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Simple Summary: Computed tomography (CT) is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating parenchymal lesions and vascular disease in dogs. In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the factors influencing contrast enhancement in canine abdominal CT studies. In this study, we aimed to identify the key factors affecting enhancement during abdominal CT in dogs, conducting a comprehensive analysis and critical evaluation of the veterinary literature according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Among the patient-related factors, the amount of abdominal adipose tissue emerged as the most significant, suggesting that the contrast medium (CM) dose could potentially be adjusted based on the patient's lean body weight. The injection rate of the CM was identified as the most influential CM-related factor, particularly at the arterial and hepatic levels, with potential clinical implications. Furthermore, the administration of a saline flush following CM injection was shown to improve arterial enhancement while reducing the overall CM dose. Multidetector-row computed tomographic angiography (angio-CT) aims to achieve optimal opacification of the vascular compartment of interest. The distribution and quality of vascular opacification are influenced by patient-related factors, contrast medium (CM)-related factors, and scanner-related factors. This systematic review evaluates these factors and their effects on contrast enhancement. A comprehensive literature search was made in February 2024 across four online bibliographic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and CAB Abstract) in adherence with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. After screening the 5990 unique published articles initially identified, 20 full-text original studies met the inclusion criteria for the final review. The amount of abdominal adipose tissue was found to significantly affect enhancement, which suggests the possibility of reducing the CM dose to minimize adverse effects or toxicity. The injection rate of the CM, rather than the injection duration, was identified as the most critical factor, with important clinical implications. For scanners with slower acquisition speeds or longer scan durations, maintaining a fixed CM injection duration may optimize vascular phase acquisition. In contrast, faster scanners benefit from bolus tracking, which allows for improved differentiation between vascular phases. Additionally, administering a saline flush post-CM injection enhances arterial opacification while reducing the necessary CM dose. This systematic review highlights essential factors influencing contrast enhancement in angio-CT for dogs and provides a foundation for future research aimed at optimizing imaging protocols in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]