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A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, yellow-pigmented and non-spore forming rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain BN140078T, was isolated from farmland soil, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea. It was able to grow aerobically at 10–40 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 5.5–7.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0–2.0% (w/v) NaCl concentration (optimum 1.0%) on Reasoner’s 2A (R2A) agar medium. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strain BN140078T had 96.9%, 96.5% and 96.1% 16S rRNA gene similarities with Chitinophaga ginsengihumi KACC 17604T, Chitinophaga rupis KACC 14521T and Chitinophaga japonensis KACC 12057T, respectively. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7 and the major fatty acids (≥ 5%) were C16:1 ω5c, iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and Summed Feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). The polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified amino lipids and six unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 49.5 mol%. The genome of strain BN140078T comprises a number of biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, in particular those for non-ribosomal peptide products. The polyphasic taxonomic study clearly distinguished this strain from its closest phylogenetic neighbors. Thus, we propose that the BN140078T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga agrisoli sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is BN140078T (=KCTC 62555T = CCTCC AB 2018162T).

A Gram-stain negative strain, designated AN120636T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, South Korea. The strain was strictly aerobic, with golden yellow-pigmented colonies on R2A agar. Cells were non-motile, long or short rods and some were observed to be coccal. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain AN120636T belongs to the genus Flavitalea in the family of Chitinophagacea, with Flavitalea populi (95.4%), Pseudoflavitalea soli (95.0%), Flavitalea gansuensis (94.7%) and Pseudoflavitalea rhizosphaerae (94.7%) as its close relatives. Growth was observed at 15–32 °C, pH 5.0–7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. The strain contained iso-C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:1 G and iso-C15:0 as its major cellular fatty acids; phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid; MK-7 as its respiratory quinone; and the polyamine was homospermidine. The genomic DNA G+C content was 44.8 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence, strain AN120636T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Flavitalea flava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AN120636T (=KCTC 52346T=CCTCC AB 2017174T).

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming strain, designated DSD51W(T), was isolated using a resuscitative technique from a soil sample collected from Kyoto park, Japan, and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the isolate were typical of those of members of the genus Rhodococcus. Strain DSD51W(T) was found to form a coherent cluster with Rhodococcus hoagii ATCC 7005(T), Rhodococcus equi NBRC 101255(T), Rhodococcus defluvii Call(T) and Rhodococcus kunmingensis YIM 45607(T) as its closest phylogenetic neighbours in 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. However, the DNA-DNA hybridization values with the above strains were 58.2 ± 2.2, 58.4 ± 1.9, 45.1 ± 1.4 and 40.3 ± 4.7 %, respectively. In combination with differences in physiological and biochemical properties, strain DSD51W(T) can be concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus soli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DSD51W(T) (=KCTC 29259(T) = JCM 19627(T) = DSM 46662(T) = KACC 17838(T)).

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped actinobacterial strain, designated as ZYR 51(T), was isolated from pharmaceutical wastewater in Jinhua city, Zhejiang province, Eastern China. Isolation was aided by using a resuscitation-promoting factor, suggesting the strain was recovered from a viable but non-culturable state. Strain ZYR 51(T) was characterized by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Growth was found to occur at 10-45 °C, pH 6.0-10.0 and 0-9 % NaCl (w/v). Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrated that strain ZYR 51(T) belongs to the genus Gordonia and showed low level similarities (below 97 %) with all other members of this genus. The strain was found to possess meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP), along with MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquonine. Mycolic acids were found to be present. C16:0 (34.9 %), 10-methyl C18:0 (30.3 %), iso-C18:0(8.2 %), and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c as define by MIDI; 18.8 %) were identified as the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain ZYR 51(T) was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and some unknown lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ZYR 51(T) was determined to be 67.7 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that the strain represents a novel species of the genus Gordonia, for which the name Gordonia jinhuaensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain is ZYR 51(T) (=CGMCC 1.12827(T) = NBRL B-59111(T) = NBRC 110001(T)).

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile, asporogenous, coccoid shaped bacterium, designated YIM M12140(T), was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the Indian Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain YIM M12140(T) forms a separate clade within the family Staphylococcaceae. Strain YIM M12140(T) shares high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Macrococcus brunensis DSM 19358(T) (92.9 %). The isolate was found to grow at 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2-3 %), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and temperature 5-40 °C (optimum, 28 °C). The polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acids of the strain were identified as anteiso-C15:0, -C17:0, iso-C16:0, anteiso-C19:0 and C20:0. The respiratory menaquinones were found to be MK-6 (94 %) and MK-7 (6 %). The cell wall amino acids were found to contain Lys, Ala, Glu, Gly, Asp, Ser and Thr. Whole cell sugars were identified as mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and xylose. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain YIM M12140(T) was determined to be 42.4 mol %. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic data and phylogenetic analysis, it is proposed that strain YIM M12140(T) represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Staphylococcaceae, for which the name Abyssicoccus albus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM M12140(T) (= DSM 29158(T) = CCTCC AB 2014213(T)).

During the course of our research on new actinobacterial sources, a novel actinomycete strain YIM 67013(T) was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. collected from Yunnan province, south-west China. The strain formed well-differentiated aerial and substrate mycelia, grew in the presence of up to 15% NaCl (optimum, 0-3% NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 67013(T) belongs to the genus Pseudonocardia, with highest similarity to Pseudonocardia thermophila DSM 43832(T) (97.6%). Sequence similarities between strain YIM 67013(T) and the other Pseudonocardia species ranged from 96.6 to 93.2%. Key morphological and physiological characteristics as well as chemotaxonomic features of strain YIM 67013(T) were congruent with the description of the genus Pseudonocardia. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.7 mol%. Based on comparative analysis of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data, including low DNA-DNA hybridization results, it is proposed that strain YIM 67013(T) represents a novel species of the genus Pseudonocardia, named Pseudonocardia rhizophila sp. nov. The type strain is YIM 67013(T) (= CCTCC AA 209043(T) = DSM 45381(T)).

A novel actinobacterium designated as MSL-26(T) was isolated from soil in Bigeum Island Korea. A polyphasic study was undertaken to establish the taxonomic position of isolate MSL-26(T). Strain MSL-26(T) was found to have chemical and morphological characteristics similar to Nocardioides. The strain grew optimally at pH 7.5 and 28 degrees C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MSL-26(T) forms a distinct line of descent within the radiation enclosed by the genus Nocardioides. The cell wall of strain MSL-26(T) contained LL-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid. The principal menaquinone was MK-8 (H(4)). The phospholipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and some unidentified lipids. C(18:1) w7c (50.38%) was the major fatty acid. The DNA G + C content of strain MSL-26(T) was 71.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MSL-26(T) shares the highest sequence similarity with Nocardioides kribbensis KCTC 19038(T) (95.78%) and Nocardioides aquaticus DSM 11439(T) (95.52%). Based on the morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomical data presented in this study, strain MSL-26(T) should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Nocardioides islandiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MSL-26(T) (=KCTC 19275(T)=DSM 19321(T)).

A Gram-positive, nonmotile, moderately halophilic, alkali and thermotolerant strain designated DAS 165(T), was isolated from a dry land soil sample from the Gulbarga region, Karnataka province, India. The isolate produced yellow substrate mycelia and gray aerial mycelia on most tested media. Strain DAS 165(T) showed growth in the presence of 5 to 7% NaCl and at 45 degrees C. The DNA G + C content was 69.7%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis together with these characteristics consistently assigned strain DAS 165(T) to the genus Streptomyces. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DAS 165(T) was most closely related to S. tendae ATCC 19812(T) (D 63873) with a sequence similarity of 99.6% (three nucleotide differences out of 1,517). Strain DAS 165(T) formed a distinct clade based on analysis of the almost complete sequence and 120-nucleotide variable gamma region of the 16S rRNA gene. Despite the high sequence similarity, strain DAS 165(T) was phenotypically different from S. tendae ATCC 19812(T). DNA-DNA hybridization between these strains was 47% showing that strain DAS 165(T) is a distinct genomic species. Phenetic and genetic results support the classification of strain DAS 165(T) as a new species, for which the name S. tritolerans is proposed, with strain DAS 165(T) as the type strain (=DSM 41899(T )= CCTCCAA 206013(T)).

A novel Gram-staining positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic, non-motile coccus, designated strain YIM 13062(T), was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the Indian Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 13062(T) belongs to the genus Kocuria, and is closely related to Kocuria polaris NBRC 103063(T) (97.8 % similarity), Kocuria rosea NBRC 3768(T) (97.6 % similarity) and Kocuria carniphila JCM 14118(T) (97.4 % similarity). The strain grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 8.0 and in the presence of 2-4 % (w/v) NaCl. Cell-wall peptidoglycan type was Lys-Ala3 (type A3α). The major isoprenoid quinones were MK-6(H2) and MK-7(H2). The polar lipids of strain YIM 13062(T) consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), one unidentified phospholipid (PL), one unidentified aminophospholipid (APL), two unidentified aminolipids (AL) and four unidentified lipids (L). Major fatty acids of the novel isolate were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C14:0 and C18:1 2OH. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YIM 13062(T) was 68.0 mol%. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain YIM 13062(T) and K. polaris NBRC 103063(T), K. rosea NBRC 3768(T), K. carniphila JCM 14118(T) were 53.2, 48.8 and 42.6 %, respectively. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic data, it is apparent that strain YIM 13062(T) represents a novel species of the genus Kocuria, for which the name Kocuria subflava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 13062(T) (=CGMCC 4.7252(T)=KCTC 39547(T)).

A strictly aerobic, Gram-stain positive, slightly halophilic strain, designated SCSIO 04524(T), was isolated from a deep sea sediment sample collected from the northern South China Sea at a depth of 3415 m. The isolate slightly embedded into the medium after 72 h incubation at 30 °C. Growth was found to occur on media with 0-10 % NaCl but extremely weak growth occurred without supplying NaCl. The predominant menaquinone was determined to be MK-7. The major cellular fatty acid identified was iso-C15:0. The diagnostic polar lipids were determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl methylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 38 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis showed that this strain had the highest similarities with Bacillus carboniphilus JCM 9731(T) (94.7 %) and Bacillus endophyticus 2DT(T) (94.3 %). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain SCSIO 04524(T) formed a distinct lineage with Bacillus chungangensis CAU 348(T) and B. carboniphilus JCM 9731(T). Physiological characteristics including utilization of sole nitrogen and carbon sources, and chemotaxonomic properties of cellular fatty acids and polar lipids could readily distinguish strain SCSIO 04524(T) from its most closely related species. Based on this polyphasic taxonomic data, a new species, Bacillus oceani sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain SCSIO 04524(T) (=DSM 26213(T) = KCTC 33077(T)).

A novel aerobic actinomycete strain, designated as SCSIO 02100(T), was isolated from a deep sea sediment sample collected from Northern South China Sea at a depth of 578 m. This isolate requires sea water or a sodium-supplemented medium for growth. BLAST searches based on the almost full length of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, showed that strain SCSIO 02100(T) had the highest similarities with Streptomyces armeniacus (JCM 3070(T)) (97.1 %). Phylogenetic trees reconstructed on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SCSIO 02100(T) formed a distinct lineage with S. nanshensis SCSIO 01066(T) with 96.9 % similarity. Further analysis of the polyphasic taxonomic data, including morphological, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, showed that strain SCSIO 02100(T) could be readily distinguished from the most closely related members of the genus Streptomyces. Thus, based on the polyphasic taxonomic data, a novel species, Streptomyces oceani sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain SCSIO 02100(T) (=DSM 42043(T) = CGMCC 4.7007(T)).

An actinomycete strain, designated YIM 60475 T , was isolated from the roots of Maytenus austroyunnanensis and was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The strain was determined to belong to the genus Streptomyces, based on its phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics. The strain produced spiral spore chains on aerial myce- lium. The cell wall contained LL-diaminopimelic acid. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained galactose, glu- cose, and xylose. The phospholipid was type II. The DNA G?C content of the type strain was 73.3 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization and comparison of physi- ological and chemical characteristics suggested that strain YIM 60475 T is a new Streptomyces species, for which the name Streptomyces mayteni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 60475 T (=CCTCC AA 207005 T = KCTC 19383 T ).