Search

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of reducing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on the performance, inflammatory response and gut morphology of PWD challenged with sanitary and poor sanitary conditions in weaned pigs, and to test the hypotheses that (1) exposure to an poor sanitary environment will increase indices for inflammatory response; and (2) reducing n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio in diets for weaned pigs will attenuate the inflammatory response induced by the environmental challenge. A total of 108 male pigs [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace); initial BW 7.1 ± 0.5 kg] weaned at 21 days of age were randomly allocated to one of 3 dietary treatments and 2 environmental conditions (sanitary vs. poor sanitary) to give 6 replicate pens per treatment with 3 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 3 graded levels of n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (i.e.,20:1, 10:1 and 4:1) formulated using tallow, safflower oil, and a vegetable and fish oil blended product. One pig per pen (n = 6) was euthanized on d 0, d 7 and d 14, to collect blood and small intestinal tissue samples. Pigs exposed to a poor sanitary environment tended (P

An experiment was conducted to determine the coefficient of apparent (CATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of phosphorus (P) in camelina meal (CM) and the effect of phytase on both CATTD and CSTTD of CM fed to growing pigs. Eighteen barrows [(Yorkshire − Landrace) × Duroc] with an average initial body weight of 18.1 ± 0.7 were individually housed in metabolism crates, which allowed for total but separate collection of feces and urine. Pigs were allotted to one of three experimental diets consisting of a diet containing 200 g/kg CM that was fed without or with phytase at 500 FTU/kg and a corn-starch-gelatin based P-free diet in a completely randomised design to give 6 replicates per diet. Pigs were fed their respective diets in 2 equal portions at 0830 and 1630 h. Daily feed allowance was based on the body weight at the beginning of the experiment and was calculated to supply 2.6 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements. The experiment lasted for 14 days and pigs were adapted to their respective diets for initial 9 days followed by 5 days of total collection of feces and urine. The CATTD and CSTTD of P in CM with phytase supplementation were estimated to be 0.68 and 0.69, respectively, which were higher than for CM without phytase supplementation (0.55 and 0.56, respectively). The EPL was calculated as 0.108 g/kg DMI. Pigs fed the diet with phytase had greater (P = 0.039) P retention (0.73) than those fed without phytase (0.53) and also had lesser (P = 0.04) P output in the feces. In conclusion, the CSTTD of P for CM without and with phytase were 0.53 and 0.66 and phytase supplementation enhance P utilization from camelina meal fed to growing pigs.

The current study evaluated the effect of different levels of a 6-phytase from Buttiauxella sp. expressed in Trichoderma reesei on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Twelve ileal cannulated pigs (initial BW = 25 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments in a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design to give 12 observations per treatment. The experimental diets consisted of a corn soybean meal-based control diet (NC), NC supplemented with 4 levels of phytase (i.e. 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg) and a low-protein diet (5% casein) used to quantify endogenous amino acid (AA) losses. All diets contained titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were given their daily feed allowance at a rate of 45 g/kg BW determined at the beginning of each experimental period. Each period lasted for 9 d with 5 d of adaptation to experimental diets followed by 2 d of faecal and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedures of SAS. The final model had treatment as the main effect as pen and period effects were non-significant. Increasing levels of 6-phytase supplementation linearly increased (P

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplemental xylanases on growth performance, coefficients of apparent ileal (CAID) and total tract (CATTD) digestibility in growing pigs fed wheat- or corn -based diets. Two basal diets were formulated based on either corn plus 40% corn distillers dried grains with solubles or wheat plus 25% wheat co-products and fed without or with five xylanases from different microbial origins. The xylanases were identified as A, B, C, D and E and fed at 75 mg of xylanase protein/kg of feed. All diets contained added phytase. In Experiment 1, the diets were offered for 42 d to 96 individually penned gilts (29.0 ± 0.2 kg) to give 8 pigs per diet. An interaction between diet type and xylanase was observed for ADG (P

Four ileal-cannulated Cotswold barrows (50.41 ± 5.05 kg body weight) were used to determine apparent (AID), standardized (SID) and true (TID) ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) in field pea and pea protein isolate (PPI) processed from the same batch of the whole field pea. Pigs were allotted to 2 experimental diets in a simple cross-over design. Diets contained either field pea or PPI as the sole source of protein and were formulated to contain 155 g/kg CP. The AID of nutrients was determined by the indicator method. The SID of AA was calculated using published values for basal endogenous AA losses obtained from our laboratory. The total endogenous flow of lysine and the TID of lysine were determined by the homoarginine method. The TID of AA other than lysine were estimated using their published ratios in endogenous protein relative to lysine. The AID coefficient of CP (0.88 vs. 0.80), Ile (0.91 vs. 0.79), leucine (0.92 vs. 0.81), lysine (0.93 vs. 0.84), phenylalanine (0.92 vs. 0.84) and valine (0.89 vs. 0.76) were greater (P

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value of egg obtained from hens immunized with E. coli K88 antigens (EGG), and EGG-exchange (an egg product containing 4.0 g/kg EGG, 646.0 g/kg normal egg and 350.0 g/kg inulin; EGG-X) fed to weaned pigs. In experiment 1, 12 ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW of 17 kg) were fed four diets over two 7-d periods to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in EGG and EGG-X. In period 1, pigs were fed three diets in a completely randomized design to give four replicates per diet. The three diets were a cornstarch-based diets with EGG, EGG-X, or spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) as the sole source of crude protein (CP). In period 2, a low-casein diet was fed to all pigs to determine endogenous AA losses for calculation of SID of AA. Titanium dioxide (3.0 g/kg) was added in all diets as an indigestible marker. In experiment 2, 96 piglets (initial body weight (BW) of 5.9 kg) weaned at 21 days (d) and housed in 24 pens (4 pigs per pen) were fed four diets in a completely randomized design (6 pens per diet) to investigate the effects of including EGG and EGG-X in diets for weaned pigs on growth performance, pancreas weight, intestinal histomorphology, and blood parameters. The four diets were a corn-soybean meal-based (CON; no antimicrobial agents added), CON + 3.0 g/kg EGG, CON + 50 g/kg EGG-X, and CON + 50 g/kg SDPP. Pigs were fed the test diets for 14 d (phase I) and then a common commercial diet for another 11 d (phase II). Growth performance was determined in both phases I and II whereas the rest of the response criteria were determined in phase I. The EGG and EGG-X were similar in SID of indispensable AA, which ranged from 6.50 g/kg (for histidine in EGG) to 7.96 g/kg (for arginine in EGG-X). The SDPP had higher (P

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of a nucleotide rich yeast extract (NRYE) on the growth performance and the colibacillosis of weaned pigs. In Experiment. 1, a total of 168 mixed-sex piglets weaned at 17 ± 2 days of age were fed diets formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements for 28 days. Diets consisted of i) Positive control (PC) containing antibiotics (110 mg/kg of chlortetracycline HCl and 31.2 mg/kg of tiamulin), ii) Negative control (NC) without antibiotics, iii) NC with the addition of 1 g/kg of NRYE (NRYE1), and iv) 2 g/kg of NRYE (NRYE2). No differences (P > 0.10) were found among treatments for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), whilst pigs fed NRYE1 weighed more (P 0.10) were observed in ADFI among dietary treatments. In Experiment 2, a total of 144 barrows were randomly assigned to 4 treatments groups to give 6 replicates (6 pigs per pen) per group. Four treatment diets were similar to previous experiment. Pigs in PC fed a control diet without NYRE supplementation and also did not received an oral challenge. PC treatment was housed in a separate room within the same facility with a similar environment. Pigs in NC, NRYE1 and NRYE2 were fed the non-medicated control diet with 0g/kg, 1 g/kg or 2 g/kg NYRE, respectively and were orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88+ (ETEC) after the 3 days of weaning. From day 3 to 28 post-challenge, pigs fed diets NRYE1 or NRYE2 had greater (P

A total of 180 entire male weaner pigs weighing 6.4 ± 0.1. kg (mean ± SEM) and housed in pairs was used in a completely randomised block design with 9 dietary treatments (n= 10 pens). Pigs were blocked based on weaning weight. The diets were (i) a wheat-based control diet containing 240. g/kg of milk products (whey and skim milk powder), and (ii) 8 diets containing whole or dehulled lupins (cv. Coromup) that substituted the milk products at 60, 120, 180 and 240. g/kg of diet (replace 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the milk products in the control diets). The diets were isoenergetic [15. MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg], and were formulated to contain the same ileal standardised digestible lysine content (0.85. g/MJ DE) and ideal patterns of other essential amino acids. Pigs receiving 240. g/kg of dehulled lupins grew slower (P

Previous experiments have shown that feeding a reduced protein diet within the first 2 weeks post-weaning reduces gastrointestinal protein fermentation and clinical expression of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). However, growth of young pigs receiving a reduced protein diet without crystalline essential amino acids (CEAA) supplementation is depressed after weaning. It has been argued that the short-term performance reduction caused by feeding a reduced protein diet would be compensated and the lifetime performance of pigs would not be affected. An experiment was therefore conducted to examine PWD and lifetime growth of pigs after feeding a reduced protein diet without and with CEAA supplementation for 2 weeks after weaning. Two hundred individually housed pigs weaned at 21 d of age (Large White×Landrace, castrate:female ratio of 1:1, mean±SEM body weight of 5.5±0.05kg) were stratified to one of four dietary treatments (n=50): High protein+antimicrobial compound diet (HP+AMC, 230g crude protein (CP) with 2.5g lincospectin and 3g zinc oxide per kg feed), High protein diet (HP, 230gCP/kg), Reduced protein+amino acid supplemented diet (RP+AA, 185gCP/kg with added CEAA up to HP level), and Reduced protein diet (RP, 185g CP/kg without CEAA supplementation). Pigs were fed the experimental diet for 2 weeks and then all pigs were fed the same series of commercial diets until slaughter. All pigs were experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli (6 and 10mL of 1.9×109cfu/mL, serotype O149:K91:K88) at 72, and 96h after weaning. Infection increased plasma haptoglobin levels (P 0.05). Carcass characteristics were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments. The results indicate that although feeding a RP diet without CEAA supplementation decreased performance after weaning, it did not influence lifetime performance or carcass characteristics and reduced the clinical expression of PWD.

This study evaluated possible nutritional and physiological mechanisms to explain why feeding a diet of decreased protein content reduces PWD. A total of 48 male pigs weaned at 21 d (initial BW 6.9 ± 0.11 kg; mean ± SEM) was used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the respective factors being: (1) PL (HP 239 g/kg vs. LP 190 g/kg CP); (2) presence or absence of an ETEC challenge; and (3) duration of feeding after weaning until euthanasia (D; 7 d vs. 14 d). No dietary antimicrobial compounds were used, and diet LP contained crystalline AA including isoleucine and valine to achieve an ideal AA pattern. Pigs were offered the experimental diets on an ad libitum basis. Feeding a LP diet decreased total N intake, ileal N flow, PUN and NH3-N contents at the ileum and all sites in the large intestine (P 0.05) the AID of N and AA at either d 7 or d 14, except for serine which was lower in pigs fed the LP diet (P 0.05). Pigs fed diet LP had decreased pH in the jejunum and ileum (P