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Moose (Alces alces) hunting and other means of forest food production employed by members ofFirstNations communities are undertaken as part oftheir treaty rights in Ontario, articulated in specific nation-to-nation agreements with the Government of Canada on behalf of the British Crown. Aroland First Nation in Northwestern Ontario is party to Treaty 9 (1905), which overtly protects the community's rights to hunt throughout the unoccupied tracts of Crown land claimed as "traditional territory." Traditional use supersedes provincial authority and, as such, is not managed by provincial policy or regulation. This jurisdictional divide has presented an interesting history and many challenges for both provincial managers and First Nations land users. Strained relationships between provincial authorities and First Nations, emergent from decades of misunderstandings of jurisdictional authority, have presented difficulty in all aspects of natural resource management. In this paper, we engaged community-based researchers in an exploration of the community's perspective of the current and historical management regime. In collaboration with community members, we interpret the results, discuss implications, and provide considerations for future managers and policy makers. We also quantified the annual moose harvest by Aro land and Ginoogaming First Nations that is only estimated by provincial managers; our results show provincial calculations may underestimate total harvests by up to 40%. This error could have significant implications for future moose populations, wildlife managers, and both provincial and First Nations hunters. The potential for such errors serves to highlight our call for provincial authorities to seek and engage First Nations perspectives and participation in moose management for the benefit of the entire community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]