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Histologic and hormonal documentation of a luteinized unruptured follicle that occurred during a spontaneous menstrual cycle in a rhesus monkey is presented. Frequent (every 2 hours) blood sampling to assess midcycle hormonal dynamics in the monkey with the luteinized unruptured follicle and in five monkeys with an ovulatory stigma revealed significant aberrations in the gonadotropin and steroid hormone profiles associated with a luteinized unruptured follicle. Although the midcycle 17 beta-estradiol surge was normal, the monkey with the luteinized unruptured follicle demonstrated (1) blunted midcycle bioassayable luteinizing hormone, immunoassayable luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone surges; (2) absence of disparity in the bioassayable luteinizing hormone: immunoassayable luteinizing hormone ratio during the gonadotropin surge; (3) absence of progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone secretion during the gonadotropin surge; and (4) delayed and blunted rise in progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone after the gonadotropin surge. These findings suggest that an impaired luteinizing hormone surge, perhaps mediated by insufficient midcycle progestin secretion, is one possible cause of the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome.