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Spontaneous high-frequency insulin oscillations are easily entrainable to exogenous glucose in vitro and in vivo, but this property is lost in type 2 diabetes (2-DM). We hypothesized that this lack of entrainment in 2-DM would be specific to glucose. This was tested in nine control and ten 2-DM subjects. Serial blood sampling at 1-min intervals was carried out for 60 min in the basal state and for 120 min while small (1–60 mg/kg) boluses of arginine were injected intravenously at exactly 29-min intervals. Samples were analyzed for insulin concentrations, and time series analysis was carried out using spectral analysis. In control subjects, the mean period of basal plasma insulin oscillations was 10.3 ± 1.3 min and was entrained by arginine to a mean period of 14.9 ± 0.6 min (P < 0.00001 vs. basal). Similarly, in 2-DM subjects, spontaneous insulin oscillations were entrained by arginine; mean basal insulin period was 10.0 ± 1.0 min and 14.5 ± 1.8 min with arginine boluses (P ± 0.00001). All of the primary peaks observed in spectral analysis were statistically significant (P ± 0.05). Percent total power of primary peaks ranged from 17 to 68%. Thus arginine boluses entrain spontaneous high-frequency insulin oscillations in 2-DM subjects. This represents a distinct and striking difference from the resistance of the β-cell to glucose entrainment in 2-DM. We conclude that loss of entrainment of spontaneous high-frequency insulin oscillations in 2-DM is likely a glucose-specific manifestation of β-cell secretory dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cites a study, which provides a method to find an estimation of gluconeogenesis. Chemical compound used to find out the estimation; Effect of isotope equilibrium on hepatic glucose output and fractional gluconeogenesis; Effect of lactate infusion on gluconeogenesis.

Part II. Reports on the contribution of chain elongation and desaturation relative to fatty acid synthesis to the accumulation of plasma and tissue triglycerides. Determination of the distribution of certain fatty acids of triglycerides in several tissues of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and their lean littermates; Examination of lipogenesis using deuterated water method; Percentages of fatty acid conversion and lipogenesis suppression.