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We are witnessing an explosion in carbon calculators for estimating the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (i.e., carbon footprint) of households, buildings, cities, and processes. Seeking to capitalize on the emergent 'green' consumer, corporations are leading the next iteration in carbon footprinting: consumer products. This potentially lucrative low-carbon frontier, however, faces steep challenges due to complexities of scale, largely a function of the number of actors and geographies involved in globalized commodity and energy networks, and scope, which increasingly demands inclusion of emissions due to land use change (e.g., biofuel production, timber harvest, livestock grazing, mining). Life cycle assessment (LCA)-the principal method behind product-level GHG emissions footprint protocols-frequently avoids these challenges by narrowly delineating system boundaries, thereby excluding the 'messiness' of space and place. Through a comparative model of energy sources and emissions in the globalized paper industry, this article reveals how complexities associated with geographic variation and land use change create indeterminacy in footprints based on these protocols. Using industry and trade data, the authors develop geographic information system transportation and energy models to map the globally dispersed pulp supply networks and to rescale Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change GHG inventory guidelines to include carbon loss associated with land use change in the carbon footprint of coated paper. Given their integrative abilities to conceptualize and model coupled human-ecological systems, sophisticated understanding of time-space dynamics and critical theoretical insights, geographers have much to contribute to the LCA and product carbon footprinting enterprise, which to date has been largely the intellectual domain of engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes changes in the distribution of Soviet pulp, paper, and paperboard production between the years 1940 and 1965. Regional variation exists both in physical volume of production and in type of plant. Production of pulp and paper occurs primarily in integrated plants. whereas most paperboard is manufactured in non-integrated mills. but integrated manufacture of all three products has increased between 1940 and 1965. Regional location of production in the Soviet pulp and paper industry has been heavily influenced by historical events, by the Proportion of weight lost during processing of roundwood, by creation of new mills and expansion of older establishments, and by the operational characteristics of Soviet central planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the changing locational patterns of the pulp and paper industry in Soviet Union. Evaluation of the changes locational pattern of the industry; Range of per capita consumption of the industry; Terms of capital investments.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers submitted at a meeting held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1938. The paper "The Sequent Occupance of a Boston Suburban Community," presented by Edward A. Ackerman focuses on areas surrounding the Boston metropolitan district. The proximity of a large city market, plots of level land and fertile soil determine the existence of these suburban fanning communities. The article "The Recession of Victoria Falls," by Wallace W. Atwood. The world famous falls on the Zainbesi have had a strange and remarkable history in recession. The gorge is serpentine with many curious off-shoots, and located on the floor of a broad and much older flat-bottomed valley. Today the water tumbles over a ledge, fully a mile in length, and into a very narrow chasm 350 ft. deep.

This article focuses on the titles and abstracts related to land use and geography. Esther S. Anderson published the paper "Population Changes in Nebraska Since 1880." Wallace W. Atwood published the paper "The Development of Productive Scholarship Among American Geographers." Oliver E. Baker published "The Importance and Permanence of the Physical Factors in Determining the Utilization of Land for Agricultural and Forest Production." Zonia Baber published "The Distribution of Sunlight and Moonlight on the Earth." Charles F. Brooks published "Cold Surf with Off-Shore Winds."

The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

The article presents a critique of a previously published paper on behavioral and perception geography. The author disagrees with the negative assessment of the power of the image. He claims that the assertions made in the article are too sweeping, the treatment is unbalanced, and errors abound. The assumption that there is a strong relationship between environmental images and actual behavior is widely held. One should not assume that any general environmental image chosen to measure will be directly related to every highly specific environmental action.

The article focuses on four papers by the geographer, Ralph H. Brown. The writings of Brown in historical geography of the U.S. are among the notable contributions to American geography. His many articles, as well as his two major works, "Mirror for Americans," and "Historical Geography of the United States," demonstrate his concept of historical geography with eminent clarity and with scholarly regard for the origins of that concept. He observed existing geographic facts and he searched historical records.

This paper summarizes the physical and human geography of the southwestern part of Greenland, stretching from Upernavik at the southern end of Melville Bay in approximately 73° N latitude, southward to Cape Farewell in approximately 60° N latitude. It is along this southwestern coast of Greenland that modernization has token place, and it is here that development is proceeding rapidly. Since about six-sevenths of Greenland is buried under ice, only a narrow strip of land is exposed along the coastline, never exceeding one hundred miles. Most of the 22,000 people live along this coastal fringe. Of mixed Eskimo and European origin, these "Greenlanders" have increased rapidly in numbers in the last half-century, and are now straining the restricted natural resources of the country. Denmark, which has governed the country for almost two centuries, has traditionally maintained a strict policy of isolating Greenland from outside contacts. This has protected the natives and given them a high standard of education, reasonably good health, and a carefully planned economy insulating them from the vagaries of world prices. Today this traditional policy is being questioned. Intensive efforts are now being made to modernize West Greenland through building efficient harbors, power stations, fish processing plants, by raising still higher educational standards, and by speeding up Greenland's self-government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the Association of American Geographers' 1942 meeting in New York City. "Rural-Urban Population Ratios," by Alford Archer; "Land Classification in the Matanuska Valley," by Meredith F. Burrill; "Siberian Resources for Soviet Warfare," by George B. Cressey; "Geographical distribution of human productivity," by Ellsworth Huntington. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in the U.S. in 1935. Variability series of crop and livestock maps of Nebraska; Technique for constructing a population and urban land use map; Effects of sea temperature on anomalies in seasonal temperature and rainfall departures.

Presents the title and abstracts of papers presented during the 1934 annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Increasing significance of geographic conditions in the growth of nation-states; Erosional history of the wind river range, Wyoming; Long-lot farm and economic in public services.

Presents a list of abstracts and papers in geography as of March 1929. "The Physical Factors Affecting the Agricultural Utilization of the Southern Rocky Mountains," by Rollin S. Atwood; "Some Open Problems in the Physiograph of North America," by Wallace W. Atwood; "Significant Geographic Aspects of the Exploratory Period in the History of Central America," by Nels A. Bengston.

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in the U.S. in 1925. Beet sugar industry of Nebraska as a response to geographic environment; Physiographic stages in the evolution of the San Juan Mountain region in Colorado; Urban development in the Kentucky mountains.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers related to geography. A presidential address entitled "The Influence of Geographic Conditions Upon Current Mediterranean Stock Raising," will be presented by Ellen Church Semple. The abstract entitled "Significant Changes in the Utilization of Agricultural Land," as shown by the 1920 Census mentions that the statistics available from the 1920 census show significant changes in the utilization of land during the decade. There was an increase in farm land of 84 million acres in the western half of the U.S.

The article focuses on titles and abstracts of papers related to geography. The abstract entitled "The Geographic Study of Population Groups," by M. Aurosseau discusses different kinds of population groups and the trend of their evolution into the groups of the present day. The abstract entitled "Changing Occupations in the United States," by Robert M. Brown focuses on the California Raisin Industry. As the raisin industry in California developed to its present size and prosperity numerous adjustments to the natural environment were made.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers published in the January 1920 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." The 'Southern Indiana,' includes the unglaciated portion of the state, the areas of Pre-wisconsin drift on each side of the unglaciated tract, and the margin of the area of Wisconsin drift border has been largely determined by geologic structure. In the title 'The Geographic Factors in the Distribution of Animals, with particular reference to the distribution of the land Reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas,' the distribution of the land reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas, shows that the zonal distribution is less than would be expected on the life-zone theory and that there is evidence that other geographic factors than climate are to be recognized.

Presents a list of titles and abstracts of papers regarding geography presented to the Association of American Geographers from 1904 to 1910.

Examines Tobler's First Law of Geography, that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things. Nature of scientific laws from the perspective of the philosophy of science literature; Science studies; Local construction of the law.

Comments on several papers on humanities geography presented at an Association of American Geographers session inspired by the geographical work of David Lowenthal. Lowenthal's views of geographic knowledge and geographic attitudes; His use of landscape in geography; Geographical scholarship and the humanities; Human role in the environment.

The article presents abstracts of papers presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, held at Chicago, Illinois between march 19, 1951 and march 22, 1951. Lewis M. Alexander presents the paper Survey of Commercial Rivalry between the North Sea Ports of Belgium and the Netherlands. Homer Aschmann presents the paper Consumer-oriented Classification of the Products of Tropical Agriculture. Tracy B. Augur presented the paper on Regional-Urban Relationships. George Beishlag presented the paper on What Cartography Can Do for Geography Students.

The paper presents abstracts of papers presented at the 62nd annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Toronto, Ontario from August 29 to 31, 1966. "The Role of the Equilibrium Concept in the Interpretation of Land forms of Fluvial Erosion and Deposition," by Frank Ahnert presents the concept of the equilibrium between the components of morphological processes, which has in recent years met with new interest and is used as the basis for a simple yet reasonably comprehensive system of landform interpretation. "Semi-Nomadism in Southern Israel Today," by Mildred Berman presents selected aspects of social change among the Bedouin who live in the Beersheba region of southern Israel. "Social Hinterlands of New York City and Boston in Southern New England," by David E. Berle presents a study to measure the relative extent of selected Boston and New York City social influences on people living in part of their common hinterland. "Rural Settlement Types and the Change in Land Reclamation System in Taiwan" by Chi-Jen Chang analyzes the two basic settlement types, dispersed and compact in Taiwan.

The article presents abstracts of papers presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Columbus, Ohio on April 18-21, 1965. The paper on the "The Use of Fodder and Livestock Units in Agricultural Geography: A Case Study of Soviet Land Use Policy," by John Anderson focuses on the need for better research tools in agricultural geography. The fodder unit, a concept development by livestock nutritionists, while having some limitations, appears to have some potential for research in agricultural geography.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the 60th annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Syracuse, New York, on March 29, 1964 to April 1, 1964. The intention of the paper "Changing Markets and Modes of Transportation for Coal: A Survey" is to acquaint geographers with changes in the coal industry and attempted changes in transporting coal to electric power plants. The paper "The Electricity Industry of British Columbia since 1950" constitutes a brief description of the production, transmission and consumption phases of the electricity industry of British Columbia. The paper "The Pennsylvania Anthracite Industry--A Status Report" attempts to update the image of the Pennsylvania anthracite-mining industry among members of the geographical profession.

The article presents a collection of abstracts of the research papers presented at the 57th annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, which was held in Miami Beach, Florida in April, 1962. The papers listed here includes "The Campus Fringe--A Landscape Phenomenon," by John Alexander. This paper analyses the problems related to the expansion of universities including that of campus fringe, the area which surround a college or university. What are the problems of campus fringes, How have these problems been faced by different schools, are there any principles which research geographers might discover which would be useful to campus authorities facing decisions regarding expansion problems, all these points have been considered by the researcher.

Presents abstracts of papers in the 1955 annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers. "Regional Geography in Central Banking," by Evan B. Alderfer; "A West Indian Anomaly, the British Virgin Islands," by John P. Augelli; "The Chemical Industry and the Midwestern Rivers and Intracoastal Canal," by J. Edwin Becht.

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the 51st annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers on April 11-14, 1955 in Memphis, Tennessee. Research in the design and use of geography teaching materials; Influence of underlying rock structures on valley profiles in the Georgia Piedmont; Review of the users of public land survey records as descriptive resources.

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the 39th and 40th Annual Meetings, published in the December 1943 issue of the "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." "Some Research Problems on Geographical Names," by Burton W. Adkinson; "Post-War Land Settlement Problems in the United States," by Carleton P. Barnes; "The Reorganization of the United States Board on Geographical Names," by Meredith F. Burrill; "Land Treatment for Flood Abatement," by Howard L. Cook.

The article presents information on various titles and abstracts of papers. The paper "The Production of Alfalfa in Nebraska As Related to Geographic Environment," discusses the climatic and soil habitat, effects of climatic variations, harvesting methods, marketing and monetary returns. The other abstracts are "The Apple Industry of Calhoun County Illinois," "The Localization of the Cotton Industry in Lancashire," "Geographical Survey of the Green Field, Massachusetts, Area."

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers related to geography. In the paper Outlines of Some Foreign Settlements in Nebraska the author holds that Nebraska was settled principally by people form groups called settlements. latter tended to form groups called settlements. The paper shows for a few of these the origin, development and changes in form. Careful mapping shows this to be somewhat in error. In the article The Place of Geodesy in Scientific Geography the article holds that Geodesy is one of the important branches of geography and is essential in the determination of the shape and size of the earth, a knowledge of which is necessary in geographic research and investigations.

The article presents various titles and abstracts of research papers related to geography by the Association of American Geographers. Some of papers included are "Problems of Geographic Influence," by Albert Perry Brigham, "Some Geographic Factors Influencing Brazilian Trade," by Walter S. Tower, "Postglacial Migrations of Vegetation in the Middle West," by Henry Allan Gleason, "Bases for Dividing the United States into Physiographic Provinces," by N. M. Fenneman, "The Losses of Nebraska," by G. E. Condra.

Despite the growing interest of geographers in the sociology of science, no work has been done on the structure analysis of a community of geographers engaged in a particular research specialty. The paper sketches the set-theoretic foundations for such work and reviews the literature on research specialties. Particular attention is focused upon the descriptions of social and cognitive structures yielded from citation analysis. Citations are used to explore the structure of one research specialty, spatial diffusion modeling, this is accomplished using multidimensional scaling (MDS) and Q-analysis. The graphical description yielded by MDS does not prove illuminating, but the algebraic, structural description provided by Q-analysis, whereby both citing and cited papers are considered, offers a more useful interpretation. Q-analysis is suggested as a natural language in which to investigate further the structure and dynamics of research specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstract of papers presented at the 64th annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Washington D. C. Automobile Commuting in Large Suburbs: A Comparative Analysis of Private Car Use in the Daily Journey to Work; Drought and Municipal Water Resources Management; Local Air Circulations-A Case Study in Air Pollution Climatology.

The article presents abstracts of the papers presented at the 63rd annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Saint. Louis, Missouri. The meeting took place in April 1967. The paper "Defense and the Morphology of Certain Settlements in the Western Mediterranean," discusses economic growth. Another paper "Approach to a Generating Model for Climatic Statistics," discusses a set of probability models for generating climatic statistics. After a brief review of previous work on this subject, a model based on moving waves superimposed, on standing waves in the zonal winds is outlined.

Presents the abstracts of papers presented at the 56th annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers on April 17-21, 1960. Sample study of land use in Santa Fe Valley, Florida; Measurements of manufacturing; Geographic work of Lewis Evans; Teaching marketing geography by the case method; Cattle in Spanish Florida, 1513-1763; Functions of the agricultural colony in the Dominican Republic.

Presents several abstracts of papers submitted at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers held on March 30–April 2, 1959 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. "The Influence of Pleistocene Climates Upon the Morphology of Cuesta Scarps on the Colorado Plateau," by Frank O. Anhert; "The Largest Railway Net in Continental Southeast Asia," by Thomas Frank Burton; "Statistical Tests of Value in Grouping Geographic Phenomena," by Brian J. L. Berry; "Industrial Developments for Rural Areas?," by Lloyd D. Black.

Presents an abstract of papers presented at the 53rd annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Cincinnati, Ohio. "The Marine Terraces," by Charles S. Alexander; "Conflicting Claims to Sovereignty Over Sea Areas," by Lewis M. Alexander; "Some Regional Aspects of Agricultural Land Use and Development in the U.S.," by James R. Anderson.

Presents several abstracts related to geography. "The Distribution of White Settlement in Kenya," by Donald R. Petterson; "Early Chinese Settlement in Borneo," by Tsuen-Kung Chang; "Patterns and Problems of Land Tenure in the Lesser Antilles: Example of Antigua," by John P. Augelli.

The article presents various titles of research papers related to geography by the Association of American Geographers. Some of papers included are "The General Magnetic Survey of the Earth," by L.A. Bauer, "Land Sculpturing in Arid Lands with Observations from Northeastern Africa," by W.H. Hobbs, "The Platforms of Barrier Coral Reefs," by T. Wayland Vaughan, "Botanical Phenomena and the Problem of Coastal Subsidence," by D.W. Johnson, "Characteristics of the Mississippi Delta in the Light of Comparative Studies of Some Old-World Deltas," by E.W. Shaw.

The article presents comments of the author on the article, "Regional Differences in the World Atmospheric Circulation," by John R. Borchert, published recently in a issue of "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." Nonetheless there is considerable question concerning the significance of the five maps that are the core of Borcherts presentation. These remarks are directed to a brief consideration of the significance and interpretation of his maps. It is only proper to think that in the body and foothotes of his paper professor Borchert indicated some of the limitations of his study, that the scale of the maps did not permit the delineation of zones and regions in detail.

Presents several abstracts related to geography published in the June 1956 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association ofAmerican Geographers." "Effects of Pastoral Economy Upon the Vegetation of a Desert Land," by Charles S. Alexander; "United States Cities: Employment Category by Size of Settlement," by John W. Alexander; "Aspects of Industrial Genesis in an Underdeveloped Area" Post-War Development in Puerto Rico," by John P. Augelli.

Presents abstracts of articles presented at the 50th anniversary meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. "The Paris Basin in the Ninth Century: A Study of the Geography of Abbot Irminon's Polyptyque," by N. J. G. Pounds; "The Renaissance of the Southern Plantation," by Merle Prunty, Jr.; "The Changing Concept of Maps Through History," by Erwin Raisz.

Presents abstracts of articles published in the June 1954 issue of "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." "Attitude of Children Towards Maps," by Mamie L. Anderzhon; "Global Relations of the United States," by S. Whittemore Boggs; "Friedrich Ratzel in Retrospect," by Jan O. M. Broek.

Presents abstracts of articles published in the June 1953 issue of "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." "The Basic-Nonbasic Concept of Urban Economic Function," by John W. Alexander; "Problems Along the Israeli-Arab Boundary," by Lewis M. Alexander; "The Ports and Lake Trade of Georgian Bay," by Albert G. Ballert; "Changes in Land Use in Southeast Puerto Rico From 1500 to 1951," by George Beishlag.

Presents abstracts of papers presented during the 44th annual meeting of the Association of Americal Geographers, held in Charlottesville, Virginia. Statistical cartography; Progressive grading of communities for maps and statistics; Some problems relating to the accumulation of geographical statistical information.

Presents abstracts of papers contributed to the program of the forty-third annual meeting, held in Columbus, Ohio. "Principles Underlying Domestic and Place Names," by Meredith F. Burrill; "Weaknesses of Current Cartographic Profiles," by William E. Davies; "A Method of Constructing Azimuthal Air Charts With Any Selected Place at the Center," by Carl H. Mapes; "Presents Status of The International Map of the World at 1:1,000,000," by Eleanor M. Rowell; Others.

Presents titles and abstracts of articles published in the March 1946 issue of "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." "Topographic Models in World War II," by Wallace W. Atwood; "A Map of Ohio Trade Centers in 1939," by James R. Beck; "Objectives and Course Offerings in College Geography," by Nels A. Bengtson.

Presents abstracts of research papers and speeches on geographic study. Erosion cycle in a rugged mountain region and changes in settlement patterns at the eastern Canadian Arctic; Contributions of U.S. scientists to the geographic knowledge of the Central Pacific; Establishment of a unique climatic study.

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in the U.S. in 1932. Mountain ranges; Physical setting of the ancient Mayan civilization in the highlands of Guatemala; Glaciation.

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in 1931. Population changes; Regional physiography; Regional shifts in land use.