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Castration is the most common routine surgical procedure in animals.The present investigation aimed to compare between two techniques of surgical castration (prescrotal and pinhole) in dogs. The study was performed on nine clinically healthy dogs weighing 30-40 kg and aged from 1-2 years, these animals were divided into three groups (prescrotal, bilateral pinhole and unilateral pinhole) and each group consists of three animals. Castration was done under the effect of xylazine –ketamine anaesthesia. Intra-operative and post-operative complications together with cortisol concentration and histopathological examination were reported. The result of this study revealed that no major intra and post-operative complications were observed in prescrotal technique. Healing score is better in prescrotal than pinhole technique while cortisol level was significantly higher in pinhole technique. It was concluded that prescrotal castration technique proved advantageous than pinhole one as it was less painful, simple and effective for male dog sterilization.

The objective of current study was to evaluate outcomes and complications following tube cystostomy and bladder marsupialization, as emergent techniques for urine diversion in case of urine retention. An experimental study conducted on 12 mongrel breed male dogs. Urine retention was induced by experimental urethral obstruction through ligation of the penile urethra. Short term follow-up was taken through which clinical and ultrasonographical examination were carried out. Tube cystostomy and bladder marsupialization were conducted as a solution (6 cases for each). Outcomes and complications within 14 days postoperatively were recorded for both techniques. Both surgical techniques were associated with considerable postoperative complications. Tube cystostomy proved advantageous although higher cost. It cleared less morbidity than bladder marsupialization. Clinical findings revealed urine scalds in different degrees in all dogs treated with bladder marsupialization and one showed mucosal prolapse followed by death. While, hematuria and accidental dislodgement were the only complications observed in tube cystostomy treated dogs and were easily managed, except one dog died 2 days after surgery with unknown cause. Ultrasonographic findings revealed minimal reversible changes of bladder contour with mild cystitis in dogs treated by tube cystostomy rather massive irreversible changes with severe cystitis and fibrosis in bladder marsupialization treated dogs. Surgical tube cystostomy is more effective emergent solution for complete urethral obstruction in dogs than bladder marsupialization.Using of tube cystostomy is a preferred procedure even it costs more in dogs kept indoors for longer periods with the need for maintaining urinary continence and subsequent owner compliance.