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Rationale: To understand the risk factors for catheter-related infection during treatment of pediatric cancer is essential to implement measures to prevent its occurrence., Background: We performed a comprehensive systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis to identify and synthesize the main risk factors for catheter-related infection in children undergoing oncological treatment., Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Lilacs, and BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) until January 2022, following PRISMA guidelines. The search was not limited to language or dates. Risk factors were divided into host-related, assistance-related, and catheter types. We also describe the most common pathogens., Results: Thirteen studies were included in the review. Diagnosis of hematological neoplasm, the intensity of treatment, blood transfusion in the 4-7 days before the infection, type of long-term catheters (tunneled externalized catheters, double lumen, greater diameter), inpatient treatment, and a longer period of hospitalization were the most consistent risk factors. Metanalysis showed that neutropenia at the moment of catheter placement is not a risk factor for central-line-associated bloodstream infections, however, there is high heterogeneity between studies. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common pathogen reported., Conclusions: Understanding risk factors is an essential step to reduce morbidity and mortality of catheter-related infection. Education for preventive measures, reduction of hospitalization, wisely choosing the most adequate type of catheter, and the best moment for catheter insertion may reduce the occurrence of catheter-related infection., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Cesarean section is a surgical procedure the main complication of which is surgical site infection (SSI), which is related to maternal morbidity and mortality., Objective: To evaluate active monitoring by telephone to identify infection and time of SSI report in postpartum women and associated risk factors., Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study from 2013-2014, at a referral service for high-risk pregnancies. Surveillance was conducted via telephone at least 30 days after cesarean delivery. Incidence ratio and time of infection occurrence (days) was analyzed. Survival analysis was conducted to assess the temporal distribution of the development of infection., Results: Of a total of 353 patients, 14 (4%) cases of SSI were reported, and 10 (7.4%) of the reported cases occurred within 15 days after cesarean and average time of infection was12.21 days. American Society of Anesthesiologists score was the only risk factor associated with SSI after cesarean section., Conclusions: The prevalence of SSI after cesarean section via telephone is similar to several services with different methods of surveillance, considering it could be used by services with limited resources. Superficial incisional SSI was the most common type of infection, time of infection report was mainly before the 15th day postprocedure, and American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 2 or less was protective against SSI. Telephone calls can be a viable method to identify women with infection briefly after discharge, particularly at-risk patients., (Copyright © 2015 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Central venous catheters (CVC) are essential in intensive pediatric care units (PICU). Preventive measures during insertion and maintenance reduce infection risks., Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted from January 2010 to December 2011 in a Brazilian university hospital PICU. Patients were followed throughout hospital stay to verify the occurrence of catheter-associated infection (CAI). An active search was performed of the daily prospective data related to the practice of CVC insertion., Results: There was a total of 255 catheter insertions with a CAI incidence density of 13.55/1,000 CVC-days. No association was found between an increased risk for infection and surgical hand antisepsis, the use of maximum barrier precautions, or the use of chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis, which were recommended for the prevention of CAIs. A multivariate analysis showed that catheter use for less than 7 days was protective (P < .01; odds ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval: 0.12-0.72)., Conclusion: Health care teams responsible for CVC insertion should rigorously assess the need for CVC and remove them within 7 days when possible. For patients who have no indication for CVC removal, monitoring with clinical evaluation and requests for additional blood cultures should be scrutinized rigorously., (Copyright © 2013 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

In this prospective, observational study, we sought to investigate the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of central venous catheter-associated infection in 56 patients admitted for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In multivariate analysis, we found a 7-fold higher risk of central line-associated bloodstream infection with central venous catheter insertion in the internal jugular vein as compared with the subclavian access. Patients with central line-associated bloodstream infection had a higher incidence of acute renal failure., (Copyright © 2013 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)