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The article examines the position of the American Public Health Association (APHA) on the expansion of midwifery as a key strategy to improving access to care for childbearing families in the U.S. The association has publicly supported the use of innovative strategies to improve birth outcomes and decrease maternal and newborn morbidity an mortality but these documents do not address access to midwifery services. It is recommended that the APHA should urge all state legislatures to legalize the practice of midwifery and promulgate regulations in order to assure the safety of the public's health as it relates to midwifery practice.

The article addresses further debate and decision-making by the American Public Health Association (APHA) on a public policy statement on safe drinking water. The paper provides the scientific basis and justification for the importance of improving water supplies in the U.S. The quality and safety of drinking water in the U.S. continues to be an important public health issue. Specific contaminants of concern include microbial contaminants and chemical contaminants. Recommended goals for the APHA are to foster greater involvement of the public health professional as advisor, educator and advocate on issues related to drinking water and health, and to promote understanding in public health practice and policy making of the potential public impact of water contamination.

The article discusses the development of the "American Journal of Public Health (AJPH)" in the U.S. The journal was first published in 1911, however, it was not the first serial publication of the American Public Health Association (APHA). During the early days of AJPH, mostly of their articles were from APHA meetings. Contributions from different sectors started in 1956. Several years after, the publication has changed in character and content. Advances in science and technology are considered the main force behind AJPH's growth.

The article reports on the announcement of Vision Care Section of the American Public Health Association in the U.S. of its awards program for 1987. The association solicits nominations in the three categories of awards including distinguished achievement, outstanding student and outstanding paper or project. The distinguished achievement award is the highest honor bestowed by the Vision Care Section, designed to recognize the leaders in vision care and public health. The outstanding student award provides recognition to a student who has demonstrated the ability in the promotion of vision care in the public health field. The paper or project award is designed to recognize an individual, institution, or group that have significantly contributed to the advancement of vision care.

The article examines how the "American Journal of Public Health," the official organ of the American Public Health Association cope with the changes in the health policy in the U.S. During the period of editorship of Dr. George Rosen, both the Journal's circulation and its sponsoring organization's membership has doubled. The source of offerings to the Journal expanded far beyond the lists of Association members and the papers presented at public health meetings during the years of Rosen's editorship.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to the protection of the public against foods and beverages that are unfit for human consumption in the U.S. The association advises the government regulatory agencies and the food industries to reduce the widespread occurrence of food borne diseases across the country. It also advocates adoption of measures which will reward the traditional sanitary inspections and quality control programs. In addition, the group endorses the concepts and sampling plans developed by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods.

The article reports on the American Public Health Association's adoption of a policy statement on the "Health and Environmental Hazards of Disposable Diapers" at its 117th annual meeting held in Chicago, Illinois on October 22-26, 1989. One of the recommendations in the association's policy statement was to support consumer education on the alternatives to disposable diapers. Earlier in 1989, the Seattle-King County, Washington Nurses Association and the Seattle Solid Waste Utility had developed a community education project about the potential health and environmental issues related to the use of disposable diapers.

The public health community has made important, original contributions to the debate over universal access to health services in the United States. Well before the decision of the American Public Health Association in 1944 to endorse a health plan encompassing virtually the entire populace, prominent public health practitioners and scholars embraced universality as an essential principle of health policy. Influenced by Arthur Newsholme, C.-E.A. Winslow began to promote this principle in the 1920s. Many others came to justify universal medical care as a corollary of the traditional ideal of all-inclusive public health services. By the 1940s, most leaders in the field saw national health insurance as the best way to attain universal access. For the past 30 years, advocates of universalism have asserted a social right to health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a public health response to the war on drugs by the American Public Health Association. The response is focused on the reduction of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems among the American youth. One of the most pressing issues in the United states is the alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems among the youth. There are several reasons why drug use prevention and reduction is not totally effective in the United States. One of the reasons is that the educational programs and mass media campaigns regarding the issue are poorly planned and inadequate.

The article profiles the social and political activities of John Shaw Billings, president of the American Public Health Association. Shaw, who was born in Switzerland County, Indiana, has appointed to head a committee that will be responsible to prepare schedules for the purpose of collecting information with regard to the present condition of Public Hygiene in the principal towns and cities of the U.S. At the age of 41, he had already acquired a reputation as an expert in public health, hospital construction, military medicine and medical education.

The article offers information on the challenges faced by the American Public Health Association on the development of the association's Medical Care Section in the U.S. On November 10, 1948, the American Public Health Association's Governing Council voted to approve the petition requesting the establishment of a Medical Care Section. In 1972, the association expanded their health services because of the changes on their needs and demands. In 1920, the association created a committee to study the municipal health departments and determine the extent of variation on the health services and procedures offered in a specific community.

The article expresses the author's appreciation and gratitude to the members and friends of the American Public Health Association (APHA) and the "American Journal of Public Health" for extending help to the organization and its publication. According to the author, the contributions, which are expressed in many ways such as reviewing books and papers, providing consultation, and calling attention to various public health developments, are great benefit to the journal.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to the improvement of health care in prisons, jails, and youth detention centers in the U.S. The association backs the recommendation for a federal strategy to help improve health care these centers as structured by the report of General Accounting Office to U.S. Congress. It also supports the Health Services Administration's Prison Health Initiative aimed to assign National Health Service Corps staff to prisons and jails. In addition, the group urges the development of periodic and independent medical audit reviews to check that standards are being met and quality care provided. Other significant decisions of the group are presented.

The article presents the dates and sites of the annual meeting and exposition of the American Public Health Association in the U.S.

The article reports on the American Public Health Association's announcement of the schedule for the annual process of considering proposed policy statements for 1990. These public policy statements form the basis of the association's position on legislative, regulatory, legal and health matters of interest to the public health community. They also provide a record of the association's stand on a variety of health issues, reflecting the diverse interest of its membership. Deadline for receipt of proposed resolutions is on February 26, 1990.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to immediate assistance of the crises in Kampuchea. The association urges immediate U.S. and international efforts to help the people of Kampuchea. It recommends that the U.S. government augment its assistance to U.S. and international private voluntary organizations. In addition, the group urges the United Nations to expand their health and humanitarian assistance efforts. Other significant decisions of the group are presented.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to the provisions for childcare in the U.S. The association urges federal and state governments to provide funds from public taxes to fund childcare programs for all persons seeking assistance for infant care and childcare. It urges health practitioners to be advocates for the provision of childcare at the workplace for men and women. In addition, the group advocates health care institutions to take a leadership role in achieving solutions to the problem of lack of childcare for its employees.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to the newly created Energy Mobilization Board in the U.S. The association urges the appointment of members to the House and Senate Conference Committee who will adopt provisions sensitive to environmental and occupational health concerns and not empower the proposed board to denude the nation of important health, safety, and environmental controls. It also urges the Conference Committee to adopt the Senate version of said bill and recede from that House language permitting the board to override occupational and environmental control legislation. Other significant decisions of the group are presented.

Abstract: Content analyses of the official printed programs for the 1971 and 1983 annual meetings of the American Public Health Association were used to compare the proportion of men and women serving ax officers of the Association. members of the Executive Board, section representatives to the APHA Governing Council. and officers of section councils. The findings suggest substantial progress for women in gaining access to APHA leadership, despite continued underrepresentation in several of the Association's highest offices. (Am J Public Health 1987; 77;1537-1538.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the effort of the American Public Health Association to take appropriate remedial action in order to control cigarette smoking in the U.S. It was found out that people who continue to smoke are moving consistently toward modifying their habit such as smoking cigarettes with less tar and nicotine. In addition, the association has created programs and educating the public involving the risk associated with cigarette smoking.

The author reflects on the activities of the American Public Health Associations (APHA) that were intended to advance the cause of community health services in the U.S. It cites some of APHA's documented activities such as the Committee on Administrative Practices, the Health Bulletin Service, and the APHA Newsletter. According to the author, the documentation of the organization's activities will provide the basic material for a story of its past services.

In this article, the author deals with the changes in the publication, which can already be seen within the issue. The start of the new century made the American Public Health Association, according to the author, felt like obliged to honor the past and challenged to make changes on "American Journal of Public Health." The author feels it is appropriate for the journal to have a new editor-in-chief, Mary E. Northbridge, who is eager to move ahead with new ideas and visions. While the existing editors of the journal helped in developing the publication's departments, the new ones will bring diversity and depth.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to the revision of the National Food Guide and preparation of National Dietary Guidelines in the U.S. The association urges the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to cooperatively modify the National Food Guide and develop National Dietary Guidelines based upon the Recommended Dietary Allowances, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the Center for Disease Control Nutrition Surveillance Program, and the Nationwide Food Consumption Study.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to the effective nutrition education methodology for the general public in the U.S. The association advocates Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Department of Agriculture, and the Federal Trade Commission to undertake research for ascertaining effective nutrition education methodology for the general public. It also petitions these agencies to cooperatively or individually earmark funds for the purpose. Other significant decisions of the group are presented.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to the availability of nutrition status data to local health agencies in the U.S. The association encourages that there be adequate personnel and funding to make surveillance data collected by the Center for Disease Control available to all the states and territories of the U.S. It also encourages that there be enough funding and manpower to enable the administrators of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of the National Center for Health Statistics to formulate a method to make data available and more useful to local communities and develop future surveys to accomplish the purpose.

The article presents a position paper from the American Public Health Association relative to world peace and the military budget in the U.S. The association backs up the passage of Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) II and the speedy resumption of dialogues for an even stronger SALT III. It fights back increases in the U.S. military budgets which are based solely on the passage of Salt II. Further, it supports the passage of the Transfer Amendment. Other significant decisions of the group are presented.

The article presents the policy statement of the American Public Health Association concerning medically uninsured citizens' health care initiatives of each state in the country. In response to the fact that there is an increasing number of medically uninsured residents in the country and that most states are exerting effort in addressing their needs, the Association agrees in the need for a high quality, universal national health program which has a comprehensive scope, has state and local administration and is equitably financed. It also reorganizes and encourages state health initiatives for the uninsured population.

The article discusses the provisions on food and beverage container health and safety by the American Public Health Association (APHA) in the U.S. APHA aims to ensure fair provision for health and safety standards in preparation, transportation and consumption of food and beverage by individuals. The efforts of government and government regulated private industries are also coordinated to guarantee production, transportation and sale of containerized foods and beverages. There is a need to identify the hazards and possible measures in the containerization to ensure the safety of consumers.

The article provides information on the nominations being sought for the 1995 American Public Health Association (APHA) Awards. The nominees will be presented during the APHA 123rd Annual Meeting in San Diego, California on October 29 to November 2, 1995. Award categories include Sedgwick Memorial Medal, APHA Award for Excellence, Jay S. Drotman Memorial Award and the Martha May Eliot Award which was reactivated in 1987. Nominations should be submitted on the prescribed forms and must be accompanied with a current, complete curriculum vitae of the nominee.

The article reports on the policy statements adopted by the governing council of the American Public Health Association on November 13, 1991. The Association recognizes the need to identify childhood asthma as a major public health problem. It recommends improvements in service delivery to prevent and control measles outbreaks. It also urges Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories to make Norplant affordable to the public. The American Public Health Association also notes the importance of cervical and breast cancer screening.

The article provides information on the organizational structure of American Public Health Association (APHA) in the U.S. This discloses data regarding the objectives of the organization, its historical background and various significant personalities that had provided vital leadership for APHA. It also cites on the scope of its electoral process, such that the election of a member requires suggestions from various sectors of the association. Moreover, the author presents information which specifically reveals the details on the governing council of APHA, officers of the association, executive boards, governing council and affiliate representatives. In addition, data regarding its association committees and boards together with its section councils are posted.

The article reports on developments related to the American Public Health Association (APHA). William H. Foege, special assistant for policy development at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, assumed presidency of the APHA. Ruth Roemer, Adjunct Professor of Health Law at the School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, was named President-Elect of APHA. The association has proposed constitutional amendments and was approved that speaker of the APHA governing council will an ex-officio member of the executive board of directors without vote.

The article focuses on the contribution of the editor George Rosen on the American public heath tradition. Rosen expresses his concern on the importance of public health tradition through the books he wrote including "A History of Public Health and Preventive Medicine in the United States, 1900-1975," and as an editor of the "American Journal of Public Health." It is stated that he devoted mostly of his editorials to outstanding health workers. Detailed information regarding Rosen's editorials as well as the significant participation of the American Public Association's presidents is discussed.

The article describes some aspects of the evolution of public health and preventive medicine in the U.S., which have affected the roles and relationships of schools of public health and departments of preventive medicine. The information presented here is based on the Annual Meetings of the American Public Health Association (APHA), the size and organization of its membership, and on its statements of policy. Stephen Smith was the first president of APHA, and who has opened the first annual meeting in 1873. Smith addressed the objectives of APHA, including the advancement of sanitary science and the promotion of measure for the practical application of public hygiene. In 1897, APHA held its 25th Annual Meeting and declared bacteriology as part of its science.

The article presents a survey which identifies the smoking behavior of American Public Health Association (APHA) members in the U.S. The association conducted the survey in order to determine how they could best contribute to the goal of decreasing cigarette smoking within the country. It has shown additional evidence that health professionals' own smoking behavior is related to their attitudes and actions in urging a change in the smoking behavior of those to whom they give care. In addition, the said survey presented the percentage of APHA members who ever tried to persuade someone to stop smoking.

The article presents a summary report of the Council on Environment of the American Public Health Association. The Council's responsibility and charge are discussed. The appointment of task forces in areas of environmental concern is being planned by the Council. Among the areas are the Operation Watchdog, Energy Requirements and Public Health, Noise Control, and Space or Land Use. Objectives of the task forces are also mentioned. Future plans and problems encountered by the Council are also discussed in the report.

The article presents a speech by Myron E. Wegman, president of the American Public Health Association (APHA), delivered at the 100th annual meeting of APHA. She discusses the concept of national health policy and the U.S. government's shortcomings in implementing the policy. She emphasizes the role of APHA in monitoring and promoting a high standard of health services.

The article provides information related to public health services in the U.S. Every woman in the country should receive safe, effective, and legal abortion services from health agencies with the supervision of competent and well-trained physicians. Margaret B. Dolan, professor and head nurse of the Department of Public Health Nursing was appointed as the 98th president of the American Public Health Association (APHA). Paul B. Cornely, assistant to the executive medical officer of the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund, has received Sedgwick Memorial Medal for his distinguished service in public health.

The article provides information on the efforts of the American Public Health Association (APHA) to establish sound local health services in the U.S. as well as the development of the Committee on Administrative Practice (CAP). CAP has been devoted to mass surveys which focus on the public health activities and this article discusses the development and results of each survey. A significant event in CAP's existence since 1915 until its termination in 1956 is provided, as well as the information about its members and staffs.

A national housing census provides essential data not otherwise available. Present methods for gathering information are discussed and the importance of developing new methods is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the resolutions adopted by the governing council of the American Public Health Association (APHA), an organization of public health professionals in the U.S., from October 11-15, 1971. Those resolutions include the enforcement of consumer protection regulations, establishment of neighborhood health centers, coordination of federal government's health-related programs, and the development of rapid mass transportation systems. Also included in the resolutions adopted by APHA are the elimination of advertising that stimulates unnecessary drug use, the development of solid waste disposal systems, and the creation of a comprehensive national energy policy.

For over 80 per cent of a national sample of local health agencies in the United States, minimum program standards are specified by the state, by law, regulation, or some other policy method. The performance standards that are used are a mix of state and local standards, with one-third of the agencies reporting that the Model Standards were used in developing their own standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information about the history of the American Public Health Association (APHA) in the U.S. In 1914, the association made revisions and stated the original constitution and by laws. APHA initiated contact with officers of state health associations regarding affiliation in 1916. In 1919, the Kansas, Kentucky, Montana State Association became the first APHA affiliates. A reorganization of the association in 1922 established fellowship, and restricted voting, officeholding, and chairing of committees.

The article announces the nominations for the 2002 Associationwide awards of the American Public Health Association to be presented during the 130th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Nomination forms are available at the association's Web site. The William Thompson Sedgwick Memorial Medal is the oldest and highest honor presented by the Association. Living individual with exceptionally meritorious contributions to the improvement of the health of the people will be given the APHA Award for Excellence.

The article discusses opposition to mandatory HIV testing of pregnant women in the U.S. The American Public Health Association has consistently advocated voluntary HIV antibody testing with informed consent, education, counseling and referral for services. Studies indicate that the majority of women will agree to be tested if given appropriate counseling and if given the choice to be tested. The Association passed Policy Statement 8814: Counseling and Testing for Perinatal Transmission of AIDS, which affirmed the right of women to informed and voluntary consent procedures for HIV testing.

The article presents the American Public Health Association Policy Statement for the evaluation of federal meat, poultry and seafood. Inspection programs are important for the protection of the health of the consuming public. A Pathogen Reduction Program was introduced as a result of the E. coli outbreak. The association encourages the administration and the Congress to assure that a public health agency has policy responsibility for safety. They must also strengthen surveillance and monitoring systems for identifying outbreaks of food-borne illness.

The article provides information on the nominations for the 1993 American Public Health Association (APHA) awards. The awards for which nominations are being sought include the Sedgwick Memorial Medal, Jay S. Drotman Memorial Award, Martha May Eliot Award and the APHA Award for Excellence. All nominations for these awards should be submitted on the prescribed forms and must be accompanied with a complete curriculum vitae of the nominee. Nominees need not be members of the APHA, however, it is preferred that the nominees work in the U.S., Canada or Mexico.

The article presents a policy statement of The American Public Health Association concerning the introduction of registered care technologists in patient care as a temporary solution to the severe shortage of professional nurses in the U.S. The association objects to the proposal and instead encourages the National League for Nursing, American Nurses Association, and other professional nursing associations to address the nursing shortage in partnership with the federal government and health-related organizations to guarantee quality patient care.

The article presents a policy statement of the American Public Health Association regarding the counseling and testing for perinatal transmission of AIDS. The association affirms the women's right to make their own choices regarding reproduction. It recommends that the voluntary and informed testing for HIV infection in the context of perinatal transmission involves several factors. One factor involves the information on the benefits and risks of HIV testing. It also encourages the Centers for Disease Control to create a program regarding counseling for HIV testing of pregnant women.

The article presents a policy statement of the American Public Health Association concerning nutrition fraud and AIDS. The association notes that an estimated $10 billion are being lost to health fraud in the United States. Also, it recognizes that there is a very limited research on appropriate nutritional care with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. It notes that various newsletters and books are promoting potentially harmful nutritional practices. As a result, the association urges the development of educational and case management programs for people with AIDS.