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International audience; Key messageClimate change will induce a change in fire frequency in Mediterranean region and that could impact fire-adapted plant species. We showed that fire-related traits of some pine species are strongly related to other factors than fire but the recent fire history has nonetheless an impact on the variation of key traits for different fire adaptive strategies.ContextIn fire-prone Mediterranean areas, climate change is expected to exacerbate the fire pressure on ecosystems, altering the current fire regime and threatening species if they cannot acclimate.AimsStudying intraspecific variations of some fire-related traits in relation to variation in recent fire activity is thus an important step to better understand if this acclimation is possible.MethodsWe measured structural (bark thickness, shoot bulk density, self-pruning, leaf surface to volume ratio) and functional (serotiny level for Pinus halepensis only) traits in two pines species (Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris) commonly found in southeastern France and that present different fire-adaptive strategies (resilience vs resistance, respectively). Populations were sampled according to different fire frequency modalities (0 vs 1 to 2 fires) along a geographical gradient, measuring numerous environmental and plant characteristics to be used cofactors in the analyses.ResultsAs expected, trait variation was strongly linked to environmental and tree characteristics as well as to ontogeny overriding the effect of fire modalities, even though using integrative models with random effect. However, fire modalities had an impact on the variance of some key fire-related traits of Pinus halepensis.ConclusionThis study will help to anticipate the future response of these Mediterranean pine species and further underlines the importance of investigating chemical traits, flammability, and genetic variation of highly heritable traits, such as serotiny.