteristics of lignite with low ash were investigated and the influences of heating rate on the weight loss process were also discussed. The results showed the lignite pyrolysis process can be divided into three stages, in which the second stage, the temperature range is about 300oC ~550oC, is the main process of the weight loss; with the heating rate is enhanced, the temperature of maximum rate of weight loss was increased while the maximum rate of coal weight loss is increased, and the temperature of maximum rate of coal weight loss is basically the same.

Experimental research on the characteristics of co-combustion coal and combustible gas has been carried out. The influence of nozzle position and combustible gas reburning ratio on N2O and NO removal rate were carried out at CFB experimental platform. It is found that N2O removal rate achieved a maximum value when the reburning gas was injected into furnace from nozzle C with a height-diameter ratio of 8.3, and the NO removal rate is about 50%; When the combustible gas were injected into furnace from nozzle C, the N2O removal rate kept increasing with the increase of reburning ratio (Rm), which can reach 99% when the Rm value is 10.5%. In addition, the NO removal rate is increasd after the first reduction with the increase of Rm, when the rate is about 39% with Rm is 10.5%.

A railway bridge over several decades will be degraded due to localized corrosion. As a result, the load capacity of the bridge decreases, especially under the live load caused by trains. This paper examines the residual load capacity of a bridge deteriorated by localized corrosion by using the multibody dynamics approach. This approach allows an accurate description of the interaction between trains and bridges. At the same time, it allows the formation of corrosion marks on each structural member of the bridge in a numerical model precisely based on actual measured data. In order to describe accurately the remaining load of the bridge under the moving load of the train, a dynamic testing and finite element modeling of a steel bridge are conducted and compared. At the same time, the results are also compared with the simulation results of the bridge model before being corroded. In addition, the paper also tests the reliability of the numerical model for assessments of similar bridges without actual measurement results that are costly and time-consuming.

The paper is mainly focused on analysis characteristics of lobe pump with three different tooth profiles: Circular, Epi-cycloidal and Circular–Involute–Circular (CIC) rotor profiles. Based on the geometric analysis and mathematical model, the CIC rotor profile combined Circular–Involute–Circular is generated. In this paper, the CFD techniques are used to estimate the effects of tooth profile and lobe number to the pump performance. The simulation results obtained from FLUENT software illustrated that the rotor profile effects remarkably to the pump performance. The outlet pressure of CIC rotor profile is higher than that of the circular and epi-cycloidal rotor profiles. The numerical outcomes also showed that higher rotor’s speed is resulted in higher outlet pressure. Besides, the lobe number of rotor has effect slightly to the pump performance.

The performance of a Plate fin radiator in terms of heat transfer rate and coolant side pressure drop depends significantly on the distribution of coolant through its passages. Uneven flow through the passages i.e. flow maldistribution, can cause local hot spots in the radiator due to high coolant flow in some passages. The flow maldistribution among the passages can be reduced to a large extent by proper optimisation of the header. The present paper investigates the method to optimise the header of a 680 kW radiator to reduce the maldistribution in its passages using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The analysis was simplified by considering the porous media instead of simulating the exact fin configuration in the radiator. The maximum and absolute values of flow maldistribution factor were considered in this study to determine the effectiveness of the header with respect to flow maldistribution. The flow maldistribution factor was determined based on the individual velocity of coolant in a passage and the average velocity of coolant in all the passages. The methods used for optimisation were rounding the header inlet, tapering the header partially, changing the position of the taper and modifying the end portion of the header. In this paper two parameters, viz., flow maldistribution parameter and absolute maldistribution parameter were considered to measure the maldistribution of a radiator. Due to these optimisations in the header, the maximum and absolute values of maldistribution reduced up to 18% and 45% respectively.

Northeast Extreme Tee (NEXT) beams have been recently developed for the accelerated bridge construction. The skew effect on live load distribution in a NEXT beam bridge, especially with integral abutments, is not clear and shall be assessed. In this paper, various skew NEXT beam bridges are evaluated through validated finite element (FE) analyses with solid brick elements. Parameters as studied include beam section, span length, and skew angle. Per AASHTO LRFD specifications, one- and two-lane loaded cases are examined to obtain the maximum tensile strains in beam stems under the design live loading (HL-93). Unskewed bridges are used as control specimens to compute skew reduction factors (SRF) for moment from the obtained FE strains. The FE- and LRFD-SRFs for moment are compared in terms of figures, which indicate the LRFD-SRFs have good agreements with the FE-SRFs at large. For the majority of the bridges, LRFD-SFRs govern the FE-SRFs. The research findings from this paper are useful for practicing engineers to safely design a skew NEXT beam bridge with integral abutments.

To control the vibrations with passive suspension system having limitation with constant damping force. By using smart material like magnetorheological fluid, it is possible to control the damping performance of suspension system using current variations in magnetic coil. Applications of this kind of damper are in front loaded washing machine and damper use in driver seat of heavy duty vehicles. Mainly flow mode MR damper is most commonly used damper for these two applications. This paper represents theoretical model and optimized design of flow mode MR damper. For any kind of MR damper design of magnetic coil is play very vital role. So for this paper mainly includes the design of coil and different parameters like number of coil distance between two coil current passing from the coil is consider for design and optimization using FEMM software. This work also includes the theoretical study of MR damper characteristics with force-displacement and force velocity plot with change in piston diameter and fluid gap.

Multilayer cutting is widely used in finish machining process of thin-walled parts to improve the machining precision. The paper presents a cutting allowance optimization method using genetic algorithm to improve the machining quality and efficiency of thin-walled parts in the field of aerospace. Considering the coupling relationship of the deformation between the layers in layered milling, the parameterized finite element model of thin-walled parts in side milling process is established. The best relationship between the workpiece stiffness and the cutting force is determined though iterative calculations, and the deformation caused by the cutting force can be minimized. The results show that the optimized distribution of the depth of finishing cutting was better than the experience. The method proposed in this paper can reduce the deformation of the workpiece during the machining process, and thus improve the machining accuracy.

This paper study applicability of non-destructive method of impact echo for diagnosis of high temperature degraded plain concrete. Impact echo method is often used for detection of defects, cracks, and non-homogeneity in constructions. It's based on impact-generated mechanical wave that propagate through the mass of testing specimen and is reflected and partially absorbed by voids and surface. In this paper, we present results of an experiment where test specimens of dimension 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.4 m were created with usage of coarse aggregate 11/22 mm. Specimens has been divided to 7 sets. First set of test specimens were kept at laboratory conditions as a reference. Next six sets were heated up to 1200 ° C. After this heating, the specimens were cooled spontaneously and then tested by impact echo method. We used a steel hammer as an exciter of mechanical wave, which has been transferred to signal by the piezoelectric sensor. Then we analyzed this signal and we focused on transverse waves. Results from non-destructive tests were compared with results from destructive tests.

The thickness of the plastic film is an important physical index to the production of plastic. The measurement reslut relates directly to the companies’ economic benefit. This paper mainly introduces the digital signal processing in the detection system of film thickness. Through a perfect processing, the system can improve its SNR and finally get a high precision. Firstly, the principle and scheme was presented. After that, this paper mainly introduces the hardware implementation of the system. It includes analog filter circuit, AD sampling and digital filter. With the experimental verification, the system realizes the measurement of the film thickness on-line which can get the precision of micrometer. At present, the equipment has aready put into use by some companies.

The paper presents the problem of windwashing in partitions including air permeable thermal insulations. There are technical solutions, which deliberately accept the filtration of air in the insulating layer, guided by the necessity of possible drying of building materials. Some scientific papers even suggest that the air infiltration decrease the heat losses through ventilation. In result there occur heat losses in building heat balance which are underestimated and therefore difficult to take into account during calculations. Heat changes on the inner surface of the building partition occur with a delay to the initiation of the wind. However, even the short-term local wind speed loads on thermal insulations result in temperature decreasing and therefore possible condensation on the inner surface of the building partition. The article presents laboratory measurements of air permeability of loose mineral wool and laboratory investigation of the impact of air filtration on heat transfer in lightweight partitions filled with loose thermal insulation.

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is a class of high performance cementitious composites with pseudo strain hardening behavior and excellent crack control. Substitution of concrete with ECC can avoid the cracking and durability problems associated with brittleness of concrete. In this paper, it is aimed to design a scale model of ECC reinforced concrete precast shear wall structure. Referencing the prototype structure which is a precast concrete shear wall structure in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, the size similarity constant is taken as 1/2. Consulting the scale similarity conditions, the similarity similar constants representing material characteristics, geometrical features, and load characteristics are calculated using the strength similarity theory. Besides, the reinforcements in the model structure are calculated and analyzed. The diameters of reinforcing steel bars in the model structure are determined by the principle of similar size. Equivalent principle of yield bearing capacity are used when there is no corresponding reinforcement selection. The research results of this paper will provide valuable preferences for design and analysis of ECC reinforced concrete precast shear wall structure.

Due to high magnetic fields causing strong interactions between permanent magnets and other ferromagnetic material, transport and handling of magnetized magnet bodies is challenging. To avoid undesired effects, such as influences on sensitive devices or difficult separation of the single magnets from stack, spacing and shielding of the magnet bodies is required leading to larger package sizes and thus in some cases higher energy demand during transport referred to the transported magnet mass. An optimization of the transport chain can be reached using the software tool presented in this paper. Further magnetizing high coercive rare earth magnets needs strong magnetic fields. To create the necessary field strength, copper coils are used requiring current strengths of several kA. Since the electrical resistance of copper differs from zero, this also means enormous thermal losses. Hence to reduce the losses and to avoid thermal damage of the coil, only short current pulses are applied generated by a pulse magnetizer. However, the efficiency of the process is very poor and lies in the lower per mil range. The presented paper explains the magnetization process in detail with focus on the losses within the magnetization device. Further different material parameters influencing the saturation field strength, such as conductivity, size and diameter to length ratio are presented and possibilities to improve the energy efficiency are shown.

Accurate description of creep crack stress field is very important to characterize the creep crack growth of the structures at elevated temperature. In general, the crack mode in practical engineering practices is not mere the mode I or mode II, and it is the mixed mode. The mismatch effect in weldment is also concerned by many researchers, however, there is no available literatures to discuss the stress field of mixed mode creep crack yet. The overall aim of this paper is to investigate and qualify the distribution of stress field for the mixed mode creep crack. In this paper, a mixed mode creep crack within the mismatched plate is discussed. The stress distribution of mixed mode creep crack are given in this article. With the definition of mode mixity for creep crack, the influence of mode mixity on the stress field is presented. The influence of mismatch effect on the principal stress, open stress and shear stress for mixed mode creep crack is also figured out. The main factor leads to the variation of creep crack tip stress field for mixed creep crack is analyzed. Some useful guidelines are proposed for the engineering purpose of integrity assessment for the structure at high temperature.

The strain-based failure assessment diagram (SB-FAD) has been developed to predict failure due to high plastic strains. This paper validates the SB-FAD by finite element results for high strength pipeline steel (X80, X80HD, and X90) with four representative specimens (CT, CCP, DECP, and SCEP) of different crack sizes, respectively. The influence of material properties, geometries and crack sizes on failure assessment curves were compared and analyzed. Meanwhile, the modified Option-1 curve of SB-FAD is given in this paper. The results showed that the modified Option-1 curve of SB-FAD is more accurate when the value of abscissais Dr small and more conservative when the value of abscissa Dr is large.