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Presents several abstracts related to geography. "The Distribution of White Settlement in Kenya," by Donald R. Petterson; "Early Chinese Settlement in Borneo," by Tsuen-Kung Chang; "Patterns and Problems of Land Tenure in the Lesser Antilles: Example of Antigua," by John P. Augelli.

China's population is large and its annual growth significant. Since the mid-1950s, the Chinese government has made four attempts to curb the growth and hopes to limit the total population to 1.2 billion by the year 2000. Thus it has established a policy of limiting families to one child each. These efforts of population control have been successful in cities but have fallen short in rural areas. Using the 1982 Chinese census and data from a national sampling on fertility, this paper examines the urban-rural contrasts in demographic and marital behavior, rates of growth, and implementation of the one child policy. It discusses the variables, such as education, occupation, and political factors, that affect the urban and rural populations. The majority of rural couples still desire a larger family. The paper probes the reasons for this and finds that the traditional concerns of old age and family propagation are more important than are economic reasons, such as increasing the family labor force. To implement the one child policy local governments have set forth directives againts second and higher-order births. They also are promoting the development of small towns and the transference of farmers to nonagricultural jobs. The government is attempting to integrate urban and rural administrations and to establish "'population development regions" around the country so that cities can play a central role in population control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's agricultural reforms and open door policy adopted since 1978 have had impact on the country's economic structure, population characteristics, and urban development. This paper examines the spatial implications of such changes in the light of the development of Zhujiang Delta located in the coastal region of South China. Market-oriented agricultural production, rural industrialization, migration of surplus farm labor, and the spread of small towns in the rural areas are some of the consequences of the reforms and are placed in the perspective of the coreperiphery theory of regional development. It is argued that the hybrid ’center-downward’ and ’periphery-upward’ approach in spatial development was adopted because it was politically more adaptable to the Chinese objectives of economic development, which continue to uphold Marxism, Maoism and Communist Party leadership. Through careful control of the destination of the rural migrants in conjunction with the policy of small town development, China hopes to establish a new spatial relationship between the core and the periphery on more equal footing. Currently the spatial structure of Zhujiang Delta displays a well-integrated network of towns of varying sizes being established to fill in gaps in the settlement hierarchy to effect spread of benefits from the core to its periphery. But contrary to expectations, spatial inequity in development persists as the core has advanced at a much faster pace than its periphery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron and steel manufacturing apparatus in mainland China has been developed through several major stages, each of which manifests a distinctive pattern underlined by certain overriding factors. From the embryonic period at the turn of this century to World War II, transportation, capital availability, and market condition were alternately the chief determinant in the location of this industry. Since the Communist take-over and through the various construction and expansion programs, particularly as a result of the development of new resources, a new pattern has taken shape which tends to guide the future growth of this industry. This paper offers a locational analysis of the major nuclei in the emerging pattern and their effect upon the development of the secondary centers in the various regions of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments of the author on a paper on the iron and steel industry by Kuei-Sheng Chang. He has adopted a useful approach in analyzing the locational pattern in terms of major nuclei associated with secondary centers in the various regions in China. Based on my current research, however, I fear that the picture of Communist China's iron and steel industry that emerges in this paper is one exaggerated achievement and it is likely to mislead some readers who have not followed recent developments.

Discusses the climatic maps of proper China and Manchuria according to the Thornthwaite 1948 classification. Formula for computing the potential evapotranspiration; Presentation of climatic conditions; Classes of maps presented by Thornthwaite.

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a response of the author on comments made by scholar Theodore Shabad on his paper on the iron and steel industry in China. The study of any important aspect of the industrial geography of Communist China involves difficulties and pitfalls seldom encountered in other endeavors. I fully understand what Shabad means by the frustrating process he himself is now engaged in. Aware of limitations of individual effort, from the outset I choose only a limited objective to offer a locational analysis of the major nuclei in the emerging pattern and their effect upon the development of secondary centers in the various regions of China.

Abstracts and comments on some publications of the China Institute of Geography. Two major geographical publications in China; Monograph titled "Geographical Memoirs of the China Institute of Geography"; "The Geographic Expedition of the China-Ling Chiang Valley".

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spatial interaction and connectivity are important factors in the spread of infectious diseases. We developed a spatial-temporal model of schistosomiasis japonica transmission, a disease caused by parasites that are transported via surface water and that live in both snail and human hosts. The model employed a spatial interaction matrix based on neighborhood relationships and hydrologic connectivity to assess the effect of intervillage parasitic transport on disease transmission and control. Satellite remote-sensing data served as input to the model for predicting snail density within each village, and for deriving a digital elevation model that was used to quantify hydrologic connectivity. Simulations of the model with varying levels of connectivity and in the presence and absence of chemotherapy control were run for 227 villages near Xichang City, in southwest Sichuan province, China. Increasing connectivity resulted in a geographic clustering of parasites within particular villages that produced higher levels of worm burden than in low and no connectivity simulations. Worm burden within a village could either increase or decrease with connectivity, depending on the degree to which parasites were imported and exported. Simulations of mass chemotherapy in select villages can result in a beneficial reduction in worm burden that extends to downstream neighbors. These findings suggest that better understanding of intervillage connectedness can be exploited in the design of cost-effective control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of state socialism under Mao, land in China was treated as a means of production and was allocated administratively by the state free of charge. To accommodate the interests of foreign investors without violating the socialist principle of public ownership, the Chinese state has, since the 1980s, separated land use rights from land ownership and opened up a new market track for the conveyance of land use rights to commercial users. The result has been a distinct dual-track land system in the new political economy, characterized by significant asymmetry for arbitrage. Discrepancy between the state's intention and actual outcome has been a consequence of the internal diversity of power relations concerning land development. Our data analysis reveals that the loss of farmland to nonagricultural developments has slowed down in recent years, that the state's intention to increase land use efficiency has been severely compromised by the socialist legacy, and that illegal activities are pervasive. The Chinese socialist state is better seen as a dynamic, complex, heterogeneous, and self-conflictual institutional ensemble in and through which the forces and interests of different levels of the state are contested, negotiated, and mediated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long history of debate about the changing Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) environment, but with important disjunctures between research, international environmental agendas and institutions, and various different domestic policies at the national level. Within academe, a retreat from the Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation (THED) since the late 1980s has not been reflected to any degree in domestic policy agendas of India and China. Here, we make a comparative analysis of the “upstream downstream” debates (which claim that the resource use practices of upstream users have serious detrimental costs to those downstream) in two of the most powerful and populous countries of the HKH region: India and China. We find that the rejection of THED is, on the whole, contradicted but sometimes appropriated by different national players within important political arenas, and in this sense it becomes a discursive pawn in “games of the state.” Parts of the retreat from THED are simply ignored, and others are actively resisted. Set against these discursive maneuvers within domestic politics, the academic “state of the game” has undergone profound changes, shifting away from technically derived and science-led imperatives of environmental management toward issues of plural environmental truths, environmental justice, and hybrid knowledge. However, national debates have taken their individual routes, shaped largely by national political events. Thus, the poststructuralist turn in the social sciences in the academy and in some policy arenas, too—the deconstruction of one grand environmental narrative after another (e.g., deforestation, the wood fuel crisis, overstocking), the faltering claims of positivist science to deliver truth, and growing attacks of uncertainty—all this has had a contingent, but usually peripheral, impact upon national academic, political, and policy agendas in China and India. Some conclusions about policy studies are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Established migration theories are mostly based on capitalist market economies and downplay the role of institutions in internal migration and labor market processes. In socialist and transitional economies such as those in Russia and China, however, investigations of migration and the labor market must begin by examining the nature and consequences of state institutions. In this article, I argue that the migration and labor market processes in Chinese cities are deeply influenced by an institution-based opportunity structure. The household registration (hukou) system, in particular, is interwoven with distribution of services and job opportunities. Most peasants who enter cities in response to increased demands for cheap labor are not granted urban citizenship and are treated as "outsiders" to the urban society. The experiences of these "temporary migrants" contrast with those of "permanent migrants" who are state-sponsored or have access to institutional resources. Using qualitative accounts from a 1995 village-level survey in Sichuan and Anhui and quantitative data from a survey I conducted in Guangzhou in 1998, this article examines the most salient differences among the three subpopulations with different resident statuses: nonmigrant urban natives, permanent migrants, and temporary migrants. I show that resident status is central to explaining migration processes and labor market segmentation in the Chinese city. The findings indicate that in terms of human capital attributes, mobility resources, and labor market entry and shifts, permanent migrants are the most privileged and successful elite, followed by nonmigrant natives, and finally by temporary migrants at the bottom of the hierarchy. These results hint at a new social order of stratification in Chinese cities, underscore the compelling relations between internal migration and labor market development in transitional economies, and suggest that in these economies the state deepens the bifurcation... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the abundance of historical documentary records in the form of Fang Zhi (semiofficial local gazettes) offers an extraordinary opportunity for providing a high-resolution historical dataset for the frequency of typhoon strikes. We have reconstructed a 1,000-year time series of typhoon landfalls in the Guangdong Province of southern China since AD 975 based on data compiled from Fang Zhi. Even though the 571 typhoon strikes recorded in the historical documents probably underrepresent the total number of typhoon landfalls in Guangdong, calibration of the historical data against the observations during the instrumental period 1884–1909 suggests that the trends of the two datasets are significantly correlated ( r = 0.71), confirming that the time series reconstructed from historical documentary evidence contains a reliable record of variability in typhoon landfalls. On a decadal timescale, the twenty-year interval from AD 1660 to 1680 is the most active period on record, with twenty-eight to thirty-seven typhoon landfalls per decade. The variability in typhoon landfalls in Guangdong mimics that observed in other paleoclimatic proxies (e.g., tree rings, ice cores) from China and the northern hemisphere. Remarkably, the two periods of most frequent typhoon strikes in Guangdong (AD 1660–1680, 1850–1880) coincide with two of the coldest and driest periods in northern and central China during the Little Ice Age. Conceivably, the predominant storm tracks shifted to the south during these cold periods, resulting in fewer landfalls in Japan and the east-central Chinese coast but more typhoons hitting Guangdong. Spectral analysis of the Guangdong time series reveals an approximately fifty-year cycle in typhoon landfall frequency. While the physical mechanism remains to be identified, it is tempting to relate this periodicity to the pentadecadal variability identified in the North Pacific Index (NPI) time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employs an embeddedness approach to study the restructuring and spatial change of China's automobile industry since the 1980s. Prereform development of China's automobile industry; Loose central control and spatial expansion of key assemblers; Globalization of production since the 1980s.

Assesses a land-use theory in determining labor location with spatial patterns to promote agricultural land quality in West Jilin, China. Application of the von Thunen theory in approaching environmental problems; Relation between agricultural intensification to land improvement; Methodology used in measuring land quality.

Presents an analysis of environmental degradation in rural China as structurally embedded in China's rapid economic growth in the post-Mao era. Focus of the discussion; Information on the assessment of the Chinese hybrid economy; How have the overall environmental problems been described.

Economic reform and restructuring in China have resulted in substantial changes in how farmers earn their livings and how much they earn. Based on a neoclassical model of economic development and structural change as interpreted by Oshima (1983) for East Asia, we hypothesize that farmers in Jiangsu Province earn greater incomes from off-farm jobs associated with nearby cities and urban market centers. This income pattern, we believe, results in distinctive household types associated with specific employment and economic activities of family members and reflects a sequence of change in the farm economy suggestive in part of the farm evolution model posed by Weitz (1971). A 167-farm-family sample was surveyed in four agricultural regions in Jiangsu in 1986–87. Sample data identified sources of family income and determined the significance of activity types and proximity to cities for family income. Variables of income, farm, and family size were cross-correlated to determine those with the most significant effects on total family income. Using principal components analysis and cluster analysis, we identified three household types based on income sources: traditional agricultural, mixed, and industrially focused. Farmers closest to the large city of Suzhou were the most prosperous, with incomes derived largely from industrial employment, while farmers in more remote locations appeared most traditional, earning a larger share of their income from field cultivation. While location is believed significant in the processes of economic change, its role cannot be specified based on currently available data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looks at the administrative changes in China. Identification of the major types of China's urban population; Relationship between areal units and urban population statistics; Explanation of the reasons for the differing levels of urbanization.

Focuses on the process by which racial categories are themselves constructed. Examination of the presence of place and the role of state in the making of one such category, the Chinese in a British settler society from the 1880s to the 1920s; Argument that Chinatown, like race, is an idea that belongs to the white European cultural tradition; Social definitions of identity and place in institutional practice and space.

YIELD, a water-balance and crop-yield model that calculates production and water consumption variables for a variety of major crops, was applied specifically for wetland rice to China and Korea in order to estimate (he region's potential and actual yields for irrigated and rainfed rice production. A network of 241 stations provided the climatic data averaged over approximately a 25- year period. Highest potential yields under full irrigation for a single rice crop occurred in Kansu- Niangsia, the Yangtze River plain, Yunnan-Szechwan-Kweichow, coastal China and Korea, and the islands of Hainan and Taiwan. The yields ranged from 6,000 to 10,000 kg/ha. Smallest yields were found for the western interior and the northeast. In areas where multiple cropping was possible, total yields exceeded 16,000 kg/ha in the south. Under rainfed conditions, only the central and southern China region retained a viable production. In order to achieve optimum crop yields, about 1,000 mm of irrigation water was needed in northcentral China, whereas similar yields could be attained with 500 mm in southern China. The calculated rice production could potentially support between 560 and 860 million people, depending on the irrigation, multiple-cropping strategies, and dietary assumptions adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on modernization and China's urban development. Effects of economic development and modernization programs on the traditional urban systems in China; Factors that have contributed to the emergence of an integrated national urban system in China; Emergence of railroad networks.

The functions of the Willow Palisade, a barrier of trees developed in China during the Ch'ing dynasty illustrate the Manchu government's attitude towards the Tungpei region. The location of gates and personnel, travel accounts, and hsien gazeteers reveal changes in the Palisade during the two hundred and fifty years of Ch'ing rule. Study of the Willow Palisade contributes to an understanding of traditional China's frontier viewpoint and illuminates contemporary China's attitude towards its northeastern border with the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two Chinese maps recently discovered in a Han tomb of the second century B.C. antedate by 1,300 years the two maps which were previously the earliest extant in China; elsewhere in the world they are predated only by the Babylonian clay tablets. These Han maps which are of high quality in terms of scale consistency, information content, and use of symbols arc much more advanced than the Babylonian tablets. The two maps, one topographic and one military, portray effectively the terrain, roads, settlements, and military operations of an area in and around southern Hu-nan Province. All features on the maps are depicted with well designed abstract symbols, and the military map is colored. These maps provide evidence of a much higher level of cartographic achievement in ancient China than had previously been realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City populations (P) can be estimated from measurements of built-up urban areas (A) using LANDSAT images. Regression models developed from 1951–56 data for Chinese cities are of the form P = aAb. The models exhibit varying degrees of success when used with LANDSAT area measurements to obtain 1970 population estimates for selected cities in the range of 400.000–3.000.000 people. Further improvements of these models are achieved by the incorporation of up-to-date population statistics and the exclusion of cities with more than 2,500,000 people. Linear regression models were found to be more appropriate for large, regional centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ch'ing China's salt supply was widely dispersed, although more than four-fifths of the salt produced came from the seacoast. There were six sources of salt: seawater, salt lakes, brine wells, saline rock, gypsum mines and salty earth. Boiling and solar evaporation were the major production methods. The simplicity of the boiling method favored its wide use. Nevertheless, the solar evaporation eventually took the place of the boiling method, as fuels became scarcer in most salt-producing areas. A better natural resource base stimulated the production of salt along the North China seacoast to a greater extent than elsewhere in the nation. The increasing trend of salt production paralleled China's population growth. Geographical changes in salt production also reflected regional differences in this growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries the Chinese considered Sinkiang a remote and desolate frontier beyond the pale of civilization. An essay by the famous romantic poet-cure-geographer Kung Tzu-chen in 1820 marks the beginning of a movement toward the reassessment of the frontier and its integration with China. Indicative of a growing interest in geography and a broad concern for institutional and intellectual change fostered by the chin-wen school of Confucian reform, Kung's proposal for the establishment of Sinkiang Province was finally implemented in 1884. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual system of urban centers, one inherited from late imperial times and the other from the developed world, has recently emerged as the spatial structure for national development in China. The development policy since the Cultural Revolution has emphasized the role of small and medium sized traditional cities and the widespread application of “intermediate technology” in fostering rural enterprises throughout the country. The old administrative cities have been gradually transformed into a hierarchical urban network of local industrial production centers to serve agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral tradition states that the first Chinese cemetery in Victoria, Canada, was possibly west of Swan Lake, but its precise location and history are unknown. The application of an ideal Feng Shui topographic model and the use of aerial photographs, cadastral and topographic maps, material in Chinese archives, and records of the Land Registry Office, show that the Chinese Association in Victoria purchased a plot of land north of Swan Lake in 1891. The site could not be used as a cemetery because of objection by residents in the vicinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The walls of early Chinese cities were ramparts made of compressed earth, but since about the fifteenth century, bricks and cut stones have been used to face the earth walls. Most imperial capitals and many important cities in the north had the walls of rectangular shape. In areas of rugged relief, however, a square form was usually replaced by one of irregular shape, determined in many cases by topographic conditions. The size of the walled area and the elaboration of wall construction were normally directly proportional to the rank of the city in the administrative hierarchy. The size of the enclosed area of the typical walled city decreases southward, indicative of the magnitude of regional urbanization in Ming times or earlier. At later dates, an outer wall was often erected to enclose settlement that had spread outside the city; and in many cases "multiple cities" were developed at the same locality. The Chinese walled city presented a uniform appearance unrelieved by the taller structures typical of the European city; but in comparison with many cities of the West, its internal structure was relatively flexible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on contemporary research in physical geography in the Chinese people's republic. The national program of geographical research as pursued not only in the institutions subordinated to the Chinese Academy of Sciences but also in the academic schools, is presented at the congresses of the Chinese Geographical Society. The research program being earned out at present was formulated at a congress held in Peking in January 1960. This program is characterized by its close connection with the practical needs of the national economy, and the principal objective of its activities is research leading to increased agricultural production.

This article focuses on the historical trend of the Chinese urbanization. Urbanization in China has a long traditional history during which imperial authority has acted periodically to establish walled cities designed to serve as administrative centers. A study of the growth of China in various periods can throw light on how the Chinese developed and spread their urban civilization throughout the country and can also illuminate characteristic features of China's historical geography, including territorial expansion, frontier colonization, sequent occupancy, and regional development in various parts of the country.

Explores the urban developments in China. Establishment of cities in connection with an official residence; Functions of modern Chinese cities; Factors affecting the country's development.

The article focuses on the estimation of the cities and their population in China. According to the author any figures dealing with the numbers of Chinese cities and their individual populations are at best only estimates taken from a variety of sources, most of which cannot be counted upon as being highly reliable. One of the first attempts at a listing of Chinese cities, together with their populations, was contained in "The Christian Occupation of China," a book by Milton E. Stauffer. Three hundred seventy cities with populations over 25,000 are listed by name and a population estimate given for each.

Examines the practice of rice growing in China. Methods of rice culture; Agricultural regions of China; Rice varieties;

Presents a revised map of the climates of China, which follows a slightly modified Koppen classification. Temperature and precipitation records; Major climatic realms; Dry climates of Northeast China.

Examines the impact of climate on the landscapes and the modes of human occupancy and livelihood in China. Role of climate in the production, distribution and exchange of produce; Influence of climate on methods of agriculture; Differentiation of zones of cultural features.

Provides information on the geographic research in China. Publication of several detailed geological maps; Geophysical surveys conducted by the Institutes of Physics of the Academia Sinica and National Peiping Academy; Regional study of landforms.