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Ships are the most intensively controlled vehicles in the world. Ships are controlled and inspected by a number of corporations and mechanisms. These can be beneficiary and directly in contact with the vessel or third party organisations. Basically, owner, operator, charterer, cargo owner are beneficiary corporations for the vessels. Institutions like flag state, classification society, P&I insurer are also directly in contact with the vessel. Port State Control (PSC) is one of the most significant mechanism and best example for "third party inspections". The most significant handicap in PSC is the limited number of human resources (PSCO's) in comparison with the ships to be inspected in particular regions. PSC regimes are using different targeting systems and this sometimes cause inconsistent results among diffent regimes and discussions have been made accordingly. In this study, PSC regimes and their historical backgrounds are introduced and explanatory information is given about ship targeting systems used in some of these regimes. Also a questionnaire is prepared and applied to the inspectors of different PSC regimes for the purpose of determining necessity, effectiveness and borders of the targeting systems. Results are analysed in SPSS programme and evaluations, comments made for improving, upgrading and harmonization of ship targeting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of intermodal transport increased greatly during the last years on global level, the transporters searching always for the optimization of external costs, but also for the combination of the advantages related to each mean of transport, in an advantageous way. The container transport improved considerably especially in terms of the increasing capacity of the means of transport, but also through the construction of some performing means, which allow the efficient transport of the intermodal transport units (ITU). Through this paper, I have tried to present the evolution of the container transport both in terms of capacity and of construction of the means of transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to technological evolution while alarming global warming evolution occurred and legislative environmental taxation. They have a major impact on shipping companies which in the future are obliged to renew its fleet with clean ship was retrofitted assets owned, or pay taxes and countless prohibitions which lead to restricting activity and eliminate the company's market shipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shipping river-sea services are an essential part of the shipping industry and serve the direct exchange of international industrial or agricultural products and goods, which are guided by interests and industries concerned, namely agriculture, can be affected by a number of processes qualify as freight flows architectures having different effects in different sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Danube River is the longest navigable river corridor in Europe. Connects the Black Sea to the North Sea, through Channel "Rhine-Main-Danube" and reduce transportation distances from the Black Sea, through channel "Danube-Black Sea". Romania is not yet used to its maximum capacity of the Danube river transport. No multi-modal linkages created the necessary development of this type of transport. In this paper is an analysis of the current situation, strategies and prospects for the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dobrogea and its seaside represents the natural physical-geographical approach framework to the Black Sea and the World Ocean for the Romanian people. The development of the Romanian naval industry is closely connected with this area. The connection between the geographical Dobrogea framework and the maritime policy of the Romanian state influenced the occurrence and the development of the water transport for the Romanian people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime transport is a catalyst for economic development, being an inexpensive means of transport, which can be profitable even for ordinary goods transport, due to relatively low prices, compared to other forms of transport. The economic development of society, and the development of transport, including maritime transport, took place simultaneously; there is a close interdependence between international economic relation development and the naval transport development: on the one hand, increasing business exchange among states triggers an increasing demand for transport and finally leads to increasing investments for transport development and, on the other hand, transport development (by improving transport means, ports, airports, railways, pipelines, creating new transport routes facilitating commodity exchange and reducing transport costs) has an active influence on international commodity exchange development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime Transportation process is a complex and closed system in which human factor has arisen as an important concept. Seafarers try to adopt themselves to the vessel environment and perform their tasks while creating new social interactions with each other. These social interactions can be directly shaped by the trait emotional intelligence of the seafarers. Accordingly in this study, it is aimed to understand the relationship between the trait emotional intelligence of the seafarers and the job performances of them during a maritime transportation process. Through our study, it is seen that the seamen with high emotional intelligence show high performances as well. Furthermore positive relation has been monitored between ages, years of employment, level of education and duty on ship, and emotional intelligence as a result of correlations established with demographic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core of the present scientific work revolves around the idea of the incidence for human rights in the maritime transport. In essence the study is organized in five chapters. The first chapter illustrates most of all the maritime international treaties and conventions which are applicable for the human rights in the maritime law. The second chapter notes the importance of the romanian naval authorities and also the international organisations in the field of the human rights, regarding their attributions and competences. The third chapter underlines the importance of the human rights in the search and rescue assistance revealed by the Tampa case. The fourth chapter evokes the obligations for the captain in case of an action stipulated by the criminal law and the human rights of the perpetrator. Finally, the fifth and last chapter points out the judgements and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection of the human rights in the maritime law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the maritime context, the term human element embraces anything that influences the interaction between a human and any other human or system or machine aboard ship. The human element has been with us since time immemorial, but it is the humans, systems and machines that have changed, not only through the increase in technology, but also because of the need for operators to maintain the competitive edge by reducing running costs, which has resulted in a reduction in manning scales and the employment of multi-national, multi- cultural and multi-lingual crews. Build a crew for a ship efficiently is more difficult because it may happen that the ship owner, ship manager or crewing agency have different views on management, and many members of the crew may find their stay on board is just a transitional period if there is not a long-term relationship involving loyalty and accountability of crew members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermodal transport represents a vital element for the world trade, which tries to integrate in the most efficient way various modes of transport. In order to develop this type of transport, the European Union promotes short sea shipping as a highly efficient form of transport when referring to energy conservation and environmental performance. Within our study we have tried to highlight its importance for the European transport system by presenting a statistical overview of short sea shipping in Europe, as a sustainable part of the intermodal transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 21st century has predominantly added a new ingredient to the education and training of those who are attracted by sea adventures. The modern seafarer usually sails in ships with multicultural crews whose nationality mix may vary from season to season, one voyage to the next, depending on the policy of shipping/crewing companies. Under these circumstances, a language course demands that the learner should get as close as possible to the people that will populate the merchant ships, the way they feel, think and act. The paper presents the growing importance of building up the cross-cultural competency of our students. But reaching this goal depends on the G3 (industry, IMO-STCW, and academia) to make sure the right course is steered. The people responsible for this business should not ignore the new realities, it is better to change than to wait. Some corrections will have to be made regarding the requirements of crewing agencies, tailoring of the curriculum, and cross- cultural information to be presented in non-passive ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of the sea becomes transparent at a mere glance for either English or French and German or for any other language for that matter. The entire Western civilization originates from the area surrounding the Mediterranean and the North Sea. The language used by the people living by the sea has always been permeated with nautical phrases which became a universal language understood by various cultures. Many nautical terms originate in the days of sailing ships. German, Dutch and French are languages spoken by European nations with a long sea faring tradition of their own, and they have also brought their own contribution. This paper aims at shedding some light on the linguistic sector of the maritime environment in English, French and German. Their respective etymology bears out both their linguistic imprint and their social function. For instance Mayday is the internationally recognized radio signal for ships and people in serious trouble at sea and it derives from the French m'aidez which means "help me". Our purpose is to provide potential readers and researchers with some clues and interesting linguistic connections [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will analyse the traffic coefficient and its role in optimizing information processes in a maritime port. A particularly important role in analysing and optimizing information processes in the port activity is played by the Queuing Theory, in particular the Theory of the queuing systems with priorities. As demonstrated recently, the serving with priority appears as optimal serving in the class of all serving legalities. Furthermore, the diversification of the informational traffic into priority classes becomes an inevitable procedure even in the activity of the informational flow within the seaport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological pneumatic conveying systems are intended to convey materials from one place to another by various phases of the production process. For example: loading/unloading materials (grain) using railway and sea transport, pneumatic dispatch tube installations or air tunnel container transport, supplying combustion plants with smut coal, etc. The system is energy saving, offering a series of advantages, such as: it is facile to fit various technological processes, it protects the conveyed material from contamination, without affecting the outer environment, it is easy to handle and it has automation possibilities and also it allows the conveying of flammable and explosive materials, in which case noble gases closed systems should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate model projections of ice reductions lead to the idea that new trans-Arctic shipping routes linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could be open. In order to support and enhance the polar components of GMDSS five new METAREAs have been established by IMO in 2011. The responsibilities for the issuing and transmission of the meteorological marine safety information are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energetic crisis within the context of maritime transport is to be approached with in the economic crisis that exists on a global scale. The oil crisis, triggered periodically, in the years 1973, 2000, 2008 and accentuated as the years go by, has led to spectacular increases in the prices of the crude oil fuels. The problems concerning energetic savings with in transportation have appeared immediately after the beginning of the energetic crisis. Starting with the year 1975, the freighters, the navigation companies and most of the states which own fleets have started a large program of studies and research in order to find the most efficient ways which should lead to energy savings on board ships, with preponderance on the grounds of the savings of crude oil fuels, and implicitly the reduction of the exploitation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this paper we do analyze productivity of a chemical tanker - IMO type 2, on a specific route and under specific employment terms. Within the introduction chapter will be shown technical differences between those three IMO types of chemical tankers that impose certain limitations on their use for chartering; further, a short definition will show us that productivity is one of the way of measuring the efficiency of any element, in our case the chemical tankers fleet. Due to the business environment which in changing dynamically in the shipping industry, beside the financial instruments that every shipping companies have to use in order to survive on this market, the type of contract in which the ships are involved are very important in raising the productivity of the entire company. Depending on the ship's employment situations based on two types of contracts, time charter and voyage charter, we tried to determine the productivity of each other, using a voyage in which the vessel was hired to transport a quantity of 35,000 m³ MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether). In each case the two participants have different interests, but one of them is common, releasing a satisfactory profit. Striking conclusions were drawn from the calculation of productivity and also cover solutions have been proposed to achieve optimum productivity in this sector [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the research conducted by the writer concerning the possibilities in enhancing the safety of ships and seaworthiness through risk management and marine insurance connected to new possibilities developed by research results achieved by solutions developed for Bridge Resource Management and Crew Resource Management. The article describes the basic solution in new Nordic Marine Insurance Plan 2013 for encouraging the ship owners to develop safety practices which can be accepted by the insurers as safety regulations in insurance policies to affect the risk management and to create safety practices which in turn increase safety on vessels and create cost efficiency through decreased insurance premiums when risk management on a ship or whole fleet is taken care of by using these modern safety practices which are made possible through effective use of modern technology and use of research models adjusted to practices on vessels. The further research will identify possibilities to develop similar practices to enhance safety culture by developing similar models which can be used as models to decrease transport costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developments in recent years in the field of maritime transport, inland waterways and port operation required a number of situations of belonging to a supply chain. There were two distinct situations: the strength in employment or to join a chain. Studying the situation of maritime shipping companies, river and port operators observed a direct link between their relationships in a supply chain evolution and involution of their respective companies. Amid the global economic recovery, shipping companies and related are failing to thrive after the economic crisis, having gone through difficult situations. This paper presents the conditions that influence participation in a supply chain, advantages and requirements of this belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is clear that transport costs are an important element which influence the final cost of a product, due to the fact that they represent a more complex area than in many other industries. Beside the internal costs (time and operation), representing costs incurred by individuals or operators for providing services required by the market, the external costs, which were seriously taken in consideration in the last few years, are considered to be a negative impact of transport. Thru this paper we tried to establish the important role of those costs, how they influence the transport activity, especially the maritime transport sector. This article contains a welfare economic analysis of transport's external effects regarding congestion, accidents, noise, air pollution and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport sector is essential for every country and its society. It connects good and services to markets, it gives access to jobs, education, healthcare; it is the key of economic growth, contributing to the prosperity of a nation. The present article stresses the importance of indicators in measuring all these aspects. As freight transport has the largest share in total transport activity, I have realised a short statistical analysis of freight transport in our country through specific indicators, which have to be considered both generally and in terms of sustainable development, as one of the main priorities of Romania in the field of transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From technical point of view and from environmental point of view, and also for a sustainable development of our society are needed tools which enable to analyse the effects of human activities, including maritime transport. For this reason the education of future marine engineers is in closely connected to environmental protection. With the development of shipping industry appeared also several of undesired and negative effects. The paper is focus on needed to knowledge and to understanding of the thermodynamics laws, tools which should be at hand of future marine engineers. These competences should be gained during master education, through a discipline called "THERMODYNAMICS" included in the curricula of the license program entitled "NAVAL ELECTROMECHANIC", developed in Constanta Maritime University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents determining the factors propelling a marine power plants. The ship must carry the parameters for which it was designed and built, thus satisfying all the technical and economic aspects. For the successful design of a thermal plant, it is required to estimate the major costs involved, to consider the various assumptions, make predictions about the economic, technological, legislative aspects and to use techniques of engineering economics. The operating regimes of propulsion engine depends on: the type of ship, sailing under construction hull, propeller type and mode of transmitting power from the engine to the propeller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the relation between PM and NOx emissions and the conditions that affect the formation of PM and NOx emissions, where temperature and the fuel air ratio considered the most influencing factors that affect the formation of both of them, the real challenge in reducing pollutants from diesel engines involves a trade-off between NOx and PM emissions. There is a tendency when decreasing NOx emissions to increase PM. Conversely, reducing PM tend to increase the formation of NOx, also this paper discusses the solutions for PM-NOx trade off and how we can reduce both of them and avoiding the trade-off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to analyze the behavior and operating principles of C-type devices in cargo handling operations such as loading, carriage and discharging of plate rolls. It highlights the economic advantages of using C-type devices during plate rolls handling operations, as well as the risks and hazards associated with it. The papers also provides a numerical example related to the use of a C-type device for roll handling designed by SC Butan Grup SA Galati. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To get a more uniform wake, placing several flow control devices in front of the propeller location may be a good choice. Most of these devices are used to improve propulsive efficiency, but some of them aim at improving other hydrodynamic characteristics, such as the cavitation behavior, vibration level, maneuverability, and so on. The most commonly used control devices are the wake equalizing ducts (WED hereafter), Grothues spoilers, stator fins, or different combinations of them. The goal of this paper is to calculate via software Ansys 13™ the influence of placement of a WED to an existing ship over the propeller efficiency in terms of propulsion. The wake equalizing duct (WED) is one of the most commonly used energy saving devices for improving the propulsion performance of a ship; and reducing the propeller-excited vibrations and viscous resistance forces. In this paperwork two versions of an existing ship in normal version and retrofitted with WED device were analyzed in order to demonstrate the influence on the WED device on the propeller efficiency. It was demonstrated that the propulsion is increased with 4.64% which is very well in line with the results of other researchers which are crediting the WED influence somewhere in between 5 to 10%. Moreover it became obvious that the WED device is transferring some of the streamlines which in the WED free after body would simply pass beside the propeller, to the propeller fluid domain improving by this the overall efficiency of the propeller. This is demonstrating beyond any reasonable doubt that WED device is improving the performance of the propeller and the choice of retrofitting a ship with such a device may trigger fuel savings along with a less environment impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine propellers are the most common propulsion systems owing to the high efficiency supplied by them; nevertheless, it is possible to improve its propulsive performance using additional auxiliary propulsion devices (unconventional propulsions). During the last three decades considerable research and development activities have taken into place within this context. Most of these devices are used to improve propulsive efficiency, but some of them aim to improve other performance characteristics, such as cavitations, vibration, noise, manoeuvrability, etc. The wake equalizing duct (WED) is one of the most commonly used energy saving devices for improving the propulsion performance of a ship; and reducing the propeller-excited vibrations and viscous resistance forces. In this paperwork two versions of an existing ship in normal version and retrofitted with WED device were analyzed in order to demonstrate the influence on the WED device on the propeller cavitations (if any). It was demonstrated that the maximum values for the pressure coefficient is 1.98 for WED free version and 2.029 for WED retrofitted version. The difference is so small that without chances of being wrong, the obvious conclusion is that WED device has no influence over the cavitations of the propeller. To decrease the cavitations we have other choices including a sound design of the propeller biased to improve the propeller behaviour in cavitations. WED is clearly not a choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimising a vessel's route based on environmental information such as wind, waves and current patterns can lower fuel consumption and decrease delays while also reducing structural and cargo damage claims. Weather routing software products utilize not only weather and oceanographic data but also the hydrodynamic details of the vessel to provide the ship's crew with real-time ship-specific routing advice. The paper refers to software characteristics and benefits of voyage optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restricted visibility is most often associated with fog, haze, but is also caused by rain and snowfalls, drizzle or blizzards. Very bad visibility, less than 200 m represents a high risk for air, road and maritime transports and for other types of economic activities. In 2014 it caused road accidents and restrictions of Constanta or other ports operations or their closing and suspension of the manoeuvres on the Danube -- Black Sea canal. Bad visibility and weather phenomena frequencies during the months of January, February and March 2014 in Constanta are analyzed in this paper. The synoptic conditions during the days when bad visibility was recorded are also studied, based on GFS (re)analysis maps -- SLP, 500 hPa geopotential, 2 m temperatures and precipitations, as well as on approximate soundings for Constanta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic stability is one of the most important nautical qualities of ships. Large waves can have a negative influence over ship's stability that may lead to dangerous situations. In the present paper the surf-riding phenomenon of ships in following and quartering waves is examined. Surf-riding is one of the phenomenon that can lead to ship stability loss or even capsize in following and quartering waves. Analytical considerations of equation of surging motion in following and quartering waves explain the critical condition of surf-riding. The physics behind the connection of surf-riding with broaching and loss of ships stability resulted in capsize is explored. Practical explanation of the surf-riding on board ships is explained, followed by recommendation for assessment of dangerous situation related to surf-riding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship's intact stability is one of the most important aspects that have to be taken into consideration when loading the ship as well as during the voyage. Despite the fact that many vessels left the ports with a proper intact stability, the experience proved that during the voyage, the stability has been lost. One of the factors that contributed to loss of intact stability was shifting of cargo during the voyage. In the present paper is examined the impact of cargo shifting on intact ship stability. Real case accidents involved losses of intact ship stability due to shifting of cargo are presented. Analytical equations of forces acting on a cargo piece during motion are explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime navigation safety is a key element in the development of maritime transport of goods and passengers. For this reason, the Romanian authorities give high priority to the rules applicable to maritime transport. The Romanian state has granted permanent attention to this area taking into account the goals and principles of the United Nations concerning the maintenance of international peace and security, developing friendly relations and cooperation among states. Romania took into account international treaties preventing and combating acts of terrorism and those who threaten or destroy innocent human lives, jeopardize fundamental freedoms and seriously undermine the dignity of persons. The Romanian state started from premises that unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation jeopardize the safety of persons and property. Moreover, failure to obey the rules seriously affects the operation of maritime services and undermines the confidence of the people in safe maritime navigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the shipping industry there is a dynamic business environment which determines shipping companies to get some other financial resources in order to maintain and develop on this market. Through this paper we want to establish the important role of the initial public offers on the stock market, from the different geographically regions; the probability that these offers might determine the success or failure of a company and the way of this financing process could be made by a company which needs resources for development and surviving on such unstable market, as the maritime market is. In order to show how the initial public offers work on the stock market we took an example of a maritime company, Scorpio Tankers Inc., whose shares are listed on New York Stock Exchange, from 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pricing in transport is a complex process that depends mainly on costs. Before the promotion of sustainable development concept in every area of activity, the environmental costs were not being considered and included in transport pricing. But, for many years European Commission have taken these costs into account and sustained the internalisation of external cost in transport as an essential purpose in order to obtain fair and efficient pricing in the field of transportation. The present paper stresses the importance of external costs in transport sector and analysis this component of transport price in the case of every transport modes, especially in maritime shipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shipping industry has been growing rapidly from year to year and until not too long ago, shipping was both the greatest beneficiary and hammering pulse of globalization. But now the global economic and financial crisis has multiplied the problems of shipping industry, generating a high volatility of prices. In this context, it becomes imperious to analyze and estimate the dynamics of various indices that could be useful to capture market volatility in real time. In this respect, the Baltic Dry Index is considered to be a leading indicator of economic activity reflecting global demand for raw materials, representing a reliable and independent source of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In shipping, the freight market represents the adjustment mechanism linking supply and demand. Most of the times, the time charter level is a consequence of the equilibrium between demand and supply of ships in the area, but there are also situations when the market raises significantly in an area and, as a consequence, vessels situated at a shorter or a longer distance from that area are ballasting toward the hot area, shattering the equilibrium. The purpose of this study is to assess the bidirectional relationships between various components of Baltic Supramax Index by applying vector autoregressive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Without the dry bulk shipping market, world trade, industry and our current lifestyles could not be maintained. The dry bulk market is very dynamic due to interactions of its various components. The purpose of this study is to analyze the linkages between the Capesize market segment and the Panamax market segment in order to understand the price mechanism and the behavior of market participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime transport industry develops according to specific tendencies having an impact on port infrastructures and superstructures. First of all there is the economy's tendency to transport more cargo with low costs in a developed liberalization context, during a shorter period of time in a market environment more open towards competitiveness. Secondly, there is the technological development tendency having the same objective, that of a higher productivity by increasing ships' dimensions, higher speed, low transport costs as well as reaching objectives concerning environment protection by reducing risks and consequences following accidents or by reducing the impact that maritime industry has over environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, the shipping has played an essential role in transportation and trade. Nowadays, approximately 95 % of traded goods are transported by sea. The remarkable expansion of commercial and industrial markets over the last 50 years would have been impossible without a stable and diversified network of naval, maritime and river transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal concept of the nationality and registration of ships has been controversial throughout its existence. This ambiguous legal situation in the maritime realm appears to prevail even in nowadays. Furthermore, open registration regime has been criticized based on numerous important issues such as the legislative framework, safety, security, and employment. On the other hand, close registries, which implement stringent regulations concerning ownership, manning, management and administration and involve a genuine connection by virtue of national, economical and social ties among the ship-owner and its State, generally are considered effective. In light of these considerations, the authors will discuss the ship's nationality and registration from the legal perspective as well as the possible safety implications that close and open registries may cause, which in turn could contribute towards substandard shipping. The authors argue that there are legal issues currently vis-a-vis ship's registration and nationality, and that several open and close registry States are being efficient in legal and safety aspects while other States have shown deficiencies in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the European and global standards in the maritime industry, extensive efforts are required that aim at re-arranging all system components in a logic vision, upgrading the existing infrastructure to an efficient level, protecting the environment, providing security to passengers, stimulating the private initiative, restructuring transport capacities, reshaping cultural awareness of institutions that operate in this sector. Moreover, European transport integration is an issue related to the integration of large dynamic systems that rely on changing the national systems in order to meet the requirements of the European ones, and based on harmonizing the existing infrastructure networks, standards, rules and regulations. At the same time, the strategies that should be adopted require the avoidance of the risk related to the less developed transport systems that may orbit around the developed ones, providing solutions to the issues regarding authority and power in integrate power in integrated logistics systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chain management strategies began to be used in shipping for a short time. They will change the traditional concepts of liner or tramp, which are limited only to transport goods and less on what kind of opportunities they represent. The transition to this new concept will not be easy because the maritime market has a certain specific; the shipping companies are more interested in the price of a larger transport, in the cost reduction of the ships than in the direct affiliation to a supply chain. Some shipping companies are part of supply chains, even without involving in the strategies of the partners in the chain, having only transportation contractual relationship. In this paper, it will be presented and analyzed a number of situations in which the maritime shipping companies are. It will be presented a number of solutions for integrating maritime shipping companies in international organizations that require the existence of supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which are the purposes for Communication courses regarding the professional training in maritime industry? As such, here there are some certain hypotheses and objectives regarding the needs of communication skills in maritime domain. Why do we need communication's skills? One of the main objectives is to know our interlocutor: we need to relate in order to know our interlocutor within the first 5 minutes of relating. Eric Berne in "What do say after we say Good Afternoon (Hello), considers that the process finding out requires an analysis: * Of the first 20 words (through the dynamic elements of expression: volume, tonality, rhythmus) * The first 20 steps (walking is an expressive non-verbal element-we walk in certain manner when we are enthusiastic and in a different manner when we are under the pressure of the negative emotional stimuli: stress, anxiety, pain). * The first 20 breaths (the control of breathing is a fundamental non-verbal communication's element in managing stress and anxiety; the success of our tasks, which involve crisis or unforeseen situations, is determined by this control) * The first 20 looks: glances and looking are fundamental communication's vectors. Up to the interpersonal communication's skills improving, the main objective of the paper is to establish correct labor and employee relations, within the shipping domain. The relations between managers and their employees must be handled legally and effectively. Employer and employee rights must be addressed. It is important to develop, communicate and update human resources policies and procedures so that managers and employees know what is expected of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly rapid changes in business environment and increase the complexity of activities within a shipping company needs to continuously adapt in a fast rithm that often challenging exercise capacity and human factor analysis. ERP systems (Enterprise Resource Planning) was created as the solution to these challenges, being able to process a high volume of data and aggregated information to optimize processes and efficiency. The use of IT management solutions within an organization can optimize resources for multiple projects, you can remove failures created by the lack of centralized coordination of projects, can make project portfolio analysis to assess their performance and profitability An ERP is a complex multi-modular software application that integrates with the organization of economic processes to optimize and increase their efficiency. In terms of functionality, an ERP software covers the following areas of interest of the organization: planning, procurement management, inventory management, interaction with suppliers, customer relationship management, order tracking, financial management, human resource management. Starting from the premise of that the whole is greater than the sum of the parties, conducted an ERP integration organization and synchronization functions. It is an excellent means of integrating and ordering information, streamlining the exchange of data between departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety was and still is the most important aspect of activities onboard ships. In time, due to development of new threats against sea transport, security becomes the same importance with safety. Achieving of the present standards regarding ship, personnel, passengers and environment safety and security can be realized through a specific training. Taking in consideration actual requirements related to maritime transport safety and security, in particular at management level, Constanta Maritime University, in cooperation with Varna Naval Academy, have decided to initiate and develop a Master degree programme dedicated to training in these matters. This project is possible with the support of International Association of Maritime University (IAMU) and The Nippon Foundation in Japan. In the present paper is intended to present the objectives and goals of the project entitled "MAREM -- Enhancing management capacity of the maritime industry personnel". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety is the most commonly discussed feature of maritime transport and the stability is one of the most critical features of seagoing ships. In nowadays, the assessment and calculation of ship's intact stability is based on stability criteria where the righting lever curve should be corrected for the effect of free surfaces of liquids in tanks. This method, consider only the static attitude towards the sloshing phenomenon and do not take into consideration the dynamic attitude and his influence. The paper examines the effect of fluid free surfaces in slack tanks on ship's transverse stability and presents considerations on the influence of tank filling level, by analysing the heeling moment caused by sloshing generated by a liquid with free surface and has the purpose of demonstrating the liquid free surface dynamics influence on ship's stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that air pollution is a serious and actual problem that affects our society. The maritime transport is responsible for a part of that pollution, approximately for 10% of the greenhouse gases emissions of the transport sector. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emission from international shipping, the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) from the International Maritime Organization developed technical and operational measures, helping to improve in the same time the fuel efficiency too. The measures have been reviewed by the Committee in a number of sessions and the results were the concepts of Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP). They have also elaborated a model course comprising the main factors that should be well known and adjusted for an energy efficient ship. The aims of this study are to offer an overview of the proposed measures, to emphasize their technical implications and also the operational requirements that have been set in maritime field regarding the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to describe the main features of the standard clauses of voyage charterparties that transfer risk of delay. Use of the clauses relating either to a port or a specific berth determines the moment when laytime will begin to run. These clauses are an exception to the usually rule which states that the moment laytime starts to run is the moment notice of readiness is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime universities all over the world consider future Deck Officers' training to be a sensible issue. Since the International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced training on simulators as an integrated educational part for future seafarers, training future Deck Officers on simulators became a very important component of the maritime education process. Over the past decades, the education of professional officers has undergone many evolutions. Today's maritime universities, academies and faculties using advanced methods of teaching, modern simulators with communication in Maritime English and other sophisticated equipment have not to forget that practical training on board a ship still plays an invaluable role in officers' education. Still, it must be acknowledged that a proper training on simulators is a good start for a theoretical training that could eventually be used onboard. In this paper we are trying to point out the fact that without the use of simulators combined with a proper knowledge of Maritime English, University graduates would face real troubles when trying to apply for a job at the crewing and shipping companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]