Search

The article presents information on the use of a type of matrix to analyze citations of scientific papers. Scientific papers have a series of citations belonging to the previous literature. It is possible to investigate the internal connections among papers in a group, whose papers are frequently cited by themselves, by examining their citations. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the measurements by which the internal connections of a group of scientific papers are measured. The techniques of using the type of matrix is further developed to carry out the analysis of a certain type of group of scientific papers.

This report describes the results of automatic processing of a large number of scientific papers according to a rigorously defined criterion of coupling. The population of papers under study was ordered into groups that satisfy the stated criterion of interrelation. An examination of the papers that constitute the groups shows a high degree of logical correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the mechanical methods of enlargement production and related processes in use at the U.S. Library of Congress. The production speed, which has been initiated by the continuous enlargers just described with their continuous rolls of sensitized paper in place of the cut sheets used in the past, is maintained in the next step, the automatic processing of the exposed paper. An important feature of these film processors consists of a continuous replenishment apparatus which maintains all the processing solutions at constant strength regardless of the footage of paper that passes through the solutions.

The article presents information the Remington Rand Photoclerk paper cutter acquired by the Queens Borough Public Library to simplify clerical tasks. The Queens model is built around a Nikor Safety Trimmer, to reduce the hazards Involved. The Safety Trimmer is placed on a plywood box with the film holder on the left and a paper stop on the right. It will accommodate a full roll of developed sensitized paper and provides for fairly accurate cut-off with a receptacle for the cut slips.

The article reports that the art and science of recording illustration and text is a vital instrumentality in what is sometimes referred to as civilization. Research and developments in printing, photography and in Photronic Onset are rooted in the need to advance the science and craft of accurate recording, with or without printing plates. Photography requires wet chemicals, considerable time to process a negative and print on paper, and to dry both negative and paper. There is a wide range of requirements for the reproduction of copy for many purposes in commercial, educational, and governmental business systems.

A general model of information transfer establishes a conceptual framework for contributed papers for the 1968 ADI Convention in Columbus, Ohio, October 20-24, 1968. The general model is an elaboration on the classic sender/channel/receiver model and presents a variety of alternative channels for information transfer including direct transfer, primary recorded media, archives, secondary recorded media, and information centers. Suggested areas for response in the form of contributed papers include costs, performance, benefits, functions, application of scientific and technical disciplines, research, vocabulary control, and language processing associated with information systems, science, and technology. A call for papers for the 1968 ADI Convention is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed comparison of how 334 papers in Vol. 112 of Physical Review form related groups according to two criteria of relatedness. The criteria are: (1) the Analytic Subject Index as used by the editors of the Physical Review; and (2) the method of Bibliographic Coupling. The similarities and differences between the groups thus formed are illustrated and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that the American Standards Association (ASA) approved on February 27, 1950 the American Standard Method for Determining Residual Thiosulfate and tetrathionate in Processed Photographic Papers sponsored by the Optical Society of America. The ASA classification is Z38.8.25-1950, and the UDC 77.023. The Standard contained in an eight page leaflet may be secured from the American Standards Association Inc., 70 East 45th Street, New York 17, New York, at a cost of $0.35 (thirty-five cents). From the same source a free list of all standards approved to date, including 142 dealing with photography, is available.

This article focuses on the identification of research papers by physical units appearing the periodical "American Documentation" in 1963. It was hoped that through the identification of the units, specification of ranges and coincidence of units papers in reasonably broad research fields could be identified. This approach would eliminate those papers not containing the specified units in the specified ranges and coincidences. For example, it may be hypothesized that a nuclear physicist should request papers reporting experimental determinations of neutron cross sections for incident neutron energies between 1 and 20 MeV.

The article presents information based on a report investigating on the metabolism of new scientific information. To investigate the metabolism of new scientific information, questionnaires were sent to the authors of 463 papers presented or read by title at two important meetings for cardiovascular and endocrine research workers. Information is one of the vital nutrients of research. Its digestion, absorption and assimilation by the scientific community may be likened to the metabolism of food by the human body. One of the most powerful modern tools for studying biological metabolism is the use of tracers or tagged substances that undergo the various metabolic changes of foodstuffs in the body but, unlike the bulk of such material, can be identified at any desired stage in the sequence of transformation and analyzed to determine what changes in composition are occurring and how efficiently conversion is proceeding.

The use of citation data in the computer construction of historical network diagrams is proposed. A new "critical path method" of evaluating the impact of individual scientific discoveries is described as welt as a "critical impact" factor which measures the arborization of specific papers or ideas through the subsequent literature. The danger of indiscriminate, unqualified use of quantitative citation data in sociological evaluations is emphasized. However, citation indexes do make thorough qualitative evaluations possible by providing a practical tool for locating subsequent criticisms of particular papers by specified authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on critique of contemporary work in information retrieval. Bar-Hillel's use of the term "literature search" likewise has objections. According to the established meaning, a chemist "searches the literature" to find out (for example) if a given compound was over before produced. He wants at least a "yes" or "no" answer. Thus an information retrieval system can provide great assistance to a chemist in his job of searching the literature by helping him to find documents, but it cannot do his "literature searching."

Discussions relating to the identification of courses and the development of curricula for the information- science field cannot yield meaningful results unless the conceptual framework of the field is first delimited and its basic segments defined. Starting with the current ASIS definition of information science, an analysis is made of the rationale of current thinking relevant to the conceptual boundaries and intellectual content of the field. Information science is analyzed to be comprised of the segments of: (1) Conceptualization, (2) Storage/Transmission, and (3) Utilization. Two of the segments are shown to be based on subjective notions, which can be investigated, for the most part, through the employment of statistical and normative survey methodology. One of the segments is shown to be susceptible of the application of more rigorous research methodology capable of yielding empirical proof. Since all three segments form integral parts of the field, they need to be fully represented in the information science curriculum. The technologist as well as the humanist can make significant contributions to the growth and development of the information-science field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often assumed that the amount of interindexer consistency experienced under a given method of indexing is somehow indicative of the quality of the indexing. To explore this assumption, two hypotheses are stated concerning the possible connection between interindexer consistency and indexing quality. A specific counter-example is then exhibited which shows both hypotheses to be invalid. Although a mathematical analysis of the counterexample yields certain insights, the general relationship between interindexer consistency and successful retrieval is more subtle than might have been expected. it is concluded that until equations describing this relationship have been derived, measurements of interindexer consistency will have little meaning as clues to indexing quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publications explosion has focused renewed attention on the lowly footnote. While we are all at least partially aware of the technical functions of the citation for both the writer and the reader of the scientific paper, little is known about the norms operating in actual practice. Even less is known about the operating norms with respect to the more sociological functions, including the acknowledgement of intellectual debts or the conferral of recognition upon the works of others. This paper reviews the state of our knowledge, raises questions, and proposes suggestions and hypotheses for studying the relationships between footnoting practices among scientists and the social system of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on Charles Bishop's recently proposed use of "coden" in documentation to identify uniquely and briefly each paper published in scientific periodicals. This coden would consist of a four-letter abbreviation to identify the journal, followed by the volume number, followed by the number of the page on which the paper commences. Some journals that publish more than one volume a year start numbering the volumes afresh at the beginning of each year. If two or more papers commence on the same page. they must be distinguished. The coden proposed by Bishop does not specify the date. The main question for debate is whether knowledge of the year is worth the price of one extra digit.

The article focuses on the research paper "How to Write a Paper." The paper is an appeal for more informal writing on medical subjects. The title should hint at what the paper is about. The first lines should tell what was tried and how it turned out. The author should be aware of previous work on the subject.

The article evaluates the document restoration processes. The documents need restoration once again, due to the deterioration of the materials originally used for reinforcement. Until about sixteen years ago, a process known as silking was the principal method of restoring deteriorated documents. The use of this process in America began about the turn of the century. Basically, silking consists of pasting to each side of the document a piece of semitransparent silk cloth. Lamination with films containing adhesives and tissue process are some of the other processes used for restoration.

The science of photoreproduction has undergone revolutionary developments during the past few years. Although photography was invented in the early nineteenth century, it has been only in the last few years that one could snap a picture and obtain a finished photograph in less than a minute. The development of simple office-copying techniques for the reproduction of letters and other documents is of very recent origin. Perhaps less well known but certainly of equal importance are the new photographic techniques for obtaining a matrix for printing, that is, a printing plate obtained by photographic means. It is the purpose of the present article to acquaint the reader with the scientific basis of photoreproduction techniques. Since historically, and perhaps economically, photomechanical techniques are of greatest importance, we shall consider them first. At the same time, it might be wise to review the essentials of printing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliography on the drug tholidomide was prepared through a search of Chemical Abstracts (CA) and Index Medicus (IM) for the years 1956-1964, which took 14.6 hours. This was compared with a similar bibliography prepared through a search of Science Citation Index [SCI) 1961 and 1964, carried out for an equal length of time according to search procedures described, in an effort to determine if and how SCI might be helpful in subject searches. A satisfactory procedure for manual search of SCI was developed. The cumulative number of references found through SCI plotted against time gave a convex curve, while corresponding data from the conventional indexes gave a linear response. For periods up to eight hours, SCI yielded more references than did either IM or CA. However, at 14.6 hours SCI did not produce all references obtainable through CA-IM. Each of the three indexes produced a high percentage of unique references, SCI's being the highest. SCI-1964's coverage of articles published in 1964 was more complete than was IM-1964's. CA-IM gave superior coverage of chemical papers, patents, and papers in the less common languages. SCI's coverage of pharmacological papers was superior to that of either CA or IM. In this search SCI and conventional indexes could be profitably used together; each produced a large number of references not to be found in the other. In this search SCI was not appreciably less efficient in retrieving drug references than were CA and IM; for short time intervals, it was more efficient. More general conclusions must await further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on communication among Japanese scientists domestically and with their counterparts abroad. Japanese sources are far more important as basic information for initiating research work. Russian literature is consulted in physics and chemistry, but the absolute percentage values are very low. In order to discover the habits of Japanese scientists in relation to the acquisition and assimilation of scientific information, questions about allocations of time at the disposal of researchers to these activities were asked. The English is very widely used by Japanese scientists; nevertheless "writing good English" is a difficult problem for most of them.

This article presents information on research on the possibilities of mechanizing indexing. However, simple investigations can be made, requiring no machines, which should also produce some useful results concerning the possibilities of mechanized indexing. This brief paper describes some simple explorations of this character, and makes a few comments on their possible outcome. For several reasons, this paper suggests the trying out of relatively simple possible rules for mechanized indexing. The only virtue of an existing indexing vocabulary in a retrieval system is that it works well.

This article reports that the New Jersey Law Institute is very much interested in the application of automatic searching devices to legal literature. A series of brief mimeographed papers has been prepared, discussing various phases of the problems such as "The Structure of Systems for Automatic Literature Searches," which discusses requirements for the successful use of automatic search devices; "Analysis of Some Problems in Probability Arising from Automatic Literature Searching"; and "Some Problems in Search Cost as Measured in Work and Time."

This article presents information about an article "The Preparation and Writing of Medical Papers for Publication," by W.R. Bett. The cultivation of literary style is being more and more jeopardized by the conditions of modern life, the decline of a classical education, and the influence of the laboratory with its language of symbols and formulae. Superfluous journals have led to superfluous and often slovenly writing. The medical student of this generation is overwhelmed with facts which only too often are presented to him dressed in unfinished or unsuitable garments of verbiage.

The article informs that the deliveries are now being made of a new card Reader Model 3 which is intended to meet requirements of portability, limited space and low initial cost. The design requires neither motor nor blower and can be used interchangeably with AC or DC current. It is priced at $162.50 f.o.b. La Crosse, Wisconsin and immediate delivery can be made.

In order to provide a rapid, comprehensive survey of specific research areas of high current interest, but of highly diversified literature, an abstract service was organized in August, 1958. Cancer Immunology Abstracts was the first of five publications; best known is Cancer Chemotherapy Abstracts; newest is Psychopharmacology Abstracts. Abstracts are prepared by a staff with biomedical graduate degrees who become familiar with and proficient in the areas of survey; papers are re-read and checked by a second abstracter, then checked again by the editor. The emphasis is on selective and accurate abstraction from the viewpoint of the particular publication, with drug and data standardization. Scanning procedures included survey of 4700 biological and medical journals, with page-by-page analysis of a large number; abstracts, meetings and book reviews are included. Abstract journals and patent sources are covered for material not generally available; arrangements are made for direct receipt of these, since all abstracting is done from original sources. Advantages to the reader are greater coverage, specific topic extraction, and speed. Among the analyses to be presented will be comparisons with other documentation sources as to: (1) number of references selected for specific therapeutic agents; (2) time interval between appearance of a meeting abstract and the full report; (3) number of subject entries per abstract; (4) percentage of references chosen from selective reference lists; and (5) time interval between publication of an article and appearance of its abstract. Thorough coverage in depth of specific fields versus wide topic spread will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that for the first time in history there is now available the technology to produce and publish books on demand and at a reasonable price. With the introduction of the Xerox and its successful application as a practical book-printing machine, there is once again the old excitement of new frontiers and of a solution, at last, to old unsolvable problems--a solution built on all the earlier basic thinking about microfilm. Out-of-print books, often so very difficult to obtain, can now be made on demand. Original manuscripts can be published with the only investment being the cost of a microfilm negative.

Discusses the use of facsimile systems as an aid to research. Basic units of a facsimile system; Information on the use of a facsimile system by Western Union; Functions of facsimile systems.

This article presents information related to the publication of American Chemical Society National Meeting Papers. Papers presented at the 131st national American Chemical Society meeting were traced in CA author indexes to determine the number of papers eventually published. Of 1,255 papers presented, 1008, or 80%, were located in the literature in some form-journal articles, preprints, theses, patents, textbooks, or chapters in books. The publication time lag for papers published in ACS journals (54%) is summarized and the ACS journals involved are also tabulated.

This article informs that the information requirements can be specified in terms of one or more characteristic features. If the identification and selection of papers, patents, and other records is to be accomplished with the aid of automatic equipment, then such identification and selection must be formalized in terms of well-defined routine operations. The analysis of the subject content of documents is a necessary prerequisite to rendering them amenable to identification by machine searching operations. In conducting such analysis, the significance of the subject content of each document must be carefully considered in the light of its importance and probable usefulness to other workers in the field.

The article discusses low-cost institutional photocopying service. The Library of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has developed an inexpensive institutional photocopying service, delivering positive prints of documents instead of right negatives. The low service charge and the operating convenience experienced during the first year of its use has assured its permanence. Simplicity of plant, equipment and operation makes the installation of a similar service entirely feasible for the small educational institution and the medium-sized library. Because of the low initial outlay it may be justified as a stand-by service. Sufficiently publicized it can develop into a widely appreciated auxiliary service, contributing to the Library's prestige and improvement in community relations.

The paper discusses the production of library catalogue cards, specifically treating the Columbia- Harvard-Yale Medical libraries Computerization Project. A description is provided of the bibliographic data input, general computer processing, and various output modes. The paper, also, treats of error controls, human edit procedures, and the complexity and variety of present bibliographic organization in the context of computer manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of attendees and program participants was surveyed after the 1964 meeting of the American Documentation Institute to provide ideas and guidance for future ADI meetings. The responses indicated that attendees view the quality of the technical program as the key to a successful meeting; that a four-day meeting length meets with wide approval; that, if carefully planned, concurrent plenary sessions might be acceptable; that improvements in scheduling are required to permit greater participation in Author Forums; and that conference proceedings greatly enhance the value of the meeting and should be distributed well before the meeting. The many suggestions and criticisms that were offered are being studied in relation to the next regular ADI meeting In 1966. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citation indexes to large bodies of science literature can often list far more citing references under the known cited reference than the user can afford the time to look up. By providing some additional information, beyond the minimal association of the citing reference with the cited reference, a citation index could provide the means for the user to select from a long list those citing references which are most relevant to his immediate search requirement. Means of providing this selectivity are discussed. Particular attention is given to the possibility of adding short codes to the citation entries which would be informative on the way in which the citing publication is operationally related to the cited one (this method is an integral feature of the Shepard's legal citations). A scheme of citation relationships of potential value to users of science literature is presented. These relationships were tested on a sampling of physics literature. The suggested categories include indicators of the relation of the citing reference to the scientific process in general, as well as indicators of its relationship to the cited reference in particular. Assignment of the categories to a citation requires the exercise of judgment, as in subject indexing, but does not involve the use of subject terminology. An illustration is provided of the application of citation relationship indicators to an excerpt from a citation index to physics literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[The following is a slightly condensed and consolidated translation of two papers, "Research Journals as a Means of Disseminating Scientific Information" and "Organization of Scientific Information Activities in the Soviet Union and the Methods Used in the Preparation of the Referativnyi Zhurnal (Abstract Journal) at the Institute of Scientific Information of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" by Professor B. M. Tareev, Chief Editor of Referativnyi Zhurnal- Elektrotekhnika i Energetika (Abstract Journal- Electrical and Power Engineering) of the Institute of Scientific Information of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. These papers were prepared for the Section of Scientific Information of the Tenth Pacific Science Congress, August 1961, Honolulu, Hawaii]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several forms of citation index were compiled with the aid of punched card techniques from 11,000 citations appearing in a coherent body of scientific literature which contained more than 740 citing papers. Preliminary statistics on citation patterns are given. The potential uses of various types of citation indexes are discussed and are related to problems in recording and standardizing data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that after the end of World War II the library world--at least a segment of it--was made increasingly aware of the bibliographic problems that were developing in a variety of subjects, but mainly in science and technology. Some of this awareness resulted from problems of identifying and locating obscure yet seemingly important papers, part of the log-jam of scientific information and new techniques developed during the war. Some of it was due to publication in library journals of papers on bibliographic control, mainly of scientific information.

This article discusses the use of the "reading log," coden system which the author proposes here, by the individual research scientist. In its simplest form, the reading log would merely list the coden of articles read, with a brief note as to their content and significance. One of the major problems solved by the reading log was the problem of controlling miscellaneous information. With illustrating the actual bibliographic procedure for recording by the use of the reading log, it is argued that the reading log allows the individual research scientist to keep, with a minimum of effort, a record of the articles he reads. He records only the essentials on the assumption that in a year or two he will be able to locate the papers through abstracts or periodic review articles. According to the author the reading log is of greatest value to the individual scientist and is not advocated for bibliographic centers where greater versatility and continuity are required.

This article focuses on the properties of diazotype sensitized materials. The diazotype process is based on two chemical facts. Highly tinctorial azo dyes can be formed in an alkaline environment by the combination of two chemical materials, diazo compounds and the colorless couplers. The ability of certain diazo compounds to take part in forming an azo dye can be destroyed by the action of light. Today the most important diazotype diazos are derivatives of singly diazotized paraphenylenediamine.

This article focuses on the heuristic information retrieval game. The human thinking process seems to follow a procedure in which people create in their minds a map or model of the real world. An individual uses several aids both in constructing these models and in communicating their salient features to others; one of these aids is the simulation, in which an attempt is made to recreate the basic functions, processes, and their interrelationships that most accurately depict the situation under study. The game is one of the forms of simulation.

The article comment briefly upon the place of conventional photography in the duplication of documentary materials. The photostat process has now been so thoroughly mechanized that it is possible to produce a completed photostat ready for use in seven minutes time. There is at present a modified automatic photostat device being tried experimentally at the U.S. Department of Agriculture that will produce copies rapidly at even less cost. One of the interesting new developments in the field of copying devices is that of Thermofax, a product of the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. Stenafax, the product of the Times Facsimile Corp., is an adaptation of the Facsimile equipment that has become familiar through use for the transmission of newsphotos and weather maps.

The article informs that the accelerated rate at which the literature of science and learning has grown in recent years has made improvement in its recording plans increasingly urgent. The methods of indexing, cataloging and abstracting now being employed have become so costly and tardy that less expensive and more expedient procedures are necessary. The technic of its production is quite simple. The journals as they arrive in the library are first examined by a person capable of deciding whether all or only a part of the contents may be of medical interest. The title pages are marked and uniformly typed. The typed and pasted copy is sent directly to the offset printer, and since it is reproduced photographically no proofreading or correcting is required. The plan of recording the titles of papers offers many advantages in technic and flexibility of indexing subject matter.

The article presents a list of research papers on subject and linguistic analysis in information science. In the paper "Study of Theories and Models of Information Storage and Retrieval: Report No. 7: Graphs and Algorithms for Term Relations," an algorithm is presented for grouping the terms of a document corpus into genera, and it is shown that the different genera of the graph G = (T, M), where T is the set of index terms and M the reflexive, symmetrical relation of matching, constitute a partition of T. In "All Evaluation of Links and Roles Used in Information Retrieval," links and roles are techniques for modifying a basic coordinate indexing method.

The article focuses on several papers providing information on the application of equipment to library operations. The paper "The Economics of Book Catalog Production: A Study Prepared for Stanford University Libraries and the Council on Library Resources," by R.M. Hayes and R.M. Shoffner was intended to assist Stanford University in the economic and procedural questions involved in deciding what form the catalog for a new undergraduate library should take. It is also expected to assist other libraries in making such a decision.

The article refers to a paper "Class Definition and Code Construction," which is Number VI of the series Machine Literature Searching, in which, the authors employ the algebra of classes and its symbols in a manner which is certainly questionable if not actually wrong. Since most of what is said is fairly clear in spite of the unfortunate use of symbols and the algebra of classes, one does not feel it necessary to bring this fact to the attention of the readers of "American Documentation."

The article presents information on the principles underlying the indexing system. The backbone of the indexing system is provided by codes for individual terms. The construction of these codes has been developed in such a way that the important aspects of the meanings of terms are rendered explicit and thus made available as reference points for defining and conducting searching operations. The establishment of codes based on semantic analysis has been greatly facilitated by preliminary systematization of the terminology.

The article discusses the application of the microfilm camera to the indexing, reproduction and storage of technical information. The paper specifically describes a method by which catalog cards may be prepared with the aid of a standard 35mm microfilm camera, thus rendering a time catalog cards may be prepared with the aid of a standard 35mm microfilm camera, thus rendering a time saving of about 40% and a corresponding increase in production. This system may also be applied to such cases as stock records and inventory control.

The article provides information on the bibliographies of documentation. The publications of the American Council of Learned Societies during the last two years have been prepared on an IBM typewriter and lithoprinted with a minimum of expense. The principal purpose of the operation has been to secure dependable figures on costs. "Article Bibliography," is a 3-volume, 4500 page bibliography, listing or summarizing more than 20,000 scientific papers and reports pertaining to the Arctic, and also official documents, books of exploration, and general magazine articles. "Machine Translation," discusses the present state of research on machine translation in the U.S. The present outlook is that fully automatic translation seems out of the question in the near future; it would require storage capacities of trillions of bits of information or the invention of programming techniques that could greatly increase the machine's efficiency by learning, or some combination of these two factors

In this article, the author offers a look at certain reprints and manuscripts on the subject of the nature and levels of controls. He also presents an account of the simian method. there are other examples of the simian method. The biographer must examine every scrap of paper, whether printed or manuscript, relating to his subject, in addition to the inspection of physical objects which may be related to it. The historian must hunt and pick his way through a mound of fragments and shards of historical fact, unorganized, unclassified, in order to bring an order and a rationale into them.

The article reports on maintenance and reduction of documents. The aim of the article is to present the major problems of maintenance, problems which are inherent in any document collection, problems whose existence alone gives reason to this discussion. The article also enumerates some of the major problems of reduction, and finally, to suggest some possible solution for at least a part of the numerous problems that inevitably accompany work in this field. Maintenance of a collection is concerned primarily with the document in its original form, usually paper, with graphs, supplements, revisions, addenda, changes, and sometimes a multitude of after thoughts.