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The influence of severe acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) on myocardial contractility (MC) was investigated in 14 splenectomized, anesthetized dogs. MC was assessed by the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure increase (LVdp/dt(max)), end-systolic elastance (Ees), and preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) (conductance catheter, left ventricular pressure-volume relationship). Measurements of myocardial perfusion and oxygenation (radioactive microsphere technique) assured comparability of the model to previously performed studies. Global and regional myocardial blood flow increased significantly upon hemodilution with preference to midmyocardium and subendocardium. This resulted in preservation of both myocardial oxygen delivery and consumption after ANH. Myocardial oxygen extraction as well as coronary venous Po2 were unaffected by ANH, while coronary venous lactate concentration decreased, indicating that myocardial oxygen need was met. LVdp/dt(max) decreased significantly after hemodilution (2278 +/- 577 vs 1884 +/- 381 mm Hg/s, P < 0.01), whereas Ees and PRSW increased significantly (1.76 +/- 0.54 vs 2.15 +/- 0.75 mm Hg/mL, P < 0.05, for Ees and 33 +/- 14 vs 45 +/- 14 mm Hg.mL, P < 0.05, for PRSW). While the decrease of LVdp/dt(max) most likely reflects ANH-induced changes of ventricular pre- and afterload, the increase of Ees and PRSW indicates a true increase of myocardial contractility during ANH in anesthetized dogs.