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Movement disorders may be one of the neurological manifestations of demyelinating disorders. They can manifest in Parkinsonism or a wide spectrum of hyperkinetic movement disorders including tremor, paroxysmal dyskinesia, dystonia, chorea, and ballism. Some of these disorders occur during an acute episode of demyelination, whereas others can develop later or even may precede the onset of the demyelinating disorders. The pathophysiology of movement disorders in demyelination is complex and the current evidence indicates a wide involvement of different brain networks and spinal cord. Treatment is mainly symptomatic and oral pharmacological agents are the mainstay of the management. Botulinum toxin and neurosurgical interventions may be required in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in the understanding of neuromyelitis optica spectrum of disorders (NMOSD) have expanded. Diagnostic criteria have changed over the years. The clinical spectrum of disease manifestations are now understood to include sites outside the spinal cord and optic nerve. A variety of autoimmune diseases may coexist with this disorder. Non neurological manifestations have been recently reported. Novel biomarkers other than aquoporin 4 Immunoglobulin G (anti AQP4-IgG) have been discovered which may have clinical relevance. In particul myelin associated oligoglycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) associated NMOSD may be relatively benign. This update describes some of these new findings highlighting the clinical manifestations, biomarkers associated with the disease and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of brain and spinal cord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]