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A new treehopper genus Selenacentrus (Membracidae: Centrotinae), and new species, S. wallacei , from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, are described and illustrated. This genus lacks key characteristics of currently recognized New World centrotine tribes including the dorsoapical and ventral lobes of the male lateral plate and cucullate setae of the mesothoracic femora (characteristic of the Boocerini). It also lacks the additional m-cu crossvein and broadened second valvulae characteristic of Platycentrini. The narrow, curved second valvulae, with prominent dorsal teeth, and lateral exposure of the scutellar apices resemble those of some endemic Antillean centrotines (Monobelini, Nessorhinini); however, Selenacentrus differs from these groups in characters of the forewing and male genitalia.

The Oriental melolonthine genus Tocama Reitter, 1902 is reviewed. The genus includes 11 species with 3 new Chinese species, Tocama varimaculata Li and Yang, sp. nov., Tocama zhangia Wang and Li, sp. nov., and Tocama similis Li and Wang, sp. nov. described herein. A lectotype is designated for Melolontha rubiginosa Fairmaire, 1889. An amended key for males, diagnoses, redescriptions, illustrations, the type depository, phenology, geographical distributions and map, remarks, and drawings of the male genitalia of each species are given.

Although the genus Calathus Bonelli is distributed mainly in the Holarctic, 17 species have been described from Ethiopia. A key to the Ethiopian Calathus with hind angles of pronotum well-marked, generally rectangular, is provided, including two new species, Calathus juan from Guna Mountain (Gonder) and Calathus carballalae from Mt. Batu (Bale). The two new species are described. Both taxa were found in Afroalpine grassland living under stones, sometimes at the base of the giant Lobelia rhynchopetalum Hemsley. C. juan bears some resemblance to Calathus theodori Ancey given its similar prosternal process and the shoulders of the elytra but is separated by the shape of its pronotum and the different configuration of the aedeagus. C. carballalae is characterized by the small callosity on the shoulders of the elytra, its elongate shape, and the singular aedeagus. Drawings of male genitalia of both C. theodoi and Calathus orthomoides Alluaud are presented for the first time.

Ceraspis ajonjoli Mora-Aguilar, Delgado, and Vallejo, new species, from the Central Andes Mountains in Colombia is described and illustrated. Modifications of the Frey's key to species of this genus are provided to include this new species. A new key to separate the species of Ceraspis Lepeletier and Serville from Colombia is presented. The previously unknown male of Ceraspis ruehli Brenske is described and their genitalia are illustrated.

Male genitalia, including the pygophore, parameres, and inflated aedeagi, are compared between the midwestern species of Euschistus [i.e., E. ictericus (L.), E. politus Uhler, E. servus (Say) (including E. s. servus and E. s. euschistoides (Vollenhoven), E. tristigmus (Say) (including E. t. tristigmus and E. t. luridus Dallas), and E. variolarius (Palisot de Beauvois) ]. These structures differ markedly between these taxa with the exception of the two subspecies of E. servus and of E. tristigmus, thus confirming their subspecific status.

This paper treats Chinese species of the rove beetle genus AleocharaGravenhorst, 1802, subgenus Aleochara s. str. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Four new species are described from China: Aleochara (s. str.) collaris Luo and Zhou, sp. nov. from Sichuan; A. (s. str.) gladiata Luo and Zhou, sp. nov. from Fujian and Guangdong; A. (s. str.) serrulata Luo and Zhou, sp. nov. from Sichuan; and A. (s. str.) similinsularis Luo and Zhou, sp. nov. from Beijing, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Sichuan, and Gansu. Male genitalia and other critical characters are illustrated. A key to adults of Chinese species is provided. All the type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (IZCAS).

The spittlebugs of the genus EuryaulaxKirkaldy 1906 (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) from Australia are revised to include six species: E. angustifasciatus sp. nov. (Western Australia and Northern Territory), E. arctofasciatusLallemand, 1949 stat. rev. [reinstated from synonymy with E. carnifex (Fabricius, 1775)] (Northern Territory), E. carnifex (Fabricius, 1775) (Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia and New South Wales), E. kirkaldyi sp. nov. (Northern Territory), E. longiprocessus sp. nov. (Northern Territory and Western Australia), and E. vacuolus (Jacobi, 1928) (Queensland and Northern Territory). Descriptions or redescriptions of the genus and its included species with diagnostic characters are presented together with the dorsal habitus of the adults and structural illustrations of the head, pronotum, forewing, hindwing, and male genitalia. A diagnostic key is provided for identification of the known species in the genus.

One new genus and new species, Sinaxymyia rara gen. et sp. nov., is described. Juraxymyia gen. nov. is proposed for Psocites fossilisZhang, 2004. The genus and species, Psocites pectinatus (Hong, 1983), is redescribed based on new axymyiids from the Jurassic of China. The systematic positions for Crenoptychoptera decorosaHao, Dong et Ren, 2009, Crenoptychoptera vulgarisHao, Dong et Ren, 2009, and Crenoptychoptera vicinaHao, Dong et Ren, 2009 are reassessed, these do belong rather to Axymyiidae than to Eoptychopterinae, Ptychopteridae. All the impressions of male axymyiid flies are the first description in the geological records of Axymyiidae. Establishing homologies between the sclerites of the male genitalia of the Jurassic species described here and recent species of the family is difficult.

Four genera and seven species of the scarab beetle tribe Bolboceratini s.l. in Taiwan are reviewed, including the description of a new species, Bolbelasmus minutus Li & Masumoto. After a detailed comparison with the holotype, Bolbelasmus kurosawai Masumoto is considered a junior synonym of Bolbelasmus coreanus (Kolbe). Bolbelasmus meridionalis Krikken is now excluded from the fauna of Taiwan. Key (males only), redescriptions, illustrations, the type depository, commentary, phenology, geographical distributions, and drawings of the male genitalia of each valid species are included. Additionally, a key to the genera of the Eurasian Bolboceratini s.l. is provided.

The genus Xestocoris Van Duzee is reported from Mexico for the first time, and three new species, X. adustus (Guerrero, Morelos, Nayarit, and Puebla), X. clavatus (Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacan, and Oaxaca), and X. punctatus (Chiapas), are described. Two species, X. collinus described from Guatemala and Panama, and X. tibialis from the United States, are newly recorded for Mexico. Habitus, illustrations, and drawings of the male genitalia are provided, and a key to the known Xestocoris species is presented.

The 10 species of Cybocephalidae occurring in Mexico are revised. Included are redescriptions of Cybocephalus aciculatus Champion, Cybocephalus schwarzi Champion, and Pycnocephalus metallicus Sharp, and descriptions of four new species: Cybocephalus beverlyae, Cybocephalus championi, Cybocephalus huastecus, and Cybocephalus zakotus. The male of P. metallicus is described for the first time. A key to species; illustrations of morphological features, including detailed drawings of male genitalia; and distribution data are provided.

The six species of Cybocephalidae occurring in the West Indies and Trinidad are revised. Included are a new combination of Pycnocephalus deyrollei (Reitter) and descriptions of four new species: Cybocephalus antilleus, Cybocephalus caribaeus, Cybocephalus iviei, and Cybocephalus geoffreysmithi. A key to species, illustrations of morphological features including detailed drawings of male genitalia, and distribution data are provided.

Rianilaneuria diminuta Pescador & Peters, a new genus and species from the mideastern slopes of Madagascar, is described from male and female adults and eggs. The adults are defined by the presence of vein IR and the absence of vein IMP in the forewing; male genitalia with two-segmented forceps, short penes and a small truncate styliger; absence of mesoscutellar filaments; and elongate coxae. The egg chorion is adorned with widely spaced and circularly clustered sponge-like microsetae.

In a previous article, we reported that the male genitalia of two species of Parabrochymena and four of Brochymena were distinct, particularly the shape and length of the vesica. Here, we present genitalic information on an additional four species of Parabrochymena and 10 species of Brochymena that further supports consistent differences between the two genera.

A new fossil species of the genus Anevrina Lioy is described from 40 million-year-old Baltic amber. It differs from the only other described fossil species of this genus, Anevrina oligocoenica Brues, by the setation of the tibiae and the structure of the male genitalia. The new species is most similar to the extant Anevrina olympiae (Aldrich), from which it differs by the darker color and details of the male genitalia.

The edaphic genus Hesperotyphlus Coiffait is distributed exclusively in the western Iberian peninsula. Several groups of species are proposed, based mainly on CoiffaitOs publications. A key to species of the Hesperotyphlus besucheti Coiffait group is provided. Hesperotyphlus reyesae n. sp., belonging to the latter group, is described from Galicia (Spain). Among the H. besucheti group, H. reyesae is close to H. novoai Outerelo based on similarities between the male genitalia. The species was found in an Atlantic deciduous forest, living in the humus layer. Male genitalia and other morphological features of several species are illustrated. RESUMEN El genero eda ´Þco Hesperotyphlus Coiffait estadistribuido exclusivamente por la parte occidental de la Peno´nsula Iberica. Se proponen varios grupos de especies, basados principalmente en las publicaciones de Coiffait. Se hace una clave de especies del grupo Hesperotyphlus besucheti Coiffait. Se describe de Galicia (Espana) Hesperotyphlus reyesae n. sp., que pertenece a dicho grupo. Entre las especies del grupo H. besucheti, H. reyesae es proxima a Hesperotyphlus novoai Outerelo debido a las similitudes de la genitalia masculina. La especie se encontroen un bosque caducifolio atlantico, viviendo en la capa de humus. Se ilustran las genitalias masculinas y otras caractero´sticas morfologicas de varias especies.

Copestylum alberlena, sp. nov. (Diptera: Syrphidae) was reared from larvae collected in decaying platyclades of Opuntia Mill. (Cactaceae) in the state of Veracruz (Mexico). The third-instar larva, puparium, and adult morphology are described. Preliminary data about its life cycle and breeding behavior are included. This species is close to Copestylum tamaulipanum (Townsend), also breeding in Cactaceae, whose male genitalia are also described and compared with C. alberlena. The most important morphological differences between immature stages and adults of C. alberlena and C. tamaulipanum are illustrated and analyzed in a comparative table.

Lariviere erected Parabrochymena for 10 taxa formerly placed in Brochymena Amyot & Serville based, in part, on differences in the male genitalia. Within each genus, she used the number of diverticula on the spermathecal bulb as a species characteristic. The validity of Parabrochymena as separate from Brochymena is supported here on the basis of the male genitalia, particularly the inflated aedeagus. However, within each genus, Lariviere's use of the number of diverticula on the spermathecal bulb as a species characteristic is of limited value because of variation in number.

The new species Sennius yucatan Johnson, which breeds in the seeds of Senna atomaria (L.) Irwin and Barneby, is described, and Sennius infractus Johnson and King-solver is redescribed. Figures of the male genitalia, habitus, hind leg, and antenna are included for both species. Host records for 19 other species of Sennius are recorded. An analysis of the host records for use as taxonomic characters when compared with a, new classification of the legume subtribe Cassiinae revealed no new significant conclusions.

Three new species of Efferia Coquillett are described from southern California and Arizona: E. imperialis and E. macroxipha in the Anomala group and E. anza in the Staminea group. Efferia macroxipha and E. anza are known only from the area of the type localities. Male genitalia of the three species and the ovipositor of E. macroxipha are shown in figures.

Courtship behavior in the 3 allopatric species of Tegrodera is distinct from that of all other meloids studied. Male display is a form of antennation performed from the substrate while facing the front of the female's head. It involves grasping the female's antennae with his own and repeatedly pulling them in and out of 2 corresponding grooved depressions on his head. Mounting and copulation typically occur when the female becomes receptive. This pattern occurs in all species, but males of T. aloga frequently mount homo- and heterospecific females without prior display and attempt to force copulation. This “short circuiting” behavior is correlated with much larger male genitalia. All females mounted in this way react negatively by kicking at the male and by rapid walking. Females of T. aloga appear to be better able to avoid forced copulations. This is attributable to behavioral and anatomical traits not found in females of the other species. Mate preference in males is analyzed by a series of nochoice tests. Varying degrees of discrimination are revealed. Males of T. aloga court females of T. erosa but to a lesser extent than they do their own; T. erosa and T. latecincta males, on the other hand, do not recognize females of T. aloga as sexual objects and never court them. T. erosa males court T. latecincta females and their own equally, but T. latecincta males show a clear preference for homospecifics. Both aloga ♂ × erosa ♀ and latecincta ♂ × erosa ♀ matings occurred in this study. It is not known if these were successful since females failed to oviposit. Since the 3 allopatric species of Tegrodera are so similar to one another in all respects, it is doubtful that they had a history of interaction. Instead, mate discrimination and patterning differences probably evolved as a by-product of their genetic divergence during speciation. Courtship in this genus is most similar to that in Eupompha and Pleurospasta. Yet because of certain differences in behavior and associated structure, these similarities are attributed to convergence.

Characters for the recognition of the 14 Western Hemisphere species of the armyworms of the economically important genus Spodoptera Guenee are provided in keys to the species based on maculation and coloration and in keys to the male genitalia. Illustrations of adults and figures of the male and female genitalia, discussion of the geographic distribution, and synonymical bibliographies of each species are given

Nine species are treated. New species and their type localities are Eucosma pediasios , Sanderson, Tex.; E. rindgei , Denver, Colo.; E. austrina , Canadian, Tex.; and E. notialis , Kerrville, Tex. The first three form a compact group but differ in male genitalia; they were found misidentified as E. comatulana (Zeller). The last was found misidentified as E. matutina (Grote). New synonymies are E. comatulana (= E. mandana Kearfott), E. matutina (=E. grotiana Kearfott), and E. similiana (Clemens) (= E. diffusana Kearfott). E. similiana , now considered a subspecies of E. dorsisignatana (Clemens), and with which it is sympatric, is raised to species rank because of differences in forewing pattern and size. All pertinent type specimens were examined. A neotype is designated for E. matutina , and a lectotype for E. clavana (Zeller).

The genus Spintherophyta Dejean, 1837 is revised for North America north of Mexico. A key to the 4 included species is presented. S. exigua , n. sp., is described from southwestern Texas. S. arizonensis , n. sp., is described from Arizona. Colaspoides violaceipennis Horn is transferred to Spintherophyta . Characters used for the 1st time in a diagnosis of Spintherophyta include the size of the male mandibles and the emargination of the clypeus. Male genitalia are also figured for the 1st time.

Body-measurements and male genitalia of the two North American species of Leptocoris, L. trivittatus (Say) and L. rubrolineatus Barber, do not differ greatly or consistently. Color-pattern of the corium does separate the two which, despite overlap in the American southwest, are retained as separate species.

The male and female of a new species of Amphoropsyche Holzenthal from Bolivia are described and illustrated. The new species is closest to A. quebrada Holzenthal and can be distinguished from it and other members of the genus by the presence of spinelike setae on abdominal segment X, the inferior appendages, and the phallic apparatus of the male genitalia. The larva of A. insularis (Flint) is redescribed and illustrated. It can be separated from other Neotropical leptocerids by the presence of secondary setae on the proand mesonota and two bands of flat, spinelike setae on the anal prolegs. The pupa of A. insularis is described and figured, representing the first description of a pupa of this genus.

Nine species of Zelus Fabricius 1803 are found in the United States, Canada, and northern Mexico: Z. tetracanthus Stal, Z. luridus Stal, Z. exsanguis Stal, Z. nugax Stal, Z. renardii Kolenati, Z. cervicalis Stal, Z. janus Stal, Z. longipes (L.), and Z. grassans Stal. Several of these are among the most commonly encountered reduviids in the Nearctic. Keys, lists of synonymy, brief descriptions, distributions, discussions, and figures of the male genitalia are provided. Thirteen new synonymies are recorded and one previously synonymized species is restored to specific level.

Eleven species of Zelus Fabricius (1803) are found in the West Indies. These are divided into two groups, insular and continental. The first group contains four closely related species known only from the West Indies: Z. subimpressus Stal, Z. zayasi Bruner & Barber, Z. bruneri de Zayas, and Z. puertoricensis , n. sp. The last group contains seven species that have been introduced to the West Indies from South or Central America: Z. longipes (L.), Z. prolixus Stal, Z. illotus Berg, Z. impar Kuhlgatz, Z. minutus , n. sp., Z. vespiformis , n. sp., and Z. korystos , n. sp. Keys, lists of synonymy, distributions, discussions, and figures of the male genitalia are provided.

New records are given for 16 previously known species. New genera are Cyphoprosopa, type C. lindneri n. sp., and Pachyberis, type P. stigmaticalis n. sp.; additional new species are Odontomyia pauliani, Nemotelus madagascarcnsis, Ampsalis dichromata, Ptectisargus lindneri, and Pithomyia stuckenbergi, all from Madagascar. New combinations are Ptectisargus argentipellitus (Lindner), from Chrysochroma, and Gongrosargus maculipennis (Lindner), from Ptecticus. Lampetiopus umbrosus var. rufipes Lindner is a synonym of Lampetiopus umbrosus Lindner. Supplementary description is given for Pseudoxymyia flavitarsis Lindner (female), Odontomyia rufoscutellata Lindner, Ptecticus breviunguis Lindner (female, male genitalia), and Cardopomyia robusta Kertesz (male).

Acilius sylvanus n. sp. is described and its testaceous venter is used to separate it from mediatus, fraternus, and semisulcatus in a key to species in northeastern North America. Acilius abbreviatus and A. latiusculus, long considered subspecies of semisulcatus from western North America, were found to be distinct species. For all the above species except latiusculus, male genitalia are described and figured, and their distribution and distinguishing characteristics are discussed.

In a number of specialized groups of Lepidoptera the paired clasping organs, the valvae, of the male genital armature frequently show such complexity of structure that an appropriate subdivision of these organs is profitable for descriptive purposes. Attempts to divide the valvae into several parts have hitherto been made repeatedly, especially in the Rhopalocera[6][1], Phalaenidae (= Noctuidae) and Geometridae. Pierce's system (1909, 1914) devised originally for description of the male genitalia of the latter two familes, has since been accepted, at least in part, by some of the most prominent workers (Busck and Heinrich, 1921; Eyer, 1924; Mehta, 1933; Viette, 1948). For other families, especially those belonging to the Rhopalocera, other systems of terminology and of subdivision have been presented (Petersen, 1904; Warren, 1926). However, the morpological basis of the proposed systems is largely obscure, so that there might be a serious question whether it is possible to establish a generalized principle, useful in dividing the valvae of differently modified types into several regions, which above all must readily be applicable with reasonable homologies throughout the more specialized groups of Lepidoptera. [1]: #fn-3

There are described herein two new species of Mallophaga colledcd from two species of shorebirds: Lesser yellowlegs, Totanus flavipes (Gmelin) and greater yellowlegs, Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin), both common during migrations in the United States. These two sandpipers (Order Charadriiformes, Family Scolopacidae) are almost indistinguishable in coloration but the greater yellowlegs is about one-third larger in size than the lesser yellowlegs. The two new species of Mallophaga are easily separated by the different male genitalia; in other characters they closely resemble each other; the larger louse is found on the larger bird.

This paper deals with appendages of the tenth abdominal segment of the Heteroneura which form terminal processes situated at the top of the male genitalia and surround dorsally and ventrally the anal projection.

The classification of the Reduvioid bugs has long remained in an unsettled state. Stal's masterful classification (1872, 1873) is still our best and only reference for subfamilies and genera and Reuter's general classification of the Heteroptera (1910) remains as the standard for higher groups. Evidence from the male genitalia (Singh-Pruthi, 1925) and from the mandibular levers (Ekblom, 1929) has since shown clearly that the semi-aquatic Mesoveliidae and Hebridae belong elsewhere. Despite a truly remarkable diversity, the group as thus restricted is apparently monophyletic.

Except for designating Bruchus pruininus Horn as its type-species, Bridwell did not indicate what bruchid species should be assigned to his genus Stator . This genus is now found to include also Bruchus limbatus Horn, B. sordidus Horn, B. subaeneus Schaeffer, B. pythonicus Pic, and Stator beali , a new species from Texas. These six species are keyed; each is described, its male genitalia are figured, and its distribution is given. The known range of the genus is from Texas to California (and Hawaii), and south into Mexico.

The North American and West Indian wasps of the genus Sphex were monographed by Dr. H. T. Fernald in 1934. In this monograph little study was made of the male genitalia. The writer has made a study of the male genitalia and has found them to be of the greatest importance in determining the validity of the species in this genus. In the first place, they are frequently vastly different in otherwise apparently identical species. In the second place, they are frequently the only means of defining the limits of a variable species.

During the past three years the writer has had an exceptional opportunity to study the male pygofer and genital organs of large collections of Dephacidae, including many types and paratypes, representing most of the species described from North America and the West Indies. Because of their constancy and reliability as a specific character these organs (which of course include the aedeagus or penis) are unquestionably of first importance to the student in making correct determinations. The use of color as a specific character has led to synonomy on account of there sometimes being four color forms in a species, the sexes of both the brachypterous and macropterous forms being different. And among these forms there is often considerable color variation. This naturally results in much perplexity to the student of these insects.

The new genera and new species described are Typhloponemys nigeriensis , T. uncinata, POGOSTENUS mirabilis (generic type), P. morio, PEGESTENUS nigeriensis (generic type), Doryloxenus ibadanicus, and D. tottenhami, all from Nigeria; Typhloponemys alzadae, T. eastopi, and Doryloxenus dybasi from British Cameroons; Typhloponemys lamottei from Guinea; and Pegestenus soudanicus from Federation of Mali. Mew records are given for 12 previously known species, and the male genitalia of Typhloponemys punctata (Fauvel) are illustrated for the first time.

The difficulty in separating the females of our three species of Wyeomyia is well known to taxonomists who have studied this genus. Matheson (1944) points out the fact that the female of W. vanduzeei Dyar and Knab is very similar to W. smithii (Coquillett) the only diagnostic difference being the presence of white scales on the bases of the segments of the hind tarsi of vanduzeei . Matheson further states that the adults of W. mitchellii (Theobald) and W. vanduzeei are practically identical and that these two species can be distinguished with certainty only in the larval stage and by male genitalia. The larval and male genitalia characters are diagnostic for all three species of Wyeomyia .

The importance of the male genitalia in the classification of the Microlepidoptera has been discussed by Busck and Heinrich in 1921. Reference was then made to the supreme importance of these structures in the differentiation of species, and in the clearer and sharper definition and finer division of families and genera. It is the purpose of this paper to extend the use of the male genitalia to the characterizing of superfamilies and suborders and to the determining of the relationships of their constituent families. Following the suggestion of Busck, (1914), the Microlepidoptera is regarded as a natural group altho the families, as used by present day specialists. are not phylogenetically equivalent, many of the more specialized families having been derived from generalized ones of more than family rank. Because of this the Hepalidae and Micropterygidae, and their allies are regarded as superfamilies on a par with the Tineoidea and the discussion in this paper is limited to these three groups. The terminology used to describe the parts of the male genitalia is that already explained by the author, (1924) in a previous paper.

Until the last two decades almost no work had been done on the male genitalia of ichneumon-flies. In 1919, G. C. Crampton published a basic work on the terminal structures of the lower Hymenoptera and discussed in considerable detail the two basic types: the orthandrous type in which the ossicles and inner forceps are on the ventral side and the strophandrous type in which ossicles and the inner forceps are carried to the dorsal side by a complete torsion of the genitalia.

This subgenus of Anopheles, which contains a small but interesting group of mosquitoes which breed in the water in bromeliads, and more rarely in bamboo, has been, taxonomically speaking, in rather a chaotic condition in the past. This has been due in part to inaccurate observation of specific characters, in part to the variability of color-markings in the species, and partly to lack of adequate material for study.

Recent researches in the biology and control of certain species of Empoasca Walsh revealed the need of ready means of distinguishing these forms. The work of DeLong (Tech. Bul. 231, U. S. D. A., 1931) on the male genitalia laid a sound basis for the classification of the males of the genus. It is, however, equally or even more desirable to have characters for identifying the species in the female sex. The ovipositors of thirteen reared species were therefore studied carefully with regard to their comparative structures to determine in a preliminary manner whether adequate valvular characters occur on which the classification of the females of the genus could later be based. Most of the material used was reared by F. W. Poos and his staff at Arlington Experiment Farm (P. O. Rosslyn, Va.), in connection with life-history and other studies. The female parents of these specimens had been, for the most part, definitely associated with authentically determined males. A few species, in part recognizable by external characters and reared from nymphs collected on their food plants, were chosen to supplement the material from life-history studies.

The three species here considered form an apparently closely related group which is set off from the large group of Neotropical species bearing a basal tuft on the coxite by their inflated lateral lobes and the extreme proximal position of the basal spine of the style. Within the group, vesiciferus and vespertilionis are most similar in respect to the structure of the male genitalia, both having but three spines on the style, while deleoni has four. vesiciferus and deleoni have identically formed genital filaments, while those of vespertilionis are of a different type. In the females which we have associated with these males, the cibaria are of similar type in all, bearing four strong horizontal teeth and what appear to be two strong vertical teeth as well as a variable number of smaller teeth. The pharynges of all are relatively unarmed, having weak finger-like ridges at their proximal ends only. These ridges bear minute spines, visible only at high magnification. The spermathecae of deleoni and vesiciferus are of a distinct and unusual type, being apparently somewhat like those figured by Addis (1945, J. Parasit., 31, 2, 119-127) for P. anthophorus . The spermathecae of vespertilionis are less unusual in structure. Addis erected a new subgenus for his P. anthophorus , and indeed the peculiar genitalia, spermathecae and cibarium of his species seem to warrant such an action. However, various of the three species here considered share with anthophorus the unusual spermathecal structure and the 3-spined style of the genitalia, while the structure of the paramere is paralleled in a number of not apparently otherwise related species.

It is a commonplace in comparative morphology that the muscles and their nerves give fundamental data, comparable with that given by the skeletal parts. There have been many attempts to allocate the male genitalia of the Lepidoptera to their proper segments and appendages, but so far with very uncertain results. The chitinous parts have been fully studied, and the results summarized from time to time, especially by Pierce in his introductions to the “Genitalia of the British Noctuidae” and “Geometridae.” But the internal parts have been less completely recorded. The embryology is hopelessly distorted by the fact that the whole group of appendages are formed very late from an imaginal bud; the nerves give uncertain evidence, because all of them are branches of a single trunk, passing back from the fused terminal ganglia; the muscles have been only partially and I suspect inaccurately reported, and the two forms cited by Snodgrass in his “Principles of Insect Morphology” are further degenerate types, Bombyx having largely lost the clasper and much of the vinculum, and having no recognizable distinction of juxta and valve; Carpocapsa being less reduced in having preserved the juxta as a separate sclerite, but also completely lacking uncus and clasper.