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Objectives: The Nasal Polyposis Symptom Diary (NPSD) is a novel and short patient-reported outcome (PRO) tool specifically developed to assess important and relevant symptoms reported by patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). We evaluated the psychometric properties of 4 predefined NPSD-derived scores intended to support symptom-improvement assessments of investigational therapies for inclusion in product labeling. Methods: Five hundred eighteen patients with severe CRSwNP from a Phase III clinical trial (NCT03401229) completed the NPSD, comprising 11 items: 8 symptom-specific, 2 symptom-impact, and 1 optional medication-compliance. The psychometric characteristics of 3 single-item symptom scores (Nasal Blockage Score [NBS], Nasal Congestion Score [NCS], and Difficulty with Sense of Smell Score [DSS]) and a Total Symptom Score (TSS, summary of the 8 symptom-specific items) were evaluated for reliability, validity, and ability to detect change. Within-patient meaningful change thresholds (MCTs) were established using anchor- and distribution-based methods. Comparative PROs included the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S). Results: The TSS exhibited strong internal consistency (Cronbach α =.88) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient >.80). Correlation between the TSS and SNOT-22 total score indicated good convergent validity (r =.70). All 4 NPSD scores demonstrated known-groups validity (significant differences among subgroups of patients with predetermined disease severity levels based on PGI-S categories) and were sensitive to detect change in patients' clinical status (significant differences among subgroups of patients with reported changes between 2 time-points in PGI-S and Patient Global Impression of Change scores). MCTs for improvement were established at 1.0 point for NBS, NCS, and DSS, and 4.0 points for TSS. Conclusion: These findings support the reliability, validity, and suitability of the 4 NPSD-derived scores for evaluating treatment effect on CRSwNP symptoms and their use in clinical trials with predetermined MCTs for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the use of near-infrared (NIR) imaging as a tool for outpatient clinicians to quickly and accurately assess for maxillary sinusitis and to characterize its accuracy compared to computerized tomography (CT) scan. Methods: In a prospective investigational study, NIR and CT images from 65 patients who presented to a tertiary care rhinology clinic were compared to determine the sensitivity and specificity of NIR as an imaging modality. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of NIR imaging in distinguishing normal versus maxillary sinus disease was found to be 90% and 84%, normal versus mild maxillary sinus disease to be 76% and 91%, and mild versus severe maxillary sinus disease to be 96% and 81%, respectively. The average pixel intensity was also calculated and compared to the modified Lund-Mackay scores from CT scans to assess the ability of NIR imaging to stratify the severity of maxillary sinus disease. Average pixel intensity over a region of interest was significantly different (P <.001) between normal, mild, and severe disease, as well as when comparing normal versus mild (P <.001, 95% CI 42.22-105.39), normal versus severe (P <.001, 95% CI 119.43-174.14), and mild versus severe (P <.001, 95% CI 41.39-104.56) maxillary sinus disease. Conclusion: Based on this data, NIR shows promise as a tool for identifying patients with potential maxillary sinus disease as well as providing information on severity of disease that may guide administration of appropriate treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate geographic and temporal trends in Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) billing and reimbursements across female otolaryngologists (ORL). Methods: We performed a cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of the 2017 Medicare Physician and Other Suppliers Aggregate File. We analyzed differences in the number of services, patients, reimbursements, unique Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes used, and services billed per patient among female ORLs. Results: Female ORLs accounted for 15.2% of the 8453 Medicare-reimbursed ORLs. Female ORLs who graduated between 2000 and 2010 were reimbursed a median of $58 031.9 (IQR: $32 286.5-$91 512.2) and performed a median of 702 (IQR: 359.5-1221.5) services, significantly less than those who graduated between 1990 and 1999 (median: $67 508.9; IQR: 37 018.0-110 471.5; P <.001; median: 1055.5; IQR: 497.3-1944; P <.001). Female ORLs who graduated between 2000 and 2010 saw a median of 232 patients (IQR: 130.5-368), significantly less than those who graduated between 1990 and 1999 (median: 308; IQR: 168.3-496; P <.001) patients, significantly more than those. Female ORLs in urban settings performed a median of 795 (IQR: 364-1494.3) services and billed for a median of 42 (IQR: 28-58) unique codes, significantly fewer than their counterparts in rural settings (median: 1096; IQR: 600-2192.5; P =.002; median: 54; IQR: 31.5-64.5; P =.001). Conclusions: Medicare reimbursements and billing patterns across female ORLs varied by graduation decade and geography. Female ORLs further along in their careers may be reimbursed more with greater clinical volume and productivity. Those practicing in urban settings may have practices with decreased procedural diversity and lower clinical volume compared to their counterparts in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This pilot study aims to evaluate the efficacy of 532 nm potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser under topical anesthesia in patients with vocal fold scars. Methods: A series of 18 patients with vocal fold scars of varying degrees were treated. The KTP laser was used under local anesthesia in the outpatient clinic. It was set to deliver 6 W of power using a continuous output mode. Close-to-contact mode was used for laser irradiation, and contact mode was used for ablation and excision of the lesions. Some of the patients received laser scar ablation on both vocal folds; the scarred vocal fold on one side and the hypertrophic vocal fold on the other. Parameters include glottic closure, amplitude, and mucosal wave pattern were measured using laryngeal stroboscopic examination. Aerodynamic and voice evaluations were carried out using maximum phonation time (MPT), jitter, shimmer, Voice Handicap Index questionnaire (VHI-30), and GRBAS scale. Results: In total, 21 surgeries were performed on 18 patients. Glottic closure, amplitude, and mucosal wave pattern showed improvement 2 months postoperatively (P <.05). There was significant improvement in the postoperative scores for VHI-30, VHI-emotional sub-scale, VHI-physical sub-scale, and GRBAS (P <.05). There was no significant difference in the MPT and VHI-functional sub-scale before and after the operation (P >.05). Re-adhesion of the anterior commissure was observed in 2 patients with Type III scars. Conclusion: The 532 nm KTP laser is an effective tool for the treatment of vocal fold scars. Further research is required to determine if serial laser applications could improve outcomes for this challenging condition. Level of Evidence: Level IV [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It has been shown that prolonged use of face masks results in physiological changes in the nasal cavity. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of prolonged use of face masks on nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC). Methods: A single group pre-post study was conducted to determine the effects of prolonged use of N95 face mask (≥4 hours) on the NMC rates in health care workers. Saccharin transit time (STT) was used to measure the NMC. STT before and after using an N95 mask for at least 4 hours was measured for all participants in controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Results: Forty-eight volunteers (20 female and 28 male) completed the study after the enrollment of 57 volunteers. The mean STT before mask use was 580.27 ± 193.93 seconds (95% CI; 523.95-636.58 seconds) and after mask use was 667.47 ± 237.42 seconds (95% CI; 598.53-736.42 seconds). There was significant prolongation of the NMC after prolonged use of N95 mask on performing the paired t -test (P =.002). The mean prolongation was 87.20 ± 184.97 seconds with an actual effect size of 0.40. Ambient temperature and humidity were not significantly different at the two test instances. Conclusion: Use of the N95 face masks for 4 hours results in prolongation of the nasal mucociliary clearance as measured by STT. Susceptibility to any respiratory infection may be increased following doffing of the personal protective equipment, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Health registries and discharge-level databases are powerful tools. Commonly used data sets include the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS); Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER); National Cancer Database (NCDB); and American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). This study investigated the frequency with which these resources are being used and categorized their contributions to literature. Design: A literature review from 2005 to 2016 for papers utilizing the aforementioned databases and publishing in The Laryngoscope, JAMA-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology was conducted. Results were categorized based on the contribution(s) of the paper. The incidence rate of database publications was calculated for each year along with the 95% confidence intervals using a Poisson distribution. Results: Three hundred ten studies were identified. Seventy percent report descriptive findings, and 65% report outcomes/survival. Approximately 18% made clinical recommendations. In 2005, the incidence rate of database publications was 3 per 1000 journal publications (95% CI, 1-9) and remained relatively stable until 2008. From 2010 onward, there was a persistent increase in publications, culminating in the highest incidence rate in 2016 of 26 database publications per 1000 journal publications (95% CI, 20-32). Conclusions: There was a nearly 10-fold increase in database publications in 2016 compared to 2005. The majority provide descriptive data and outcomes measures. The role of these studies warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To evaluate the impact of p16INK4a (p16) expression on clinical efficacy of induction low-dose fractionated radiation therapy (LDFRT) with concurrent chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).Study Design:Historical cohort study.Setting:Tertiary medical center.Methods:A total of 66 Patients with locally advanced SCCHN were enrolled in 2 clinical trials using paclitaxel, carboplatin, and concurrent LDFRT induction therapy. Patients were evaluated for response to induction by a multidisciplinary team and then were given definitive treatment. Adequate tissue samples from the pretreatment biopsies of 42 individuals were identified and analyzed for p16 expression. Expression was correlated with clinical outcomes.Results:Of 42 tumors, 15 (35.7%) were positive for p16. Patients with p16-positive tumors had improved response to induction, but this was not statistically significant (P = .06). Five-year overall survival was 80% in p16-positive patients and 58% in p16-negative patients (P = .025).Conclusions:p16 Expression affects treatment response in patients treated with induction LDFRT with concurrent chemotherapy. This is similar to results reported for standard induction chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Balloon sinus dilation (BSD) instruments afford the opportunity for office-based sinus procedures in properly selected patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study evaluated patient-reported outcomes 1 year after office-based BSD. Methods: Adult patients with medically refractory CRS were prospectively enrolled into a multicenter, single-arm study and treated with office-based BSD under local anesthesia. Follow-up on 203 patients was conducted at 2, 8, and 24 weeks postsurgery using validated outcome measures for quality of life (SNOT-20) and computed tomography imaging (Lund- Mackay score). After 24 weeks, patients were re-enrolled for 1-year follow-up to evaluate changes in SNOT-20 scores and revisions. Results: All patients who re-enrolled (n = 122) completed the study, with an average follow-up of 1.4 years. Neither preoperative SNOT-20 nor Lund-Mackay CT scores were predictive of re-enrollment and return for follow-up. Compared to baseline, improvements in SNOT-20 scores remained statistically significant (P < .001) and clinically meaningful (mean decrease ≥ 0.8). In patients followed to 1.4 years, 9 of 122 (7.4%) had revision surgery. Conclusion: Following office-based BSD, significant improvements in quality of life observed at 24 weeks were maintained 1 year postsurgery. These extended results provide further evidence of office-based BSD as an effective, minimally invasive procedure for appropriately selected patients with CRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine if preoperative impedance testing changed management and if testing was associated with surgical outcome in patients undergoing airway reconstruction. Methods: Retrospective review of patients who had impedance testing prior to airway reconstruction at a tertiary pediatric hospital from January 2010 to September 2011. Charts were reviewed for demographics, medical/surgical history, impedance testing, and surgical outcomes. Results: Fifty-seven patients were included. Forty-seven (82%) were premature. Forty-seven (82%) had a primary diagnosis of subglottic stenosis. Twenty-six (45%) had prior airway surgery. Thirty-six (63%) had gastroesophageal reflux and 21 (36%) had undergone fundoplication. Patients without fundoplication had a median 46 total reflux, 7 proximal, and 14.5 acidic events compared to a median 5 total reflux, 0 proximal, and 0 acidic events in patients with fundoplication. Impedance testing changed management in 22% (8/36) of nonfundoplication patients and 9.5% (2/21) of fundoplication patients. In unadjusted analysis, fewer fundoplication patients had successful surgery compared to those without (33% vs 67%, P = .01). Prematurity, age at surgery, and previous airway surgery were also important predictors of surgical success. Conclusion: Fewer patients than anticipated had a change in management. Impedance testing was unlikely to change management in fundoplication patients. Patients with fundoplication were less likely to have a successful outcome, suggesting that factors other than reflux influence airway reconstruction outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]