1. Determination of Lead at Trace Level Through Cloud Point Extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Electrothermal Atomization: An Environmentally Benign Methodology
- Author
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Judith Amador-Hernández, Sandra Cesia Altamirano-Pérez, Miguel Velázquez-Manzanares, and Rosario Enríquez Rosado
- Subjects
Detection limit ,Cloud point ,Chromatography ,Coefficient of variation ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Analytical chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,law.invention ,Eriochrome Black T ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Standard addition ,Electrochemistry ,Atomic absorption spectroscopy ,Lead (electronics) ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
The quantification of lead in water samples is presented at the sub-ppb level through preconcentration with cloud point extraction (using Triton x-100 and eriochrome black T) and atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization. In order to study the influence of several variables, experimental design analyses were carried out. Linearity was observed between 0.15 to 1.20 ng mL−1 (r = 0.98), with a detection limit of 0.04 ng mL−1 and a quantification limit of 0.15 ng mL−1. A mean recovery of 90 ± 9% (n = 6, P = 0.05) was found; at the precision was 9% expressed as the coefficient of variation. Anions and cations that were studied did not affect the recovery of lead. Water samples of different sources were analyzed directly as well as by the standard addition method; no statistical differences were found between the two procedures. Finally, the present methodology was compared with liquid–liquid extraction of the lead-ditizone complex, using green analytical indicators proposed for this purpose.
- Published
- 2013