Search

Halliburton has been directing a multi-year, cross-industry initiative to develop a web-based Information Resource for Water Management Technology. It aims to help the working engineer to understand current and up-to-date Water Management principles, technologies, best practices and lessons learned. We present the philosophy and methodology employed in the analysis, design and implementation of this important industry resource.

ABSTRACT Perforation design is an important aspect of the completion of production and injection wells. Significant penalties can be incurred both through productivity loss or additional perforation costs if the design is not accurately optimized. These penalties are especially severe in the case of high-rate gas wells. The Well Perforation Performance Model (PERF) was developed as a collaboration between SSI, London and BP Exploration, Aberdeen. It allows different perforating methods to be evaluated and compared to select the ideal gun and charge for a given perforation job. A major technical feature of the program is the finite element simulator, which allows accurate modelling of complex geometries. It can analyze great detail on small computers. The program allows the analysis to carried out in detail, using a state-of-the-art finite-element simulator, or more rapidly using a set of industry-standard nomographs. A database of gun and charge characteristics is provided, which records the results of API laboratory tests, so that typical perforating problems can easily be set up. The results, in terms of a productivity index or flow efficiency, can be viewed graphically as a function of the main physical parameters, including: Shot Density, Perforation Length and Diameter, Phasing, Damage and Compaction, Gravel Packing. Comparisons are provided against earlier published theoretical and experimental work, demonstrating improved accuracy and usability of the technology. INTRODUCTION Gun perforating has been one of the most successful completion methods to be used over the last fifty years or so. The aim of the process is to provide a lean flow channel between the wellbore and the producing formation, through the region of drilling-damaged reservoir.

This Paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented Papers presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836 USA. Abstract Reservoir studies are often directed at specifically evaluating, amongst other things: The Sweep of Injected Water in a Waterflood, Tracing Injected Gas Though a Field, The Efficiency of a Polymer or Miscible Component Flood. Each of these problems can be completely obscured by the presence of numerical diffusion, which dominates and masks out true, physical saturation changes. No finite-difference method yet developed which relies on a fixed grid can claim to accurately model any sharp saturation front without degrading it eventually into a smooth, uniform distribution. It is pointless to try and remedy this by increasing the truncation accuracy of the scheme, since it is the physical dynamics of the approximation which are important. The basic difficulties in capturing and tracing any sharp saturation front with time are best understood by considering the fundamental property laws which are necessary for a physical solution. These are: Conservation Properties, Boundedness Properties, Transport Properties Properties, Boundedness Properties, Transport Properties and Shock Capture. We describe a method based on the finite-element scheme which allows these laws to be closely approximated. In addition, its formulation is such that it can be incorporated easily into existing IMPES black-oil and compositional simulators. The method is validated by comparison with one- and two-dimensional laboratory experiments and by numerical experiments designed to trap shock waves. Introduction Ever since Buckley and Leverett (1942) wrote down and analyzed the 1-D two-phase fluid flow problem in porous media, there has been a great deal of interest in porous media, there has been a great deal of interest in numerical methods which can accurately solve the equations under consideration. Even though exact analytical solutions can be found in the 1-D case, all the difficulties involved in numerical solution immediately become apparent. Indeed, no finite-difference method yet developed which relies on a fixed grid can claim to accurately model any sharp saturation front passing through the system without degrading it eventually into a smooth, uniform distribution [1]. As discussed in [1] it is pointless to try and remedy this by increasing the truncation accuracy of the scheme, since it is the dynamics of the approximation which are important. When 3-D problems are analyzed in a field scale reservoir simulator, these problems are frequently accentuated. Reservoir studies are often directed at specifically evaluating, amongst other things:The sweep of injected water in a waterfloodTracing injected gas through the field