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The most abiding contribution of Freud to social science is the observational standpoint which he invented. The psychoanalytic standpoint is intesive rather than extensive, scientific and therapeutic rather than indoctrinating. It is an interview rather than a participant, spectator, or collector relationship; and it is an insight interview. The criteria of insight are formulated, and the point is made that simultaneous insight into the person, personality, and culture is obtained. From this standpoint the insight interview is a means of acquiring skill in the discovery of culture and hence important for social scientists who are mainly concerned with culture. The psychoanalytic standpoint has prompted the use of more intensive methods in social observation; psychoanalytic hypotheses and findings have stimulated research. The rich yield of intensive investigation has called for more refined definitions of basic terms like "trait," "reaction," "person," "personality," "conduct," "behavior," and "culture" a...

Psychoanalysis makes three divisions of the personality: the id-including biological needs; the superego-the socially acquired inhibitions; and the ego-the testing of reality. The id may be said to correspond with impulse, the superego with conscience, and the ego with reason. These three divisions function in special ways in person-to-person relationships, in the role and meaning of institutions, and in person-to-occasion relationships. Selection of personnel as well as responses to "superiors," "leaders," "models," can best be understood on the basis of a tripartie personality, which usually shows the predominance of one aspect. Institutions take their meanings from their respective appeals: economic, political, scientific, and technological to expediency; religion and fundamental law to conscience; art and sociability to natural impulse. Person-to-occasion relationships also follow this general pattern. Elections are appeals to rational considerations; patriotic holidays to conscience; carnivals and va...

The Chinese responded to local Japanese encroachments in 1931 by submission, and in 1932 by partial resistance. Why did they move from partial to total resistance in the crisis of July-August, 1937? Certain propositions are laid down about the changes in the environment and about the state of initial reactivity which condition the response in question. These propositions stress the magnitude of the deprivation, the frequency of certain previous expectations (the immediate inevitability of the conflict, increasing strength in fighting effectiveness), and the frequency of certain previous demands (for total resistance). The Chinese overestimated their fighting effectiveness in some degree, and this is traced to factors of opportunity, skill and psychological need.

The garrison state is a "developmental construct" about the future course of world-politics, whose function is to stimulate the individual specialist to clarify for himself his expectations about the future as a guide to the timing of scientific work. The trend of the time is away from the dominance of the specialist on bargaining, who is the businessman, and toward the supremacy of the specialist on violence, the soldier. Methods: It is probable that the ruling elite of the garrison state will acquire most of the skills that we have come to accept as part of modern civilian management. Particularly prominent will be skill in the manipulation of symbols in the interest of morale and public relations. Unemployment will be "psychologically" abolished. Internal violence will be directed principally against unskilled manual workers and counter-elite elements who have come under suspicion. Incomes will be somewhat equalized in the interest of maintaining morale under modern conditions of socialized danger. The practice will be to recruit the elite according to ability (in periods of crisis); authority will be dictatorial, governmentalized, centralized, integrated. Value distribution: The power pyramid will be steep, but the distribution of safety will be equalized (the socialization of danger under modern conditions of aerial warfare). The income and respect pyramids will be between the other two-each pyramid flattened at the top, bulged out in the upper-middle and lower-middle zones. Value production: The elites will seek to hold in check the utilization of the productive potentialities of modern science and engineering for nonmilitary consumption goods. The rate of production will be regularized. Production will be affected by the tendencies toward rigidity in a military state, but these effects will be largely neutralized by the skill groups of science and technology.