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In this study membrane filtration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration alone and as part of hybrid processes are considered as means to purify pulp and paper mill process waters suitable for reuse. Thermophilic aerobic biological treatment, pH adjustment, flocculation, and ozonation were tested as pretreatment methods on pilot or on laboratory scale. The aim was to increase flux and reduce fouling by various pretreatment steps and, thus, increase the competitiveness of the membrane process. The results were also evaluated by comparing the benefits obtained against the costs. It was discovered that benefits could be obtained with all the pretreatments tried. Thermophilic aerobic biology assisted in the removal of organic material and increased flux significantly, but the costs were the highest. The most cost-effective processes, however, seem to be pH-adjusted nanofiltration and flocculation nanofiltration hybrid processes, which is understandable because of their significantly lower investment costs compared to, for example, those of biological process. The pH adjustment increased the electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged solutes and membrane, thereby increasing the flux. Flocculation removed the foulants effectively from the feed and it both increased flux and reduced fouling. Yet, many noteworthy benefits were obtained also with ultrafiltration and ozonation. All of the hybrid processes tested could be applied at various points of the water circuit of an integrated pulp and paper mill for purification purposes. The eventual superiority and cost-effectiveness of the applied process remains to be determined case by case.

I am not a student of ERDA* or the Department of Energy, but I know that two years ago ERDA had very limited goals for conservation. It envisioned little medium-term and no long-term conservation R&D. Of course, anyone can appreciate the reluctance of an organization with the history going from AEC to ERDA to DOE to be enthusiastic about conservation. I suggest that we all must be skeptical and demanding of the Department with respect to conservation, and that is the spirit of my remarks.

Several investigators1–4 have shown that burned animals are quite susceptible to systemic invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We have produced fatal septicemia in mice by immersion of the scalded tail (immersed in water at 70°C for five sec) in cultures of Pseudomonas strain 180. For purposes of local therapy the tails have been enclosed in rubber tubing held in place by stapling to the loose skin at the base of the tail (figure 1). Therapy consisted of suspending the drugs in a vanishing cream base and injecting the suspension into the tubes, which were then sealed with a cork. Treatment was given six hr after challenge. Details of the techniques employed may be found in recent publications.5,6 In a comparative study of eleven chemotherapeutic agents, six were highly effective in preventing death. (See table 1). The mortality with 8.5% sulfamylon acetate was 8%; 0.25% chloramphenicol, 0.5% gentamycin, 0.4% neomycin, and 1% streptomycin all produced zero mortality; 0.5 sulfadiazine gave 10% mortality. Little effect on survival was observed from 0.2% polymyxin, 0.1% colimycin, 0.25% tetracycline, 0.25% penicillin G, or 0.5% silver nitrate. Ninetythree% of untreated animals died and 90% with the vanishing cream alone.5 A similar study was carried out on mice treated systemically, and without local therapy. Treatment was begun six hr after the challenge and repeated once daily for four additional days. It was found that sulfadiazine given orally in doses of 100 to 500 mg/kg brought about complete survival, and streptomycin administered subcutaneously in doses of 100 mg/kg produced 90% survival (table 2). The drugs currently in use, polymyxin, colimycin, and gentamycin had little effect in the usual therapeutic doses. A comparison of in vivo activity with in vitro sensitivity revealed that test tube activity is not a reliable index of therapeutic action (table 3). Gentamycin, polymyxin, and colimycin were bacteriostatic at 1 μg per ml. Only gentamycin exhibited local activity, and colimycin was without effect systemically. Chloramphenicol, sulfadiazine, and streptomycin were equally active in vitro (25 μg/ml). All were effective locally, but systemically, chloramphenicol was inactive while sulfadiazine and streptomycin were most effective.

2 family planning programs operating in New Orleans and Lincoln Parish Louisiana between 1965 and 1967 are reviewed to refute the concept that indigent women and those who have experienced out-of-wedlock pregnancies are uninterested in fertility control. Studies conducted prior to the inception of both programs determined a lack of reproductive and contraceptive knowledge among lower socioeconomic couples rather than a lack of motivation. The population of rural Lincoln Parish is 41.8% black and the median annual family income ranges between $2000 and $3000. 50% had delivered out-of-wedlock the median age was 23.6 years and the majority displayed low parity. In the New Orleans program annual family incomes were below $4500 and 95.7% of the patients were black (primarily because poor whites were unwilling to attend integrated clinics). Birth records from public and charity hospitals were used to identify patients and priority contact was given to current postpartum patients followed by high-risk mothers who had delivered in the past 2 years. Low-risk women were contacted last. Contact with postpartum mothers was made 1 or 2 days after birth by a program nurse and included an individual education session literature and the offer of an appointment 4 to 6 weeks later. High and low-risk women were contacted by family planning auxiliary workers selected from the indigent population and trained in reproductive physiology contraceptive techniques and program orientation. Auxiliary workers were responsible for the program follow-up system which increased the total number of first admissions by 22% in New Orleans. Patients received a call or letter after missing their first appointment and a home visit after a second cancellation. Data from the Lincoln Parish programs second year of operation showed a significant decrease (47%) among indigent illegitimate births and other pertinent indices. In New Orleans 96% of the first admissions accepted some form of birth control. Oral contraceptives were chosen by 62% of the women and the IUD was chosen by 20% compared to previous usage levels of 24% and .2% respectively. 88% of the first admissions remained with the program over an 18-month period. Both Louisiana programs demonstrate that successful acceptance of family planning by indigents depends upon the design and provision of adequate maternal health services which stress privacy freedom of choice and sustained personal contact.

Leucocyte migration inhibition detected in vitro by the capillary tube technique (LMCT) has proved a useful tool for detection of tumor-specific cell-mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) in man. Investigations in pateints with renal tumors are reported. It is shown that TCMH is a feature of hypernephroma in man, that the antigenic specificity is found in autologous as well as allogeneic tumor tissue and in fetal kidney tissue. The pattern of reactivity compared to postoperative survival and occurrence of metastases and postoperative clinical course shows a clear association between TCMH and tumor elimination. The capacity of hypernephroma patients to develop a cell-mediated immune response is generally not reduced. In allogeneic combinations, small noninvading tumors usually have a high antigenicity, whereas tumors with early dispersion show a low antigenicity. The development of TCMH and associated tumor elimination therefore may be depending preferably on the antigenicity of the tumor, less on the immune capacity of the tumor host.