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To describe the proportion of body fat mass, quantified from the measurement of 4 skinfold thickness, in a sample of male children of Zaragoza.In 1995, we have studied 701 males aged 6.0 to 14.9 years, from 6 schools of the province of Zaragoza. We have measured: weight, height, and biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses. Body density has been calculated from the 4 skinfold measurements, with the formulas of Sarría et al. Fat mass (%), was calculated with the Weststrate and Deurenberg's formulas. In each age group, we present mean, standard deviation and 5, 25, 50, 75 and 95th percentiles.We present mean, standard deviation and 5, 25, 50, 75 and 95th percentiles of body fat mass (%), in each age group. Body fat mass (%) progressively increased until 10.5 years and, after, progressively decrease at least until 14.5 years.We present data of body fat mass (%), calculated from the measurement of 4 skinfold thicknesses, obtained from a reference population in the province of Zaragoza. These data are useful as more rationale criteria in the diagnosis of obesity in children and adolescents.

Our objective was to study the correlations between weight and length and weight index and brachial areas in healthy term newborns as indicators of nutritional status.We studied 794 consecutive Caucasian newborns, 377 male and 417 females, with gestational ages of 39 +/- 09 weeks and adequate weights. We measured weight, length, weight/length index, body mass index and weight index. Measurements of the arm perimeter and tricipital skinfold were used to calculate the fatty, lean and total areas by two different methods. Mean, standard deviation and percentiles were utilized in the measurements. The Student's t-test was used to calculate differences and Pearson's test for correlations.We found that weight, length and weight/length indexes were higher in males than in females, except for the weight index. Brachial areas and parameter were higher in females, except for the lean area. We did not find significant differences between gender in brachial measurements calculated by the different methods. Among the males, we found a high degree of correlation between weight and the weight/length index (r = 0.963; p0.0001), and weight and total body area (r = 0.649; p0.0001). Similar data were obtained among females, where in addition a high correlation was found between the fat percentage and the body mass index (BMI, r = 0.223; p0.0001), as well as between brachial areas and BMI in both genders (p0.0001).In normal newborns, the brachial areas, taken as indicators of body composition, are statistically significantly correlated with the anthropometric parameters widely used to measure the nutritional status of newborns.

Our objective was to determine if apo E phenotypes have any effect on the serum lipoprotein response to dietary intervention in children with hypercholesterolemia.We have selected 76 children with total serum cholesterol levels higher than 200 mg/dL. At diagnosis, each patient met with a member of our clinic that established dietary recommendations (total and saturated fat intake: 30 and 10%, respectively, of total energy intake). At diagnosis and after 6 months of therapy we determined a lipoprotein profile.After 6 months of therapy, there was only a significant change in children with phenotype E3/E4, with significant decreases in serum total cholesterol (from 247 +/- 43 to 231 +/- 47 mg/dL, p = 0.002), LDL-cholesterol (from 164 +/- 47 to 149 +/- 48 mg/dL, p = 0.002) and triglycerides (from 81 +/- 36 to 71 +/- 31 mg/dL, p = 0.028) concentrations. Absolute and % delta differences in serum lipoprotein concentrations before and after dietary treatment do not show significant differences between apo E phenotype groups.In the group studied, apo E phenotypes do not determine the response to a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet in children with hypercholesterolemia. To know the factors that determine the variability in the response to dietary intervention in children with hypercholesterolemia it would be interesting to study other familial and genetic factors.

We performed an anthropometric study in a series of normal full-term newborns to evaluate the discriminatory capabilities of the submandibular skinfold compared to other anthropometric parameters.We studied 794 consecutive Caucasian newborns, 377 males and 471 females, with a mean gestational age of 39.5 +/- 0.9 weeks and adequate weights for age. Anthropometric variables analyzed included weight, length, left arm circumference and bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, suprailiac and submandibular skinfolds. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Student's t-test to evaluate differences between the different parameters and by Pearson's test to look for correlations among them.The weight and lengths of male newborns were significantly higher than those of female newborns (p0.005) These parameters showed differences with other series of newborns studied. Measurements of the tricipital, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds were significantly different between males and females (p0.005); however, bicipital and submandibular skinfolds were not. The submandibular skinfold measurement highly correlated with the other skinfold measurements, especially with the bicipital measurement, in both males (0.536; p0.0001) and females (0.578; p0.001). Submandibular skinfold measurements also correlated with weight and arm circumference in both sexes.Some somatometric measurements in normal term newborns differ significantly between the sexes, especially weight, length and tricipital, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds. The submandibular skinfold correlates well with weight, arm circumference and the four routinely measured skinfolds. This finding suggests that measurement of the submandibular skinfold should be included in the evaluation of the newborn's nutritional status.

The aim of this study was to examine if there were differences in the assessment of the nutritional status between values of bioelectric impedance (BI) measured in the morning (08:30) and in the afternoon (17:00).We have studied 30 boys between 6.5 and 10.9 years of age. Weight, stature, skinfold thickness and total body impedance (Z) were measured at 08:30 and at 17:00 on the same day.In 28 of 30 boys, Z at 17:00 was lower than Z at 08:30. The mean decrease in Z was 4.64% of the morning result (p = 0.0001). At 17:00 there was an increase in total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) measured by BI, 0.681, and 0.93 Kg, respectively (p = 0.0001), compared with morning values. We did not find differences between skinfold thickness values in the morning and in the afternoon, except for the suprailiac skinfold, which was a bit larger in the afternoon (p = 0.05). In the morning and afternoon there was a high correlation between FFM measured by skinfold thickness and values of TBW and FFM measured by BI.Z in boys decrease in the afternoon (17:00) compared with morning values (08:30). This fact must be considered by the pediatrician when IB is used for the assessment of nutritional status in children.

The aim of this study was to describe anthropometric indexes of fat distribution in 6.0 to 14.9 year old children and to estimate the timing of differentiation of fat patterning in male and female children and adolescents.We have studied a sample of 1,360 children (701 boys and 659 girls) from Zaragoza, Spain. We have measured triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknessess and waist and hip circumferences. With these measurements, we have calculated the indexes of fat distribution including waist-to-hip circumference ratio and triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio. We present the percentiles of these indexes.All percentiles of the waist-to-hip ratio were higher in males than in females. Percentiles 5, 50 and 95 of the triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio showed similar values in males and females, except that percentile 95 was higher in males than in females after 10.5 years.The waist-to-hip ratio seems to define earlier the pattern of fat distribution in children than does the triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio. If we take into account the waist-to-hip ratio, the pattern of fat distribution is already present in school age children.

Diet, physical activity, physical fitness and body composition are factors that contribute to lipid disorders; however, we do not know whether they are relevant in children of the general population and in children with dyslipoproteinemias.We have studied all of these factors in 89 children, aged 4.0 to 20.0 years. Children were divided into two groups: 1) Normocholesterolemics (total cholesterol225 mg/dL) and 2) Hypercholesterolemics (total cholesterolor = 225 mg/dL).In normocholesterolemic children, the main determinants of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were height and cholesterol intake, which explained both 50 and 32% of its variability, respectively. The main determinants of high density lipoprotein cholesterol were blood pressure after submaximal loading and fat mass, which explained 50% of the variability. In hypercholesterolemic children, fat and carbohydrate intake and physical activity explained more than 90% of the variability of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Resting energy expenditure explained 40% of the variability of high density lipoprotein cholesterol.In the treatment of children and adolescents with dyslipoproteinemias, we must emphasize not only dietary intake, but also physical activity. To increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol we must also improve physical fitness and decrease the amount of body fat mass.

The aim of this study was to show the validity of a new skinfold thickness for measuring nutritional status in children. We also compare submandibular skinfold thickness with other anthropometric measures and indices.We have studied 899 boys and 837 girls between 3.0 and 15.1 years of age. All of them were healthy and from different socioeconomic statuses. We measured weight, height, obesity indices, circumferences, indices of body fat distribution and indices of body fat. Data were divided according to age and sex. We calculated the percentiles of submandibular skinfold thickness and correlations between this parameter and all other measurements were performed. The mean values of the two sexes were compared by using Student's t-test.Submandibular skinfold is an easy and fast skinfold to measure. Its value is maximum at 10 and 11 years in girls and boys, respectively. This measurement is higher in girls than in boys at 5, 7, 10, 13 and 14 years of age (p0.05). There was a high correlation between this skinfold value and almost all of the measurements and indices studied, especially with the body mass index (r = 0.589), the sum of the four conventional skinfolds (r = 0.844), arm circumference (r = 0.513), arm fat area (r = 0.776) and percentage body fat (r = 0.830).Submandibular skinfold thickness in children and adolescents shows a high correlation with body fat indices. It is for this reason that it could be used as a new measurement to assess nutritional status and obesity in children.

To assess physical activity and leisure time activities in relation to socioeconomic status.We have studied 1,078 boys and girls from 24 schools from areas of different geographical and socioeconomical status. Physical activity and leisure time activities were assessed by a questionnaire.We have observed that adolescents spend more time watching T.V. than doing physical activity (p = 0.0001). In general, boys prefer strong physical activity. Children from the lowest socioeconomic families did less physical activity than children from the highest socioeconomic families (por = 0.05). In girls, those with the lowest socioeconomic status spent the greatest amount of time watching T.V. (p = 0.0001).From our results, we deduce that we must improve physical activity habits in children, especially in those from the lowest socioeconomic families.

To investigate the relationship between physical activity, leisure time activities and dietary habits in adolescents.We have studied 541 girls and 537 boys from 24 schools. Physical activity, leisure time activities and dietary habits were assessed by 3 different questionnaires, taking into account one week of normal activity and diet.Foods such as milk, fish, meat, egg, fruits, vegetables, pasta and snacks were consumed more frequently in children who spent more time doing sport, but difference were not statistically significant. Boys who spent more time watching T.V. ate greater amounts of almost all foods (p0.05). In girls, we have observed the same results, but differences were not statistically significant.Sports and T.V. watching are both related to a greater amount of food intake From our results we can deduce that in order to prevent obesity, and other cardiovascular risk factors, we must improve food intake related with sedentary habits.

We have studied serum lipid levels and dietetic intake in 38 children whose parents had ischemic heart disease (HPCI) before 55 years of age and in a control group (n = 114). In the HPCI group, 25% had serum levels of total cholesterol higher than 200 mg/dl; only 2 children presented elevated levels of LDL and apo B. Dietetic intakes in both groups were similar, with a high protein (16-17% of calories) and fat (39-42% of calories) intake and a low carbohydrate intake (40.46% of calories). In both groups the percentage of monounsaturated fat was higher than other types of fat. The most frequent phenotype in the HPCI group was IIa (8 children). Only 1 child showed a IIb phenotype. This finding may be due to the variability of this phenotype in the same individual throughout life. In the families (n = 8), we have detected 2 families with polygenic hypercholesterolemia (HP), 2 others with familial combined hyperlipidemia (HFC) and 4 without family history of hyperlipidemia. Taking into account the lipid profile in children of the HPCI group, we have detected the presence of familial dysliproproteinemias. It appears that dietetic intake is not an atherogenic risk factor in these patients.

A series of 439 children (245 boys and 194 girls) ranged between 2.0 and 18.0 years of age have been studied January 1987 to April 1990. They belonged to four groups: I) 306 children (163 boys and 143 girls), "control group"; II) 31 children (22 boys and 9 girls) whose parents had some type of dyslipoproteinemia (HPDLP); III) 38 children (24 boys and 14 girls) whose fathers were survivors of myocardial infarction occurred before 55 years of age (HPCI); and IV) 43 children (23 boys and 20 girls) who had, at least in two occasions, more than three months of time separated between then, over 200 mg/dL of total serum cholesterol levels detected by opportunist search (HDC). For children's identification of risk factors to develop atherosclerotic disease during adult life, two different types of strategy has been utilised. One, "selective search", taking into account children of groups II (HPDLP) and III (HPCI). Other, "opportunist search", taking into consideration children of group IV (HDC). The most frequent primary dyslipoproteinemia between the families of children with high serum levels has been Polygenic Hypercholesterolemia (HP). In the second place were both Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HF) an Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia (HFC). A family with Mixed Hyperlipidemia (HM) was also identified. Familial aggregation, with relation to serum lipid levels, were detected in children of the three groups: HPDLP, HPCI and HDC, as it is reported by another authors. Our results suggest the genetic alterations may contribute to the presence of different types of dyslipoproteinemia in children.

Apolipoprotein (apo)-beta is an atherosclerotic risk factor in adults and children. In families with Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia (FCH) it has been described as a lipoprotein phenotype called Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (Hyperapo-beta) and characterized by increased numbers of small, dense and apo-beta enriched low density lipoproteins. In our Lipids Clinic, we have studied 267 children, but for the purpose of this paper we have only taken into account the 19 of these children who showed increased plasma total apo-beta levels (Hyperapo-beta-emina). To investigate the type of dyslipoproteinemia of these children, we divided them into two groups: 1) Group 1: 10 children with apo-beta levels greater than mean + 2 standard deviations (SD); 2) Group 2: 9 children with apo-beta levels greater than mean + 3 SD. We have also studied the fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters of all the children. Only one child (Group 1) had type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. The other children had type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia. In each group, 4 families had FCH and the others had either Familial Hypercholesterolemia or Polygenic Hypercholesterolemia. Families with FCH could also have hyperapo-beta. It is possible that in the future some children of FCH families and those with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia will have increased plasma triglyceride levels. This could be prevented by a proper diet.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate, with anthropometrics parameters, the schoolboys growth from Málaga. It is one study with 2.331, between 6 and years old, of healthy children, representative of the EGB schoolboys population from Malaga during the academic course 88-89. They obtain percentile scores, mean values and DS for the different age groups and sexes of anthropometric parameters weight, height and head circumference. The percentiles scores for all parameters were significantly different in our results, both for age and sex, than the standards scores look up.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate, with the nutritional anthropometrics parameters brachial circumference and skinfolds, the schoolboys growth from Málaga. It is one study with 2,331, between 6 and 13 years old, of healthy children, representative of the schoolboys population from Málaga during the academic course 88-89. They obtain percentile scores, mean values and DS for the different age groups and sexes of brachial and suprailiac. The percentiles scores for all parameters were significantly different in our children, both for age and sex, than the standard score currently used.

The dyssegmental dysplasia is a lethal form of neonatal short-limbed dwarfism in which unusual facies, short neck, narrow thorax, cleft palate, and reduced joint mobility are the characteristic commonly seen. Radiologically, vertebral segmentation defects and short, thick, bowed long bones are the prominent features. To date, 30 cases have been reported. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic examination of these cases of the literature demonstrates the presence of two distinct forms of dyssegmental dysplasia, the milder form (type Rolland-Desbuquois), characterized clinically by frequent survival beyond the newborn period and by distinct radiographic changes resembling Kniest dysplasia, and the severe form (type Silverman-Handmaker), characterized by stillbirth or death within the first few days of life and by distinct and more severe radiographic changes. In both types, reports of affected sibs suggest autosomal recessive inheritance.

The polyps of the digestive tract, with the exception of the juvenile ones, are not often found in children. Out of 762 endoscopies paediatric patients carried out, 31 were seen to be affected by digestive polyps, of which 16 were juvenile. The rest belonged to other types, among which 5 adenomas are included. In this paper, clinical aspects are analysed, pointing out also the value of the endoscopy as choice method not only for diagnosis but also for treatment of polyps.

The authors have studied the body composition in a group of 36 boys from 7 to 10 years old, through densitometry and anthropometry. They have found significant correlations between the percentage of fat, got by densitometry and some anthropometric indices: Quetelet index (r = 0.79), sum of 4 skinfolds (r = 0.78) and logarithm of the sum of 4 skinfolds (r = 0.80). After a multiple regression analysis, they got equations which permit you to calculate the percentage of fat, using several anthropometric parameters with a 10% of error. They bring two nomograms which facilitate the estimation of body fat. They compare the results obtained with the ones described by others authors and suggest the need to extend this study to boys with other ages as well as to girls.

A case of "iliac horns" syndrome appears in a there month old baby girl, with alterations in the nails of the thumb and index fingers, which gave reason to suspect the existence of an associated osseous dysplasia. Diagnosis is confirmed with radiology, showing pathognomonic iliac horn of the syndrome. An extensive review is made of literature on this affection, extremely infrequent in infancy, establishing that this is the case involving the youngest age described to date. Interest in radiological study of minimal alterations in phenotype of the pediatric patient is emphasized.

Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) were recorded from scalp electrodes in 47 patients, who survived to bacterial meningitis in their childhood. CAEP were obtained from 1 month to 8 years after recovering from acute disease. Neisseria meningitidis was the microorganism more frequently isolated from CSF (43.5%). Exclusively abnormal values in amplitude of CAEP were registered in 15 cases (32%), mainly at the lower tones explored; 14 of them were subjected to conventional audiometric test, which demonstrated unilateral hearing loss only in 2. No alterations in the latency of P2 wave were seen. We recommend to include CAEP in search of hearing disorders in younger children after recovering from meningitis, since they can detect lesions in cortical-subcortical auditory tracts, which otherwise could go unnoticed.

A study and bibliographic revision is made on Anorexia Nervosa. The definition, classificiation, epidemiology and the different etiopathogenic factors are appraised. A detailed analysis of de clinical, functional, biochemical and endocrinological symptoms are made. Models for treatment are given on insulation therapeutics, on biological and psycho-therapeutics.

The authors present a 12 year old patient affected by a juvenile polyposis syndrome. They describe the clinic and the complementary tests carried out, especially the findings of the digestive fibroendoscopy which allowed multiple polyps in the duodenum, colon and rectum to be shown, confirmed by an anatomopathological study. Two years afterwards, a total colectomy and ileoproctostomy was carried out. In the operative piece included numerous hamartomatous polyps with adenomatous isolated foci. A subsequent endoscopic exploration showed numerous polyps in anus and rectal stump. The adenomatous transformation and recidivation of her polyposis require close vigilance and a follow-up of this female patient in view of the possibility of the precocious development of a colorectal carcinoma.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by a deficiency of 21-hydroxylase is an inherited disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis. In this study, the deficiency incidence is presented according to different author's and countries' results. Nowadays knowledge concerning its genetics are reviewed, especially HLA linkage. Allelic variants of deficiency and the "linkage disequilibrium" with HLA complete antigens are described. Finally, the main applications of that knowledge are presented: heterozygote detection and prenatal diagnosis.

It have been studied 90 children (obese 73, non obese or control 17), trying to analyze the following parameters: mean and standard deviation values, its circadian rhythms and relation between cortisol and insulin, correlation between both hormones and anthropometric parameters of obesity and sexual influence with all the studied parameters. The plasmatic cortisol values were higher in male, obese (180.4 +/- 11.2 ng/ml) and control (377.5 +/- 49.2 ng/ml) children. The plasmatic insulin values higher in obese children (55.3 +/- 9.5 microU/ml) verifying the hyperinsulinemia observed in obesity. There was not correlation between cortisol and insulin values with body fat. All the children showed cortisol and insulin circadian rythm. In the groups of obese children the cortisol circadian rythm was similar to the control one. However, the insulin circadian rythm was disturb. So, the acrophase was delayed two hours when male and female were analyzed all together and only one hour in the obese female group. The acrophase of cortisol and insulin rhythms in obese group is delayed in relation with the degree of obesity. The circadian rhythms of cortisol and insulin, in both obese and control groups, are not dependent. The duration of obesity do not have any relation with the mentioned alterations.

A comparative study has been made upon free amino-acids in human milk, cow's milk and some infant formulas commercialized in Spain. The contents of free amino-acids in human milk is significantly increased when compared to those of raw of UHT sterilized cow's milk and to those of infant formulas. The concentrations of alanine are significantly lower in cow's milk and in infant formulas compared to human milk. The same occurs with branched chain amino-acids, glutamic acid, serine, threonine and taurine. On the contrary, the levels of free cysteine are significantly higher in cow's milk and in infant formulas. The concentrations of free amino-acids determined in different infant formulas on sale in Spain are rather similar between each others, being the cuantitative pattern very different from that determined in human milk.

Atherosclerosis and its consequences are a significant cause of death in industrialized countries. In recent years, due to modern techniques which permit DNA analysis, a series of alleles associated with dyslipoproteinemia and heart disease have been identified. In this study these genetic markers, in particular those found at the level of the genes of apolipoproteins, are reviewed. The knowledge of these facts is important for the paediatrician, since these disturbances can be identified in the first days of an individual's life, thus a positive influence can be made over the lifestyle habits.

The authors describe 13 cases of solitary bone cyst in children of both sexes, ages 4 5/12 to 12 4/12 years. Ten patients were males. In eight cases the lesions were located in the humerus, three in the femur, one in the tibia and another in the phalanx of the foot. Pathological fracture was the most frequent initial symptom. The characteristic radiological image of the cyst allows the distinction of other bone lesions and is usually enough for the diagnosis. In 8 cases treatment consisted of intracystic injections of methylprednisolone acetate. In three cases relapse was observed.

Six cases of children diagnosed as having osteoid osteoma with different localization are reviewed. They constitute 0.04% of all those admitted to the paediatrics department. The average age is 8 1/12 years and three exists a male predominance over the female in the proportion of 2/1. The clinic has shown it self through characteristic pain, with nocturnal paroxysms, which disappears with aspirin, in addition to functional impotence and muscular atrophy. In the case of vertebral localization, scoliosis was detected. Both, the radiography and the computerized axial tomography showed to be efficient for the diagnosis, which was confirmed anatomo-pathologically in the case operated on. The evolution was satisfactory in all of them.

Secretion of insulin in a group of children with normal stature and without endocrine-metabolic (47 cases), versus another group with constitutional short stature (35 cases). Is study authors made a glucose tolerance test (1 g/kg) to both groups and they study the fisiologic secretion of insulin during 24 hours. It was observed that rates of insulin were similar after glucose tolerance test in both groups, but study of fisiologic secretion of insulin during 24 hours shows low rates of insulin in the group of constitutional short stature (p less than 0.005). The problem group rises higher rates of insulin after a glucose tolerance test than after the study of fisiologic secretion of insulin in 24 hours, but the other group shows similar answer in both tests.

The concentrations of free amino-acids have been determined in 54 samples of human milk: 18 in colostrum, 18 in transition milk and 18 in mature milk, all of them taken from women in the Eastern part of Andalucía. The amino-acids have been determined through high pressure ion-exchange chromatography and fluorimetric detection. Glutamic acid is the major free amino-acid, representing 21-52% of the total amount of these components in human milk. Its level increase significantly with advancing lactation. Taurine represents 14-19 of total free amino-acids in human milk, remaining its levels practically unchanged during the whole lactation. The fact that the major content of essential free amino-acids in present in human colostrum could suppose a contribution of these substances which are directly absorbable during a period of life when the nutritional requirements of the neonate are incremented.

A study of plasmatic fatty acids was carried out on a group of paediatric patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. These data have been compared with those obtained by others authors. High levels of saturated fatty acids and a reduction of polyunsaturates have been found. The ratio of eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid is high in this group of patients, which indicates a certain lack of essential fatty acids.

The authors present a system for the appraisal of the nutritional and inflammatory condition in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) in the phase of apparent inactivity of pulmonary infection, using a system of indices based on the quantification of some plasmatic proteins. The plasmatic appraisals of 4 visceral proteins (albumin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, retinol-binding protein and transferrin) and, as well, of 5 proteins of the acute phase (alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin) were obtained in a control group of 16 healthy children and in another of 14 children affected by CF. With the proteic plasmatic appraisals of the control group, the knowledge of their biological value and after a statistical-mathematical analysis, the most sensitive, specific and independent proteins were determined for evaluating the nutritional and inflammatory condition, obtaining two simple formulas which were denominated Nutritional-Inflammatory Prognostic Indices (NIPI) A and B (NIPI A = alpha-1-acid glycoprotein + haptoglobin/albumin + prealbumin; NIPI B = haptoglobin/albumin). From the analysis of the results, it can be deduced that the children with CF are affected by an inflammatory process, very probably infectious.