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Noise is one of the problems that often occur in urban areas due to the traffic condition. Noise in a building design depends on the choice of materials as sound absorbers. The type of sound dampening material that already exists is a porous material, a resonator, and a panel. The material often used as an absorber is porous materials, because it is relatively cheaper and lighter, especially to reduce the noise in the narrow spaces such as housing and offices. Various substitutes are made from cheap materials, such as the use of recycled materials of egg tray paper with the size of 40 x 40 centimeters. This is a quantitative research that will measure the place of egg tray paper in reducing noise, using a Sound Level Meter. The use of the egg tray paper is able to show an adequate acoustic quality as noise absorbers, with the average value of NR 22-26 dB.

This paper describes simulation of combustion characteristics under high ambient and high injection of biodiesel combustion by using CFD simulation. Diesel engine performance and emissions is strongly couple with fuel atomization and spray processes, which in turn are strongly influenced by injector flow dynamics. The principal objective of this research is to seek the effect of temperature and pressure on the spray characteristics, as well as fuel-air mixing characteristics. Experiments were performed in a constant volume chamber at specified ambient gas temperature and pressure. This research was continued with injecting diesel fuel into the chamber using a Bosch common rail system. Direct photography technique with a digital camera was used to clarify the real images of spray pattern, liquid length and vapor penetration. The method of the simulation of real phenomenon of diesel combustion with optical access rapid compression machine is also reviewed and experimental results are presented. The liquid phase of the spray reaches a maximum penetration distance soon after the start of injection, while the vapor phase of the spray continues to penetrate downstream. The condition to which the fuel is affected was estimated by combining information on the block temperature, ambient temperature and photographs of the spray. The increases in ambient pressure inside the chamber resulting in gain of spray area and wider spray angle. Thus predominantly promotes for a better fuel-air mixing. All of the experiments will be conducted and run by using CFD. The simulation will show in the form of images.

In recent years, there have been a number of interests on the Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO) as a potential alternative dielectric insulating fluid in transformers which stimulate different types of studies on these oils properties. Among the important studies is the lightning impulse properties. This paper presents the investigation on the lightning impulse breakdown voltage of PO and CO under non-uniform electric field. The PO used in this study is Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein type. The influence of the testing methods, rising-voltage and up-and-down are investigated at 2 gap distances for both oils. It was found that the lightning breakdown voltage performance for some of the RBDPO and CO are comparable to MO.

As the key process of weaving, sizing is one of the processes which are of great costly and serious pollution in the whole cotton-textile production chain. Great efforts had been made to study new sizing to reduce costs and environment pollution. In this paper, Methyl cellulose ether (MC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether (HPMC) were prepared by the hemp core and further used as a textile sizing. The chemical structure of the hemp cellulose ether was characterized by the FTIR analysis. The paste viscosity was tested by the Viscometer. The sizing properties of hemp cellulose ether were evaluated by the weaving process. The results indicated that the wrap breakage rat, weft breakage rate and loom efficiency of MC and HPMC blended sizing was similar to those of PVA sizing. Compared to COD in the desizing wastewater of 3600 mg/L of PVA, the COD of hemp sizing was very small. It was 330 mg/L. Therefore, it is concluded that the hemp core ether is a new and environment-friendly textile sizing, which has low cost and contributes a healthier ecosystem.

RETRACTED PAPER: Energy conversion from ocean waves has become the need of the hour in view of the renewable energy awakening occurring all over the world. Energy conversion by Oscillating Water Column (OWC) concept has become an established technology in converting mechanical energy of ocean waves to electrical energy. But the limitations of OWC concept calls for further research and developments to make the technology commercially an attractive one. In this context Boccotti, the Italian scientist advanced the double chamber concept and the implications of the concept still remains to be investigated through model studies. This paper presents the details of a generic study carried out in a physical model device under regular waves.

In the present paper, the Preisach model of hysteresis is extended to structural analysis of trusses damaged under cyclic loading in plastic range. Parameters for the Preisach model of cyclic plasticity are obtained from uniaxial loading experiment. Damage, as a consequence of micro cracks appearance due to alternating loading in plastic domain, is modeled using brittle elements according to Preisach procedure. Results of this research are compared with the already existing in the literature. In the paper examples of trusses under various cyclic loadings are presented. Applied Mechanics and Materials

To provide fast digital communications systems, energy efficient, high-performance, low power is critical for decoding mobile receiver device. This paper proposes a low power optimization techniques in the Add Compare Select (ACS) unit for Space Time trellis codes (STTC) Viterbi decoder. STTC Viterbi decoder is used as a reference case. This paper discusses about how to lower the power in the ACS architecture, to optimize the Viterbi decoder STTC in reducing the total power consumption. Based on the results of design and analysis, power consumption Viterbi decoder modeling, low power system for STTC Viterbi decoder is proposed. Design and optimization of ACS unit in STTC Viterbi decoding is done using Verilog HDL language. Power analysis tools in the software Altera Quartus 2 is used for the synthesis of total system power consumption. Optimization strategy showed an increase of 83% power reduction compared to previous studies.

This paper presents a schlieren optical visualization technique and its application in observation of the changes of intensity in real images. Schlieren optical visualization technique system is the unique technique because it produces a neutral image easily-interpretable image of refractive-index-gradient fields. The schlieren technique remains to be one of the most powerful techniques to visualize the flow and useful as a tool in order to observe the flow characteristics, fuel-air mixing, spray evaporation and flame development. The schlieren system provides a method to viewing the flow through the transparent media. This paper present the basics technique of schlieren system especially for Z-type and two mirror schlieren system. This optical visualization photography together with digital video camera will capture the detail spray evaporation, mixture formation and flame process.

Relationship between stakeholder influences and environmental management practices has not yet received sufficient attention in academic research in Malaysian fleet operations. Due to the increased awareness and concern among stakeholders for environmentally friendly business processes, the two main stakeholder influences including regulatory pressures and customer pressures are considered in combination to ensure firms to behave ethically and socially responsible. Environmental management practices including effectiveness of policy, effectiveness of implementation and effectiveness of planning in environmental management are one of the effective ways of dealing with environmental risks and costs. However, there is a little empirical research on how practitioners define and incorporate stakeholder influences into overall environmental management practices, particularly in the context of fleet operations. As such, this paper proposes a model to include two stakeholder influences and three environmental management practices. It is expected that this paper will offer useful guidance for future research scholars to empirically examine the relationship between stakeholder influences and environmental management practices for sustained business performance.

This paper presents the simulation of the flexible aerator model as a new concept to generate dissolved oxygen. This method is implementing the flexible beam motion as a medium to circulate water and create wave. This paper is using the simulation to optimize the suitable parameters namely the length of flexible beam and the percentage of immerse in water. The best result of dissolved oxygen level were found during run the flexible beam aerator at 12 V with 0.65m length of flexible beam and immerses 25% in water. The flexible beam was successfully implemented as a new aerator concept where it is able to generate oxygen up to 8.6mg/L with the average Standard Oxygen Transfer Efficiency 1.84 kgO2/kWhr

The implementation of risk management (RM) increases the value of firms, reduces the cost of debts, increases profits and improves decision making. However, the debates on what determines RM adoption are still unresolved due to limited evidence of RM adoption in industrial settings. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a conceptual framework of the determinants that influence the adoption of RM. It has been found that two factors, the perception of risk management and risk perception, have often been neglected in prior research. Thus, this paper extends the existing literature by introducing these factors to the framework of RM adoption. It is suggested that future case studies can be conducted to examine the significance of these two factors.

The LVL-concrete composite (LCC) structure is a hybrid in system which the LVL member is well connected to the concrete slab by a connector to produce composite action. Various types of connector with different stiffness and shear capacity are available in the market currently. The stiffness of the connector is identified through the push-out experiment. The notch connections for LVL concrete composite beams have higher stiffness and strength compared to mechanical fasteners. This paper discusses the experimental results of symmetrical push-out tests on 3 different types of connector, 150mm rectangular notch with 10mm diameter screw, 100mm rectangular notch with 8mm diameter screw and 100mm triangular notch with 8mm diameter screw. The experimental test was shear push out to failure and the type of failure was discussed. The 150mm rectangular notch was found to be strongest among all and low cost. The 100mm rectangular notch was found to be slightly stiffer than 100mm triangular notch but 100mm triangular notch is easier to construct with only 2 cut. The maximum strength and stiffness at ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states of each type of connection were discussed in this paper.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is currently being used by the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry in Malaysia. It has been introduced by the Director of Public Works Department (PWD) in 2007 to reduce construction costs and avoid design problems. BIM utilization in construction can detect any clash analysis during the design stage, improves efficiency of project scheduling, reduce costs and ensure high quality of the project as well as facilitate communication among construction players. Since it has been introduced by the PWD, several projects have been constructed and being constructed using BIM and one of the project is The National Cancer Institute (NCI). The project is owned by the Malaysian government. This paper discusses the application of BIM in the project, the first project launched by the Malaysian government. A literature review was conducted to explore previous BIM studies on the history of BIM, benefits and importance, barriers and challenges as well as existing BIM projects in the Malaysian construction industry. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews were carried out with the client, consultant and contractor involved in the project. The interviews results reveal necessities and benefits of implementing BIM in completing the project. BIM is necessary for construction because its implementation can increase project quality. It is useful in assisting construction players to complete projects successfully. The results provide clear evidence of the effectiveness of implementing BIM in government projects. This paper can serve as a reference for critical studies of developing a strategy approach model for BIM implementation in the Malaysian construction industry.

ISO 14649 standard, commonly recognized as STEP-NC is a data model interface for computer numerical controllers. STEP-NC goes much further that G codes and has a more comprehensive data model that overcomes the lack of process information in ISO 6983 files (G codes programming). The STEP compliant approach brings the possibility to integrate the machine controller to the overall enterprise information network, with the intention of having bi-directional data flow. This will provide the novel capability for upstream feedback of information from the numerical controller to the design and process areas in the process planning and manufacturing. This paper presents the key concepts of the proposed STEP Convertor of the STEP-CNC Mapping System. The objective of the main system is to take a generic STEP file as the input to drive a CNC machine tool. The main system is broken down into two main sub-systems, STEP Convertor and STEP-NC Translator. This paper will focus solely on the information structure and conceptualization of the STEP Convertor.

The relationship between supply chain practices and business performance has been widely investigated by many academics and practitioners; however, the relationship is not yet fully understood. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the relevance of several prominent theories in strategic management for explaining the mediating role of operational capability in the relationship between supply chain practices and business performance. The resource-based view of the firm and neo-institutional theory are reviewed for their applicability to relate supply chain practices and operational capability in explaining sustained business performance. Supply chain practices are insufficient to drive business performance. Firms need to be able simultaneously to increase efficiency through supply chain practices and to be innovative through operational capability. Specifically, operational capability is forwarded as a key firm-specific capability that can result in significant and long-term improvement in organisational sustainability. Operational capability can serve as a critical mediating factor that better transmits the ambitions of supply chain practices onto business performance. As such, this paper provides a conceptual support to urge further research to empirically evaluate the relationship between supply chain practices, operational capability and business performance.

The use of biopetrol fuel as alternative fuels in gasoline engine has been around for many years and Ethanol-petrol has the potential to be used as alternative fuel that can reduce the total CO2emission from internal petrol engine. However, the changes of bio-petrol is a very complex and need further understanding for researchers due to the relevance of the increase in the petroleum price and the future environmental regulation. This review paper focuses to ascertain a new approach in potential on ethanol-petrol blends operating with a petrol engine especially the effects of ethanol gas petrol blending ratio and variant types of ethanol on performance and emissions of petrol engine. It is shown that the variant in biopetrol blending ratio and engine operational condition are reduced engine-out emissions and increased efficiency. This paper presents on a review on three different types of ethanol like sugar cane, wheat and corn with various blended rates. Investigation framework study on how to complete the research is also included in this paper.Keywords: biopetrol, petrol engine, performance, emissions, biopetrol fuel properties

The use of biopetrol fuel as alternative fuels in gasoline engine has been around for many years and Ethanol-petrol has the potential to be used as alternative fuel that can reduce the total CO2 emission from internal petrol engine. However, the changes of bio-petrol is a very complex and need further understanding for researchers due to the relevance of the increase in the petroleum price and the future environmental regulation. This review paper focuses to ascertain a new approach in potential on ethanol-petrol blends operating with a petrol engine especially the effects of ethanol gas petrol blending ratio and variant types of ethanol on performance and emissions of petrol engine. It is shown that the variant in biopetrol blending ratio and engine operational condition are reduced engine-out emissions and increased efficiency. This paper presents on a review on three different types of ethanol like sugar cane, wheat and corn with various blended rates. Investigation framework study on how to complete the research is also included in this paper.Keywords: biopetrol, petrol engine, performance, emissions, biopetrol fuel properties

Bio-petrol has the potential to be used as an alternative fuel for spark ignition engine in order to introduce renewable fuel and to reduce the total CO2 emissions. The present study converses the usability of ethanol as a clean and green renewable alternative fuel for spark ignition engine. This review paper emphasizes not only on the inherent properties of ethanol as a fuel but also elaborately reviews about the performance and emission characteristics of the engine considering the influences of different parameters like intake temperature and preheat bio-petrol fuel. The study reveals the understanding of the engine performance characteristics and emissions production under ethanol gas petrol blending ratio and variant types of ethanol. Furthermore, the fuel properties such as blends densities and kinematics viscosity found to increase continuously with increasing percentage of ethanol, while API gravity and heat value decreased with decreasing percentage of ethanol increase. In addition, cloud point and flash points for bio-petrol blends were found to be higher than standard gasoline fuel, while distillation curves were lower. In this paper, the performance and emission analysis carried out by different researchers from their experimental and theoretical results has been presented in brief. The review of the investigation reports found in the literature reveals that the intake temperature and preheat bio-petrol fuel have an influences on engine performance with ethanol as a blended fuel with gasoline

The increase of industrial activities and motor vehicles globally causes rise demands in fossil fuel as energy sources. Since fossil fuel is non-renewable energy, many researches have been conducted to reduce the reliance to this fossil fuel. In conjunction, the number of waste plastic and tires around the world is increasing as a result of modern application and increasing number of motor vehicle. This type of waste is hard to decays and commonly dumped onto open landfills. Utilization of waste tires and plastics can produce alternative fuel that potentially can be used in diesel engine. In this paper, the combustion characteristics of two waste source fuels known as waste plastic disposal fuel (WPDF) and tire disposal fuel (TDF) are discussed. The combustion characteristics of both fuels are compared to diesel fuel. WPDF and TDF used in this experiment are pure concentrated and not blended with diesel fuel. The experiment is conducted using single cylinder YANMAR TF120M diesel engine. The engine is operated at constant load at 20 Nm and variable speed ranged from 1200 rpm to 2400 rpm. The combustion characteristics that discussed in this paper are ignition delay and peak pressure. Both characteristic are measured at two engine speed region which is low speed (1200 rpm) and high speed (2100 rpm). From the results obtained, it can be observed that WPDF has comparable ignition delay compared to diesel fuel while TDF has longest ignition delay compared to WPDF and diesel fuel. TDF also produce highest peak pressure compared to other tested fuels. Moreover, TDF is not suitable for high speed application since it cause backfire when engine speed reach 2200 rpm.

In this paper, several data mining techniques were discussed and analyzed in order to achieve the objective of human daily activities recognition based on a continuous sensing data set. The data mining techniques of decision tree, Naïve Bayes and Neural Network were successfully applied to the data set. The paper also proposed an idea of combining the Neural Network with the Decision Tree, the result shows that it works much better than the typical Neural Network and the typical Decision Tree model.

Green building has become an important issue among architects and urban planners due to the increment in global warming risks and climatic changes which influenced negatively on natural resources. It is also one of measures been put forward to alleviate the significant impacts of the influence of buildings on the environment, society and economy. There have been extensive studies on green buildings, as evidenced in the rapid growing number of papers been published in last decades. These studies have been conducted in both developed countries and developing countries, indicating this is a global issue. However, there is lack of extensive researches on the green buildings in Iraq that is crucial for the future exerts. This paper reports the definition of green building, the environmental, social and economical aspects of green building, and application of green building's principles in traditional housing in Iraq.

Malaysia is one of the classic examples of a multi-ethnic society. The country is proud of its multiracial culture which makes it a model for other countries. The ubiquitous community hall in the Malaysian landscape, as it stands now, has long passed its time of usefulness. These halls are labelled with names like dewan serbaguna, dewan orang ramai or even balai raya. But as it stands today, the community hall in our midst is nothing more than a large empty space used for games like badminton or ping pong and the occa-sional event. The changing modern Malaysian society demands more of this simple out-dated facility; there must be a place for the various ethnic groups to meet and fulfil modern needs such as family days, health checks, child’s play, music lessons and many more important uses This paper strives to identify and analyse some of the architectural problems in current community centres in Malaysia with the focus on the spatial aspects and space usage. It is expected that this paper can give a clear picture of the problems faced by Malaysian community centres with some considerations and a framework to develop a new scheme for community centre development in the future.

The scope of this paper is focuses on the study of the behaviour and of the mean life of materials (solar mirrors from parabolic - trough collectors) from the field of renewable energies, using accelerated degradation/reliability testing. This paper is focused on influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, UV and salt spray) at mean life of solar mirrors from parabolic - trough collectors under accelerated testing conditions. In today’s highly competitive environment, companies are pressured to shorten their development cycles, reduce development costs and produce highly reliable products. Accelerated reliability/durability tests are a very powerful tool in achieving these goals, providing the means to observe failures more rapidly under higher-stress operating conditions while accurately predicting reliability under normal operating conditions.

This paper presents the experimental three-year learning activity developed by a group of teachers in a wind tunnel facility. The authors, leading a team of students, carried out a project consisting of the design, assembly and testing of a wind tunnel. The project included all stages of the process from its initial specifications to its final quality flow assessments, going through the calculation of each element, and the building of the whole wind tunnel. The group of (final year) students was responsible for the whole wind tunnel project as a part of their bachelor degree project. The paper focuses on the development of wind tunnel data acquisition software. This automatic tool is essential to improve the automation of the data acquisition of the wind tunnel facility systems, in particular for a 6 DOF multi-axis force/torque sensor. This work can be considered as a typical example of real engineering practice: a set of specifications that has to be modified due to the constraints imposed throughout the project, in order to obtain the final result.

The existing UPM low speed wind tunnel was usually occupied by students, who carried out their final year projects or postgraduate researches, so that there was hardly free time slot for any additional testing work. Due to this reason, a new wind tunnel project has been started recently. Some basic specifications of the new tunnel have been pre-selected before the project was started, which comprised the following design decisions: a tunnel speed of 50 m/s, a test section area of 1´1 m2, and a closed circuit tunnel type. It wouldn’t be difficult to perceive that this pre-selection was made based on some of the trade-off results among the project’s options and constraints. This paper is aimed to present a simple analysis on the design of the new tunnel, focusing only on its basic geometries. Some design decisions that have been made related to its basic geometries are analyzed and reported in this paper. This analysis may be considered as a design verification of the new tunnel or even perhaps be regarded as scientific justification for its existence.

In the event of a large crisis (think about typhoon Haiyan or the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan), a primordial task of the rescue services is the search for human survivors on the incident site. This is a complex and dangerous task, which often leads to loss of lives among the human crisis managers themselves. The introduction of unmanned search and rescue devices can offer a valuable tool to save human lives and to speed up the search and rescue process. In this context, the EU-FP7-ICARUS project [1] concentrates on the development of unmanned search and rescue technologies for detecting, locating and rescuing humans.A main factor which explains why there is so little robotic technology applied on the terrain in real-life search and rescue operations, is that the complex nature and difficult operating conditions of search and rescue operations pose heavy constraints on the mechanical design of the unmanned platforms. In this paper, we discuss the different user requirements which have an impact of the design of the mechanical systems (air, ground and marine robots). We show how these user requirements are obtained, how they are validated, how they lead to design specifications for operational prototypes which are tested in realistic operational conditions and we show how the final mechanical design specifications are derived from these different steps. An important aspect of all these design steps which is emphasized in this paper is to always keep the end-users (in this case the search and rescue workers) in the loop in order to come to realistic requirements and mechanical design specifications, ensuring the practical deployability [2] of the developed platforms.

In this paper, we present a ground robotic system which is developed to deal with rough outdoor conditions. The platform is to be used as an environmental monitoring robot for 2 main application areas: - Humanitarian demining: The vehicle is equipped with a specialized multi-channel metal detector array. An unmanned aerial system supports it for locating suspected locations of mines, which can then be confirmed by the ground vehicle. - Search and rescue: The vehicle is equipped with human victim detection sensors and a 3D camera enabling it to assess the traversability of the terrain in front of the robot in order to be able to navigate autonomously. The paper discusses both the mechanical design of these platforms as the autonomous perception capabilities on board of these vehicles.

In the era ofthe knowledge economy, the accounting priority has shifted from tangible assets to intangible assets. The knowledge economy-based intangible assets is gradually emerging as the main impetus for determining the forthcoming cash flow and market value. This paper takes the stocks listed in Shenzhen Securities Exchange as the study object, conducts empiricalstudy and analysis based on the sampling data, including 2008-2010 pershare intangible assets,per share returns, per share net assets after deducting intangible assets and share price,describes the disclosure of intangible assets of such listed companies as Jilin Forest Industry,Zhongfu Industrial, Yihua Timber Industry, Fenglin Group and Palm Landscape and inspects the value relevance of intangible assets. Accordingly, this paper proposes to consolidate the value management of intangible assets of the forestry enterprises and improve their core competítíveness.

Mechanical behaviors of pile-soil effect and anchor-soil effect are significantly important in supporting engineering activities of foundation pit. In this paper, finite difference method (FDM) was utilized to perform the numerical simulation of pile-anchor system, composed of supporting piles and pre-stressed anchor cables. Numerical simulations were on the basis of the foundation pit of Jinan's West Railway Station, and 3D simulation analysis of foundation pit has been prepared during the whole processes of excavation, supporting and construction. The paper also analyzed the changes of bending moments of piles and axial forces of cables, and discussed mechanical behaviors of pile-anchor system, through comparisons with field monitoring. The results show that the parameters concluding vertical gridding's number, cohesion of pile and soil, and pile stiffness have robust influences on supporting elements' behaviors. Mechanical behaviors of supporting pile and axial forces of anchor cable changed dramatically, indicating that the potential failure form was converted from toppling failure to sliding failure., 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Building Materials, CEABM 2014; Haikou; China; 24 May 2014 through 25 May 2014, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 580-583, pp.238-242; 2014

The structural performance of thin-walled compression members are subject to the effects of local buckling, interaction between buckling modes, loading end conditions and material yielding and that due to these effects the compressive carrying capability of thin-walled members can be significantly diminished. This paper employs the finite element simulation to examine the local-overall flexural interaction response of pinned-ended thin-walled I-section columns that covers the complete compressed loading history from the onset of elastic local buckling through the nonlinear elastic and elasto-plastic post-buckling interactive phases of behaviour to final collapse and unloading. A detailed account of the growth and redistribution of stresses on the surfaces is given in the paper. Pinned-ended conditions means, of course, simply supported conditions at the column ends with respect to global rotations and the ends of the constituent plates of the cross-section can be treated as either locally rotationally constrained or locally rotationally free. The numerical simulations take into account the influence of material nonlinearity and geometrical imperfections on the compressive ultimate failures of the sections, however, the study is limited to the interaction of local buckling with overall flexural bending as well as locally rotationally constrained condition. This paper shows that the ultimate failure of the columns is related with yielding on the compression sides of the outer surfaces of the section walls at the web, flanges and section junctions mostly located along the length of the columns.

Amid the fierce rising competition in the market, accelerating the problem solving and decision making process have become major issues in product design especially in conceptual design stage. For years, Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) has been extensively applied in problem solving. In this paper, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was proposed to strengthen three major steps in TRIZ methodology namely as problem definition, root cause identification and solution generation. The integration was then structured in the form of computer-based system. The integration, application and software in AHP and TRIZ method have been discussed in this paper. This proposed support system not only provided evidence that TRIZ methodologies improved by the support of AHP and also aided the designers in early design phase such as concept, process and material selection.

Retracted paper: Galvanic coupling method has been observed to be the best method for data transmission in intra-body communication, which is proposed by Zimmerman in 1995. With the increasing transmission requirements and the development of optical fiber communication, a high speed data transmission system is required and it is possible to design an apparatus to realize the electro optic conversion. In this paper, the characteristics of the intra-body communication system are introduced. Principles and structures of the electro-optic modulation methods for intra-body communication are reviewed. Internal and external modulation methods are introduced and discussed. A system of the electro-optic and acousto-optic modulation are recommended for the intra-body communication system and discussed.

Remote sensing image fusion is an important branch in the field of image fusion. Remote sensing image fusion mainly researches how to use different aerial remote sensor to obtain relevant image information. In view of the present research status in this field and the full analysis of remote sensing image fusion method and wavelet transform, the paper aims at proposing the image fusion technology of combining discrete multiwavelet transform and HIS method, then the paper analyses the experimental results with the help of MATLAB. It is proved that the analysis method of wavelet has more advantages than traditional methods: Wavelet transform fusion method can keep maximized resolution and multispectral image.

The competency of acoustic emission (AE) technique in order to predict the fatigue life of SAE 1045 carbon steel was discussed in this paper. The correlation of the AE parameter and the number of cycles to failure of the tested specimens were established via the statistical approach. In this paper, The AE hits were selected as the functional parameter. The fatigue life values were calculated using the strain-life approach of three models; Coffin-Manson, Smith-Watson Topper and Morrow. Both AE and strain signals used in the analysis were captured using the AE sensor and strain gauge that were attached to the specimen during the fatigue test. The results show that the AE technique has a good potential in assessing the fatigue life with the designed H-N curve (AE hits-number of cycles to failure curve).

Retracted paper: Intra-body communication is proposed by Zimmerman in 1995 and the galvanic coupling has been observed to be the best method for data transmission. With the increasing transmission requirements and the development of optical fiber communication, a high speed system is possible to be designed based on the Electro optic methods. In this paper, the characteristics of the intra-body communication system are introduced. Principles and structures of optic modulation for intra-body communication are reviewed. Internal and external modulation methods are introduced and discussed. A system of the electro optic modulation is recommended and discussed.

In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system of urban infrastructure was constructed, and a vulnerability assessment model of urban infrastructure based on AHP method was developed. Taking Beijing as an example, an empirical research based on the date of Beijing urban infrastructure in 2008 was conducted. The research in this paper is a useful exploration on vulnerability assessment, which can provide the foundation and support for governments decision-making on urban disaster prevention and mitigation.

With the rapid development of the network and the multimedia technical , how to protect the security of the multimedia informations becomes the popular topic on studies. As a new technique used to protect the copyright of digital productions , the digital watermark technique has drawn extensive attention . A digital watermarking algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was presented according to human visual properties in the paper . Then some attack analyses were given. Experimental results show that the watermarking scheme proposed in this paper is invisible and robust to cropping, and also has good robustness to compression, filtering, and noise adding.

The industry of civil aviation is developing in a fast manner to occupy the increasing needs for a fast, safe and comfortable transportation. To achieve these needs, some effective programs, plans, and systems designs are required. The current reliable aircraft navigation and landing systems have relatively a low level of accuracy especially in aircraft landing stage. The best landing category could be achieved requires a runway visual range up to 50 meters and automatic landing system is not in operation yet all over the world. Aircraft navigates using Radar, Radio and Satellite navigation systems. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) plans to replace legacy navigation systems with satellite based navigation technology. Currently, the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its augmentations is the main satellite navigation system used all over the world for air navigation applications. The development of aircraft navigation has been performed with the enhancement of GPS augmentation systems. In this paper, aircraft navigation systems and techniques will be presented in this paper to evaluate the integrity and reliability of each system, and to make a comparison among these systems according to accuracy, integrity and availability.

This paper describes the design and implementation of a mini multi-process micro-kernel embedded Unix-like operating system on ARM platform in technical details, including MMU and memory space mapping, init process, inter-process communication, process management, TTY and tiny shell, multi-level priority-queue schedule, and signaling. The mini OS is developed on Linux platform with GNU tool chain by the author of this paper. The architecture of the mini OS is analogous to that of Minix. Based on it, other operating system components such as file system, network management, and copy-on-write can be appended to form a full-featured embedded operating system. The mini OS can be used for both embedded system application development and related curriculum teaching.

Inspired by the research of human visual system in neuroanatomy and psychology, the paper proposes a two-way collaborative visual attention model for target detection.In this new method , bottom-up attention information cooperates with top-down attention information to detect a target rapidly and accuractly. Firstly,the statistical prior knowledge of target and background is applied to optimize bottom-up attention information in different feature space and scale space.Secondly, after the SNR of salience difference between target and interference is computed ,the bottom-up gain factor is obtained.Thirdly, the gain factor is applied to adjust bottom up attention information extraction and then to maximize the salience contrast of target and background.Finally, target is detected by adjusted saliency.Experimental results shows that the proposed model in this paper can improve the real-time capability and reliability of target detection.

This paper proposes a survey on smartphone security from the aspect of mobile malware, specifications related to smartphone security, and smartphone security solutions. The contribution of this paper helps people to quickly know about definition of malware, attack channels and black industry chain of smartphone security, international and domestic mobile security specification, and smartphone security solutions by security vendors.

This paper focus on overvoltage protection and insulation coordination in Modular Multilevel Converter based HVDC system planning. An overvoltage protection scheme, which bases on the topology used inTransbay project by Siemens, is proposed in this paper. Thescheme draws fromthe characteristics of MMC-HVDC systems and the research results in classic HVDC systems, byplacing arresters at some key locations in the MMC-HVDC converter station.With this scheme, the overvoltage at those key pointscan be limitedto an acceptable range and hence protect the key equipment concerned. Since all the DC lines of the project are undersea cables, no lighting overvoltage is considered and 14 faults which could happen are carefully selected to serve as the verification conditions for the insulation design. Based on the PSCAD/EMTDC simulations and the deterministic method, the specified withstand voltage levels of the critical equipment in the converter station is calculated.

This paper describes the design and implementation of Web based secure embedded system, including tiny secure Web server, embedded system-based CGI library, and utilities for security, such as CAPTCHA program and mail sending program. The entire system is designed in C by the author of this paper on Linux platform with GNU tool chain. A Web based secure embedded application demo system is also designed to show the architecture and running effect. On the premise of implementing essential functions, the scale of the system is designed as small as possible therefore it is suitable not only for embedded Linux development on Web based applications but also for embedded system course teaching in colleges and universities. By some further extensions, it can also be used on development of general Web based MIS.

The theory of linguistic dynamic system (LDS) focuses on modeling, analysis, control and evaluation of complex systems at a linguistic level through computing with words. The concepts, frameworks and methods in conventional dynamic systems (CDS) are adopted in research of LDS. This paper is concerned about linguistic controller design of LDS upon cell mapping concept. In view of the studies of controller design for type-I and type-II LDS and optimal fuzzy controller design and tuning methods based on cell-to-cell mapping, two approaches to construct optimal linguistic controller for LDS using cell-to-cell mapping techniques are outlined in this paper.

With a focus on complex environments, the present paper describes a new algorithm in scale changed object tracking through color feature. Mean shift (MS) iterative procedure is the best color-based algorithm to find the location of an object. The algorithm performance is not acceptable once tracking scale changed objects in complex environments. In this paper, the main aim is to improve the MS method, using corrected background-weighted histogram (CBWH) algorithm to reduce the interference of background in target localization. To fit the object scale change, the sum of gradient mode (SGM) is employed. The experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional mean shift tracking in the following aspects: 1) it provides consistent object tracking throughout the video; 2) it is not influenced by the tracked objects scale changes; 3) it is less prone to the background clutter.

This paper proposes a wheel slip control strategy for 4WD Electrical Vehicle with In-wheel Motors. In the first part of this paper, a brief introduction of sliding mode control for acceleration slip regulation is given. Consider that its control effect varies with road conditions, another algorithm which can automatically adapt to different roads is designed. This method takes advantage of the peculiarity of the longitudinal static tire force curve and regulates wheel slip ratio to the detected optimal value, aiming to maximize the traction force while preserving sufficient lateral tire force. Simulation results show that the slip rate can be regulated to a value around the optimal slip ratio, and the driving torque is very close to the maximum transmissible torque. The control strategy achieves stronger stability, shorter driving distance and hence better control performance.

Due to effects of the light by water and other particles, the quality of underwater image will degrade. The traditional underwater image segmentation methods based on intensity and spectrum have difficulty in determining boundary. Inspired by the visual system of mantis shrimps, this paper constructed a feedback neural network model, in which the parameters were optimized using machine learning method. Based on this model, we combine the polarization and intensity information to achieve the underwater polarization image segmentation. The results of experiment prove that the neural network model designed in this paper can improve the accuracy of underwater image segmentation.

Frequency locked loop (FLL) plays an important role in carrier synchronization because of its excellent dynamic performance. However, it performs inadequately in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, the principle of stochastic resonance (SR) is briefly introduced and a SR processor is proposed. Based on traditional FLL, the SR processor is added before frequency discriminator in order to weaken the effect that thermal noise brings to FLL. The paper investigates the processing effect of SR. Simulation results show that the performance of improved FLL is greatly improved. It can tolerate rather high dynamics and tracking accuracy of frequency achieve 0.2Hz even with CNR as low as 25 dBHz, which verified the validity of above ideas.

Social indemnificatory housing is in the construction of house of our country town with relatively particularity a type of housing, it is usually refers to according to the national policy and legal regulations, unified planning, by the government as a whole, to provide specific people use, and on this kind of housing construction standards and sales price or rent standard to limit, the social security function of housing. The paper USES data envelope analysis method, in order to hebei province various administrative city in January 2012 to August safeguard room construction progress data as the research object, analyses the related statistics and analysis, compare the city in hebei province administrative safeguard room construction progress, obtain the progress development not balanced result, among them, the individual administrative city obviously lag behind other locally administratered level. We hope that this paper to ensure room construction efficiency is evaluation provide guidance.

The city traffic control system and traffic guidance system are two important subsystems of Intelligent Transportation Systems, also main means of the city traffic management. This paper studies the method of control and guidance system coordination for a specific local area, usually 2-6 signalized intersections, places a detailed analysis from the signal phase changes, guidance information display and other aspects of information to ensure the practical feasibility of the method. This paper presents a systematic approach to ensure interoperability in a variety of state regional road traffic running smoothly and orderly, reduce the incidence of congestion, to avoid further deterioration of the congestion, improving the efficiency of the vehicle access to and pass through the region.