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Introduction: Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is characterized by chronic subjective dizziness, phobic postural vertigo, and related disorders. For at least 3 months, it exhibits varying symptoms of vertigo, unsteadiness, or dizziness. Methods: Research articles regarding PPPD were searched by viewing the Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases online. A search strategy using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis was used. Results: It presents a typical chronic vestibular system and brain malfunction that result in persistent dizziness, nonspinning vertigo, and/or unsteadiness. Persistent nonvertiginous dizziness and hypersensitivity to motion and visual stimuli are the main signs and symptoms of PPPD. These symptoms appeared either when there were no active neuro-otologic illnesses or when an episodic vestibular condition was present but could not completely account for the symptoms. Psychological mechanisms that resemble cognitive models of health anxiety and panic disorder are involved in the PPPDs development and maintenance. Conclusion: Since PPPDs diagnostic criteria only involve symptoms, the patient's clinical history is crucial in making the diagnosis. Once diagnosed, effective communication and personalized treatment plans, such as serotonergic medicines, cognitive behavioral therapy, and specialized physical therapy (vestibular rehabilitation), help manage PPPD. Since PPPD is a relatively recent clinical diagnosis, many medical practitioners who treat patients who feel dizzy are unfamiliar with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are vascular, cystic, benign osseous tumors that can expand rapidly and cause local destruction of surrounding tissues. These tumors are typically found in tubular bones and spines. An aneurysmal bone cyst is an extremely rare bony lesion in the head-and-neck region. We present the case of a 7-year-old girl with a left side nasal block and proptosis of the left eye for 3 months. On examination with anterior rhinoscopy, it showed a mass with a smooth surface inside the left nasal cavity. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ABC, and she underwent complete endoscopic excision of the sinonasal mass. A giant ABC in the sinonasal area is highly uncommon, particularly in the pediatric age group. It is often confusing in its differential diagnosis with other malignant and vascular lesions of the head-and-neck region or sinonasal tract. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic insidious disease of the oral cavity mucosa which often occurs due to areca nut chewing, consumption of spicy foods, autoimmunity and genetic predisposition. Burning sensation in the mouth, intolerance to spicy foods, and increasing restriction of mouth opening owing to oral mucosa fibrosis are all clinical signs of OSMF. Advanced cases of OSMF cause hearing loss by blocking of eustachian tube. The extension of the fibrosis towards nasopharynx results in blockage of the eustachian tube opening at the nasopharynx and cause hearing loss. OSMF reduce the eustachian tube patency and cause conductive hearing loss. Involvement of the palatal muscles in OSMF patient may reduce the patency of the eustachian tube, resulting in conductive hearing loss. OSMF patients need audiological early assessment and tympanogram to detect involvement of eustachian tube and middle ear. Pure tone audiometry is a common audiological test which determines the types, degree and configuration of the hearing impairment. As these audiological tests is non-invasive and less time consuming, so useful to help early detection of hearing loss and appropriate therapeutic intervention. There are very few literatures are available related to OSMF and hearing loss. This review article discusses about the etiopathology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management of the OSMF and hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a hyperplastic and inflammatory lesion found in the oral cavity. Exuberant tissue response to trauma or local irritation is believed to cause PG. In the second decades of their life, it is commonly seen in young women, owing to vascular hyperplasia caused by female hormones. The clinical presentations are smooth or lobulated exophytic mass and sessile or pedunculated red to pink. The size of the PG may vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Gingiva is the common site for PG in the oral cavity. PG very rarely involves the hard palate. However, there is a high chance of PG in the oral cavity during pregnancy. Therefore, complete surgical excision of the lesion is the treatment of choice. Here, this case report presents PG in the hard palate region of an 18-year-old female, a scarce location for this lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucormycosis is caused by a fungal infection that belongs to the order of Mucorales and is one of the rapidly spreading infections of the human body. Rhizopus species are the most common etiological agent associated with mucormycosis. It is an emergency clinical condition and has a poor prognosis. The most common variant of the mucormycosis is rhinocerebral type which may spread to the orbit and brain. The identification of mucormycosis in the palatal region is often rare and late occurrence. A case of multiple ulcerations in the palatal region occurs due to sinonasal mucormycosis in a 55-year-old is reported. He was known case of diabetes mellitus and was diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 infection 1 year back but recovered with conservative treatment at home. Anterior rhinoscopy showed purulent discharge in both nostrils. He had no swelling in the face and neck. No tenderness was found in the head-and-neck region. He was successfully managed by surgical debridement combined with systemic liposomal amphotericin B for 6 weeks. The survival of patients is often dependent on early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is a clinical condition characterized by painful ulcer with different size affecting the mucosa of the oral cavity. Its etiology and pathogenesis are not clearly known and the diagnosis is based on the clinical picture. These lesions may be classified into minor, major, and herpetiformis. The aphthous ulcers in the oral cavity affect speech and feeding, leading to poor quality of life. Relevant literature was searched from PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus last 20 years using the keywords "RAU." The RAU is a common clinical entity. The diagnosis of RAU is mainly based on clinical ground and must be differentiated from other causes of oral ulceration. The treatment is often unsatisfactory as topical application of corticosteroids and other treatment modalities minimizes the severity of the ulceration but not stop chance of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hearing loss is the most prevalent type of sensory impairment in human beings. Hearing loss is a global problem. Genetic alteration accounts for 50% of the congenital deafness. The connexin 26 (Cx26) mutations are the most common cause behind the nonsyndromic hearing loss and it is easily identified by polymerase chain reaction. Genes responsible for hearing loss are being mapped and cloned progressively. Mutations in the gene (gap junction beta 2) encoding Cx26 have been associated with congenital hearing loss either alone or as part of a syndrome. Cx26 is a part of a large family of gap junction membrane proteins that help electrical and metabolic coupling between adjacent cells. This review article focuses on genetic analysis of nonsyndromic hearing loss, as genetic alteration in this type of deafness recently begun to be identified, epidemiology, diagnosis criteria, and emphasis in early detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanishing bone disease (VBD) is an uncommon clinical entity with unknown etiology. This disease affects individual irrespective of age or sex. It can affect any bone of the body including the mandibular region of the face. The osseous tissue is progressively replaced by angiomatic tissue and finally by fibrous tissue. It is usually seen in the second and third decades of the life. It is often difficult to diagnose and the treatment is controversial. Here, we report a case of aggressive VBD in the mandibular region which was treated with radiotherapy and zoledronic acid. Because of its rarity, we described this clinical scenario affecting cosmesis of the patient with pain in face-and-neck area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]