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COMPASS-U will be the successor of the existing COMPASS tokamak which is the main experimental facility of the Tokamak Department at the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences. COMPASS-U tokamak will be a flexible high magnetic field device with an advantage for scaling towards ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) and DEMO (DEMOnstration Power Station). The ITER and DEMO are foreseen to produce more energy than needed to power them. Based on the results obtained from the COMPASS-U it will be possible to learn more about the tokamak device, which will give more knowledge to construct larger of this type devices in the future. COMPASS-U requires new design of the whole structure of the device. One of the most challenging issues is the design of the Central Solenoid (CS) coils and its support structure. This task requires evaluation of many different case studies which include inter alia geometrical, technological and material properties verifications. In this contribution we present development and mechanical investigation of the CS structure. Based on a previous work, which showed the need of further optimization of the CS structure, additional development was done. In this work preload structure was added to the whole system. This allows to include preload as an additional load step. Preload was added to include compression of the CS coils in axial direction. The influence of the impregnation conditions on the CS behavior was checked. Several ways of impregnation application were studied and their influence on the CS structure was examined. Mechanical analysis using Finite Element Method (FEM) includes 2D axisymmetric model of the CS structure. Results for CS structure are presented for one particular loading scenario which is the premagnetization of the coils without plasma.

The COMPASS Upgrade tokamak (B = 5 T, IP = 2 MA, R = 0.894 m, a = 0.27 m) requires strengthening of the existing foundations due to larger electro-magnetic (EM) loads occurring during plasma disruption events. The focus is given to the VDE as they create the largest EM forces. Due to the fast rate of change of these forces, dynamic effects were considered. In order to find the time evolution of the electromagnetic forces during the VDE disruptions, a 2D electromagnetic model has been created. Current values in the central solenoid, poloidal field coils and the vacuum vessel were obtained from the FIESTA code and the plasma was modeled with finite number of filaments with prescribed currents to model the vertical motion. The time evolutions of the electromagnetic forces during 500 ms were imported to a 3D mechanical model built in Ansys Workbench. The transient analysis was solved with the mode superposition method based on 100, 400 and 1000 modes. The extremum reaction forces acting on the foundations were found to be -12.6 MN and +12.7 MN

In the current research, the influence of frequency 10; 100; 1000 Hz square wave of solenoid magnetic field on CaCO3 scale formation in piping system was investigated. CaCO3 scale was synthesized by CaCl2.2H2O and Na2CO3 in the stoichiometry calcium solution was set at 3,500 ppm To inhibit the scale, citric acid (C6H8O7) was added to calcium solution in meager degree, i.e. 5.00 and 10.00 ppm. This experiment was conducted by in house experimental rig completed by computer program to control the experiment parameters,flow rate at 30 ml/minute; temperature at 30°C. Induction time was found as 17; 16 and 13 minute for the experiment of 10:100:1000 Hz respectively. Deposition rate was found as 0.0525; 0.0655 and 0.0790gr/hr for the experiment of 1,000 Gauss respectively. The polymorph of the scale was characterized by SEM to investigate the morphology of the crystal phases through shape and dispersion method. The result shows that vaterite predominates the phases.

The voltage induced in the coil (solenoid or inductor) depends on number of turns of coil, rate of change of flux and permeability of core material. When these three factors are fixed the induced voltage becomes constant. It was observed that the induced voltage in a coil can be further increased, if the temperature of ferromagnetic core material is increased [1]. The variation of inductance and effective resistance of the coil in the presence of heated ferromagnetic cores are measured. During the course of these investigations, Coefficient of induced voltage and Coefficient of permeability for different ferromagnetic core materials are measured and reported [5]. All these parameters are measured for ferromagnetic Mild Steel, Cobalt and Nickel as core materials in horizontal setup [2, 3, 4]. These results are compared and reported in this paper.

As the main $H^{-}$ ion source for the accelerator complex, magnetron ion sources have been used at Fermilab since the 1970s. At the offline test stand, new R&D is carried out to develop and upgrade the present magnetron-type sources of $H^{-}$ ions of up to 80 mA and 35 keV beam energy in the context of the Proton Improvement Plan. The aim of this plan is to provide high-power proton beams for the experiments at FNAL. In order to reduce the amount of tuning and monitoring of these ion sources, a new electronic system consisting of a current-regulated arc discharge modulator allow the ion source to run at a constant arc current for improved beam output and operation. A solenoid-type gas valve feeds $H_{2}$ gas into the source precisely and independently of ambient temperature. This summary will cover several studies and design changes that have been tested and will eventually be implemented on the operational magnetron sources at Fermilab. Innovative results for this type of ion source include cathode geometries, solenoid gas valves, current controlled arc pulser, cesium boiler redesign, gas mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen, and duty factor reduction, with the aim to improve source lifetime, stability, and reducing the amount of tuning needed. In this summary, I will highlight the advances made in ion sources at Fermilab and will outline the directions of the continuing R&D effort., 4 pp. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1701.01757

To improve the directivity of source plasma ions supplied to the extraction gap of a laser-ablation ion source (LAIS), the behavior of a laser-produced dense plasma flow modulated by a divergent magnetic field was investigated in detail. A magnetic field having a “nozzle-like” structure was induced by a pulsed solenoid near the laser target in synchronization with laser irradiation. The waveforms of plasma ions passing through the magnetic field were observed at various directions and distances from the target. Two different mechanisms were found to cause the enhancement of the plasma ion flux independently. The core part of the laser-produced plasma plume is compressed by the magnetic pressure, leading to an increase in the plasma ion flux. Meanwhile, ions in the peripheral part of the plume are gathered by the collective focusing effect. More detailed analyses using a hybrid particle-in-cell code were also performed to find the optimum magnetic nozzle parameters, which qualitatively reproduced the experimental results.

MEDeGUN [1] is an electron gun to be used in an Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) designed to serve as C6+ source for LINAC-based 2nd generation hadron therapy facilities [2]. The latter require short pulses of at least 1*108 particles at a repetition rate of 400 Hz, which exceeds the possibilities of currently used electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) and EBISes. The design of MEDeGUN is based on a combination of electrostatic and magnetic compression, which is commonly referred to as Brillouin gun. As previous devices have shown, it is difficult to achieve the design goals in this configuration due to the high sensitivity of the electron beam to any field imperfection. Therefore, the number of interfaces between the cathode, Wehnelt and anode electrodes have been reduced to only two in our design. In spring 2017, the MEDeGUN assembly was installed at the TwinEBIS test bench at CERN [3]. We have since then propagated an electron beam of more than 1 A at 10 keV electron energy through the 2T solenoid with losses of less than 1 mA. We will here present the commissioning results and discuss them with respect to the design goals.

D-Pace’s 13.56 MHz RF powered H− ion source, a hybrid design between the TRIUMF licensed filament powered volume-cusp ion source and the University of Jyvaskyla licensed RF ion source, has been shown to be less efficient than the filament powered ion source, even though both sources use the same body and extraction system. The difference is thought to be due to RF power losses to the outside of the ion source, to the lack of plasma confinement on the back plate of the ion source, and to the absence of a sputtered tantalum coating on the plasma chamber walls. We believe that the lack of confinement on the back plate also causes the RF window to heat, with a maximum temperature measured at 450 °C at 3.5 kW of RF power. In this paper, we are investigating the use of a solenoid and permanent magnets behind the antenna and the back plate of the ion source to create a magnetic field that confines the plasma by preventing the electrons from striking the RF window. Furthermore, we present the effect of sputtering a tantalum coating in the plasma chamber of the ion source on the production of H− ions in the RF powered source. Our results show an increase in H− beam current at higher RF powers with a fresh coat of tantalum, and a subsequent decrease in beam current over time.

The magnetron-style $H^{-}$ ion sources currently in operation at Fermilab use piezoelectric gas valves to function. This kind of gas valve is sensitive to small changes in ambient temperature, which affect the stability and performance of the ion source. This motivates the need to find an alternative way of feeding H2 gas into the source. A solenoid-type gas valve has been characterized in a dedicated off-line test stand to assess the feasibility of its use in the operational ion sources. $H^{-}$ ion beams have been extracted at 35 keV using this valve. In this study, the performance of the solenoid gas valve has been characterized measuring the beam current output of the magnetron source with respect to the voltage and pulse width of the signal applied to the gas valve., 4 pp. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1701.01757

In 1986, we, U. Tokyo group first reported the new formation of the field-reversed configuration (FRC) by two merging spheromaks with opposing toroidal field. This unique formation has been developed mainly in our TS-3 and TS- 4 merging experiments, leading us to a new scenario of FRC slow-formation, heating and current-amplification. Its formation efficiency is much higher than the conventional field-reversed theta-pinch method. The relaxation from the force-free (β∼0.05-0.1) spheromaks to the high-β (β∼0.7-1) FRC is caused by conversion of the toroidal (partly poloidal) magnetic energy of the spheromaks to the ion thermal energy of the FRC through the reconnection outflow. The reconnection heating energy scales with square of the reconnecting magnetic field, suggesting direct access to the alpha heating without using any additional heating. A central solenoid (CS) coil was installed successfully to amplify the FRC plasma current by factor 2. Our toroidal mode observations suggest that the tilting stability of the oblate FRC is provided by ion kinetic effect. As another important extension, fast application of external toroidal magnetic field transformed this oblate FRC into an ultra-high-β spherical tokamak (ST) with diamagnetic toroidal magnetic field, suggesting close relationship between FRCs and high-β STs in the second stable region for ballooning mode.

Magneto-impedance (MI) multilayer [Ni80Fe20 (800 nm)/Cu (300 nm)]3 in Cu wire has been modified in its geometric shapes. The Multilayer is the result of electro-deposition with Pt (platinum) as the electrode. This study shows that the MI ratio changes to the geometry of the sample. The geometry modification increases the MI ratio of 54.35% (wire shape) amounted to 70.53% (solenoid shape); it is measured at a frequency of 100 kHz. The modification also increase the sensitivity sensor magnetic from 9.05%/mT to 12.82%/mT.

Generally, detection system for magnetic material in soil subsurface using electromagnetic induction method consists of two parts, they are transmitter and receiver unit. A transmitter must be able to produce a continuous and stable AC current at a certain frequency, meanwhile receiver should be able to catch the secondary magnetic field of magnetic material in soil subsurface. The aim of this study was to develop a new AC current transmitter of detection system for the magnetic material in soil subsurface. This paper will describe the results of the development of AC current transmitter systems, distance characterization of the sensor detection toward horizontal solenoid positions, and characterization of magnetic material in the soil subsurface. It has successfully made the AC current transmitter system, composed of a sinusoidal signal generator, power amplifier, and a source of AC magnetic field. The output of the generator has a frequency varies: 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 5 kHz, and 10 kHz. We found that the AC c...

New experimental results on magnetic compression and transport of low-temperature arc plasma at ∼3 m distance are presented. The magnetic compression ratio of the plasma stream varied from 5 to 60 at the initial plasma diameter about 5 cm. Theory predicts that the multiple-mirror magnetic field should not significantly decelerate and weaken the collisional low-temperature arc plasma. In the experiments, the transport efficiency of the plasma stream in the multiple-mirror configuration of the solenoid was compared with the same in a uniform solenoidal field. As the result, the plasma with (1–4)×1020 m−3 density at the axis was obtained at ∼3 m distance from the arc plasma source. The experiments simulated the baseline scenario of GOL-NB filling by the start plasma. Finally, the experiments described in the paper validated the decisions made for the GOL-NB start plasma source.

The most effective chassis control system for improving vehicle safety during severe braking is anti-lock braking system (ABS). Antilock effect can be gained by vibrate the pad brake at 7 to 20 cycle per second. The aim of this study is to design a new method of antilock braking system with membrane elastic vibrated by solenoid. The influence of the pressure fluctuations of brake fluid is investigated. Vibration data is collected using a small portable accelerometer-slam stick. The experiment results that the vibration of brake pad caused by controlled solenoid excitation at 10 Hz is obtained by our new method. The result of measurements can be altered by varying brake fluid pressure.

For high brightness beam production it is important to preserve the brightness in the low energy beam transport system (LEBT) used to transport and match the ion beams to the next stage of acceleration, usually an RFQ. While electrostatic focusing can be problematic for high current beam transport, reliable electrostatic LEBT operation has been demonstrated with H− beams up to 60 mA. Now, however, it is commonly accepted that an optimal LEBT for high current accelerator applications consists of focusing solenoids with space charge compensation. Two-solenoid LEBTs are successfully used for high current (>100 mA) proton beam transport. Preservation of low emittances (~0.15 π mm-mrad) requires the addition of a heavy gas (Xe, Kr), which causes ~5% of proton loss in a 1 m long LEBT. Similar Xe densities would be required to preserve low emittances of H− beams, but such gas densities cause unacceptably high H− beam losses. A short LEBT with only one short solenoid, movable for RFQ matching, can be used for reduced negative ion stripping. A strong electrostatic-focusing LEBT has been successfully adopted for transport of high current H− beams in the SNS Front End. Some modifications of such electrostatic LEBTs are expected to improve the reliable transport of intense positive and negative ion beams without greatly degrading their low emittances. We concentrate on processes that determine the beam brightness degradation and on their prevention. Proposed improvements to the SNS electrostatic LEBT are discussed.

A major challenge for spherical tokamak development is to start-up and ramp-up the plasma current (Ip) without using a central solenoid. Experiments in the National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) demonstrated that 1.4 MW of 30 MHz high-harmonic fast wave (HHFW) power could generate an Ip = 300 kA H-mode discharge with a non-inductive Ip fraction, fNI ∼ 0.7. The discharge had an axial toroidal magnetic field (BT(0)) of 0.55 T, the maximum BT(0) available on NSTX. NSTX has undergone a major upgrade (NSTX-U), that will eventually allow the generation of BT(0) ≤ 1 T and Ip ≤ 2 MA plasmas. Full wave simulations of 30 MHz HHFW and medium harmonic fast wave (MHFW) heating in NSTX-U predict significantly reduced FW power loss in the plasma edge at the higher BT(0) achievable in NSTX-U. HHFW experiments will aim to generate stable, fNI ∼ 1, Ip = 300 kA H-mode plasmas and to ramp Ip from 250 to 400 kA with FW power. Time-dependent TRANSP simulations are used to develop non-inductive Ip ramp-up and sustainment us...

Numerous engineering applications require generation of droplets on demand which are of high uniformity and constant size. The common method to produce droplets is to drive liquid at high pressure through a small orifice/nozzle. The liquid stream disintegrates into small droplets. However this method normally requires large volumes of liquid and is not suitable for applications where single droplets of constant size is required. Such applications require droplet-on-demand generators which commonly employ piezoelectric or pneumatic actuation. It is well known that piezoelectric generators are hard to employ at high pressure and, high temperature applications, and the pneumatic generators often produce satellite (secondary) droplets. This paper describes the development of a novel percussion type droplet-on-demand generator, which overcomes some of the above difficulties and is capable of producing single droplets on demand. The generator consists of a cylindrical liquid filled chamber with a small orifice at the bottom. The top of the chamber is covered with a thin flexible metal disc. A small metal pin is employed to hammer/impact the top metal surface to generate a pressure pulse inside the liquid chamber. The movement and the momentum of the metal pin are controlled using a solenoid device. The pressure pulse generated overcomes the surface tension of the liquid meniscus at the exit of the orifice and ejects a single droplet. The work presented in this paper will demonstrate the capabilities of the droplet generator.

The two Cyclotron gas stopper superconducting solenoid coils will be kept cold at 4.25 to 4.6 K using three pulse tube coolers per coil. These coolers are designed to produce from 1.35 to 1.6 W per cooler when the cooler first stage is at about 45 K. The cyclotron gas stopper coils are designed so that they can be separated while cold, but unpowered. This design decision means that the coils can be kept cold while maintenance is performed on the cyclotron. MSU decided that the cyclotron gas stopper would be cooled down from 300 K to 4 K using the coolers connected to the coils using a thermal-siphon cooling loop. This decision was in part influenced by the decision to have the solenoid axis perpendicular to the direction of the gravitational acceleration. The heat exchangers connected to the cooler cold heads must be above the top of the magnet coil. Cold gas from the cooler heat exchanger must enter the bottom of the magnet cryostat. The report describes the effect of the direction of gravitational acceleration with respect to the solenoid axis and other effects that will limit the cooling and cool-down of a magnet like the MSU cyclotron gas stopper magnet.

A superconducting magnet system, which is composed of an 8 m long solenoid for transportation and 12 short solenoids for focusing, has been developed for Muon Science Establishment facility of J-PARC. The transport solenoid is composed of a 6 m straight section connected to a 45 degree curved section at each end. Muons of various momenta and of both electric charges are transported through the solenoid inner bore with an effective diameter of 0.3 m, where 2 T magnetic field is induced. There are 12 focusing solenoids with an effective bore diameter of 0.6 m and a length of 0.35 m arranged on a straight line at suitable intervals. The maximum central field of each focusing solenoid is 0.66 T. All solenoid coils are cooled by GM cryocoolers through their own conductions. The magnet system has been installed into the beam line in the summer of 2012, and its performance has been checked. Beam commissioning has been carried out since October 2012. During beam operation, temperature rise over 6 K in the transport solenoid due to a nuclear heating from the muon production target is observed at beam intensity of about 300 kW.

A thermosiphon cooling scheme is envisioned for the Production Solenoid of the Mu2e experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The thermosiphon cooling is achieved by indirect cooling with helium at 4.7 K. The siphon tubes are welded to the solenoid outer structure. The anticipated heat loads in the solenoid is presented as well as the cooling scheme design. A thermal model using ANSYS to simulate the temperature gradient is presented. The thermal analysis also makes provisions for including the heat load generated in the coils and structures by the secondary radiation simulated using the MARS 15 code. The impact of the heat loads from supports on the solenoid cooling is studied. The thermosiphon cooling scheme is also validated using pertinent correlations to study flow reversals and the cooling regime.

Long pulse plasma operation on large magnetic fusion devices require multiple forms of cryogenically formed pellets for plasma fueling, on-demand edge localized mode (ELM) triggering, radiative cooling of the divertor, and impurity transport studies. The solid deuterium fueling and ELM triggering pellets can be formed by extrusions created by helium cooled, twin-screw extruder based injection system that freezes deuterium in the screw section. A solenoid actuated cutter mechanism is activated to cut the pellets from the extrusion, inserting them into the barrel, and then fired by the pneumatic valve pulse of high pressure gas. Fuel pellets are injected at a rate up to 10 Hz, and ELM triggering pellets are injected at rates up to 20 Hz. The radiative cooling and impurity transport study pellets are produced by introducing impurity gas into a helium cooled section of a pipe gun where it deposits in-situ. A pneumatic valve is opened and propellant gas is released downstream where it encounters a passive punch which initially accelerates the pellet before the gas flow around the finishes the pellet acceleration. This paper discusses the various cryogenic pellet production techniques based on the twin-screw extruder, pipe gun, and pellet punch designs.

A cryogenic over-pressure pump (OPP) was tested in the prototype telescope liquid nitrogen (LN2) cooling system for the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Project. This OPP consists of a process cylinder (PC), gas generator, and solenoid operated valves (SOVs). It is a positive displacement pump that provided intermittent liquid nitrogen (LN2) flow to an array of charge couple devices (CCDs) for the prototype Dark Energy Camera (DECam). In theory, a heater submerged in liquid would generate the drive gas in a closed loop cooling system. The drive gas would be injected into the PC to displace that liquid volume. However, due to limitations of the prototype closed loop nitrogen system (CCD cooling system) for DECam, a quasiclosed-loop nitrogen system was created. During the test of the OPP, the CCD array was cooled to its designed set point temperature of 173K. It was maintained at that temperature via electrical heaters. The performance of the OPP was captured in pressure, temperature, and flow rate in the CCD LN2 c...

The Muon-to-Electron conversion experiment (Mu2e), under development at Fermilab, seeks to detect direct muon to electron conversion to provide evidence for a process violating muon and electron lepton number conservation that cannot be explained by the Standard Model of particle physics. The Mu2e magnet system consists of three large superconducting solenoids. In case of a quench, the stored magnetic energy is extracted to an external dump circuit. However, because of the fast current decay, a significant fraction of the energy dissipates inside of the cryostat in the coil support shells made of structural aluminum, and in the radiation shield. A 3D finite-element model of the complete cold-mass was created in order to simulate the quench development and understand the role of the quench-back. The simulation results are reported at the normal and non-standard operating conditions.

The result of a Nitronic 50 (N50) weld-screening program conducted in support of CS-Tie Plate Structure Design and Development is reported here. The goal of this program is to evaluate four different weld practices and to select the best weld practice for thick section welding of the N50 tie plate structure. The structure design specifies both the weld and base metals have the same minimum mechanical properties requirements. The criteria for selecting the best weld practice are based on the combination of the 295 K tensile properties and the 4 K-tensile, fatigue, and fracture-toughness properties.

The Injector-II of ADS project will include two cryomodules, each of which consists of eight HWR cavities and nine SC solenoid magnets. A test cryomodule (TCM1) containing one HWR cavity and two SC magnets was developed for verification of related technique at the first stage. The TCM1 cryostat was designed by Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (SINAP, CAS). The cold mass support assembly in the test cryomodule should accommodate the unbalanced loads induced by each cold mass assembly, the deformation induced by thermal shrinkage, and the thermal stress between different materials. In order to validate the structure design, coupled thermal and mechanical analysis on the cold mass support assembly was performed. The temperature, deformation and stress of the cold mass support assembly were obtained. The results effectively provide the guideline for the design and improvement of the cold mass support assembly.

Two 2.7-m long solenoid magnets with a cold mass of 1400 kg were fabricated in between 2007 and 2010. The magnet cryostat outside diameter is ∼1.4 meters and the cryostat length is ∼2.73 meters. The magnet warm bore is 0.4 meters. The magnet was designed to be cooled using three 1.5 W two-stage coolers. In both magnets, three coolers could not keep the cryostat filled with liquid helium. The temperatures of the shield and the tops of the HTS leads were too warm. A 140 W single stage cooler was added to magnet 2 to cool the HTS leads, the shield and the cold mass support intercepts. When the magnet 2 was retested in 2010, the net cooling at 4.2 K was −1.5 W with first-stage temperatures of the four coolers at ∼42 K. The tops of the HTS leads were

Hall D, the new Jefferson Lab experimental facility built for the 12GeV upgrade, features a LASS 1.85 m bore solenoid magnet supported by a 4.5 K helium refrigerator system. This system consists of a CTI 2800 4.5 K refrigerator cold box, three 150 hp screw compressors, helium gas management and storage, and liquid helium and nitrogen storage for stand-alone operation. The magnet interfaces with the cryo refrigeration system through an LN2-shielded distribution box and transfer line system, both designed and fabricated by JLab. The distribution box uses a thermo siphon design to respectively cool four magnet coils and shields with liquid helium and nitrogen. We describe the salient design features of the cryo system and discuss our recent commissioning experience.

An ion source for accelerators requires to provide a stable waveform with a certain pulse length appropriate to the application. The pulse length of laser ion source is easy to control because it is expected to be proportional to plasma drifting distance. However, current density decay is proportional to the cube of the drifting distance, so large current loss will occur under unconfined drift. We investigated the stability and current decay of a Nd:YAG laser generated copper plasma confined by a solenoidal field using a Faraday cup to measure the current waveform. It was found that the plasma was unstable at certain magnetic field strengths, so a baffle was introduced to limit the plasma diameter at injection and improve the stability. Magnetic field, solenoid length, and plasma diameter were varied in order to find the conditions that minimize current decay and maximize stability.

Several new RF sources are being developed for accelerator and collider applications. Assembly is nearing completion of a multiple beam inductive output tube at 352 MHz. An annular beam klystron is being developed to produce 10 MW pulses at 1.3 GHz. The annular beam approach provides significant cost reduction over similar multiple beam devices. Fabrication is underway on a 10 kW, periodic permanent magnet klystron at 2.815 GHz. Permanent magnets eliminate the solenoid and associated power supplies and cooling requirements to reduce operational cost. Investigations are beginning on a novel approach for driving accelerator cavities using pulse shaping to increase coupling efficiency and dramatically reduce RF power requirements.

We summarise the searches for fourth generation top-like quarks t′ in the dilepton and lepton-plus-jets channels at the Central Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN. No excess over the expected SM background is observed and a lower limit on the t′ mass is set at 557 GeV and 560 GeV at 95% CL respectively.

A description of the double solenoid system (RIBRAS) operating since 2004 in one of the beam lines of the Pelletron Laboratory of the Institute of Physics of the University of Sao Paulo is presented. The recent installation of the secondary scattering chamber after the second solenoid is reported and the first experiment in RIBRAS using both solenoids is described.

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) refurbished the Large Aperture Solenoid Spectrometer (LASS) [1], 1.85 m bore solenoid, consisting of four superconducting coils to act as the principal analysis magnet for nuclear physics in the newly constructed, Hall D at JLab for the Glue Excitations Experiment (GlueX) [2]. The coils, built in 1971 at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and used a second time for the Muon decays into Electron and GAmma ray (MEGA) Experiment [3] at Los Alamos, had electrical shorts and leaks to the insulating vacuum along with deteriorated superinsulation and instrumentation. Root cause diagnosis of the problems and the repair methods are described along with the measures used to qualify the vessels and piping within the Laboratory's Pressure Safety Program (mandated by 10CFR851). The extraordinary refrigerator operational methods used to utilize the obsolete cryogenic apparatus gathered for the off-line, single coil tests are described.

The LHeC (Large Hadron electron Collider) is a proposed future colliding beam facility for lepton-nucleon scattering particle physics at CERN. A new 60 GeV electron accelerator will be added to the existing 27 km circumference 7 TeV LHC for collisions of electrons with protons and heavy ions. Two basic design options are being pursued. The first is a circular accelerator housed in the existing LHC tunnel which is referred to as the "Ring-Ring" version. Low field normal conducting magnets guide the particle beam while superconducting (SC) RF cavities cooled to 2 K are installed at two opposite locations at the LHC tunnel to accelerate the beams. For this version in addition a 10 GeV re-circulating SC injector will be installed. In total four refrigerators with cooling capacities between 1.2 kW and 3 kW @ 4.5 K are needed. The second option, referred to as the "Linac-Ring" version consists of a race-track re-circulating energy-recovery type machine with two 1 km long straight acceleration sections. The 944 high field 2 K SC cavities dissipate 30 kW at CW operation. Eight 10 kW @ 4.5 K refrigerators are proposed. The particle detector contains a combined SC solenoid and dipole forming the cold mass and an independent liquid argon calorimeter. Cooling is done with two individual small sized cryoplants; a 4.5 K helium, and a 87 K liquid nitrogen plant.

Mu2e is a muon-to-electron conversion experiment being designed by an international collaboration of more than 65 scientists and engineers from more than 20 research institutions for installation at Fermilab. The experiment is comprised of three large superconducting solenoid magnet systems, production solenoid (PS), transport solenoid (TS) and detector solenoid (DS). A 25 kW, 8 GeV proton beam strikes a target located in the PS creating muons from the decay of secondary particles. These muons are then focused in the PS and the resultant muon beam is transported through the TS towards the DS. The production solenoid presents a unique set of design challenges as the result of high radiation doses, stringent magnetic field requirements, and large structural forces. This paper describes the conceptual design of the PS cryostat and will include discussions of the vacuum vessel, thermal shield, multi-layer insulation, cooling system, cryogenic piping, and suspension system.

A new DC muon source, MuSIC, is now under construction at Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Japan. The MuSIC adopts a new pion/muon collection system and a curved transport solenoid. These techniques are important in realization of future muon programs such as the muon to electron conversion experiments (COMET/Mu2e), neutrino factories, and muon colliders. The pion capture magnet and a part of the transport solenoid have been built and beam tests were carried out to assess the MuSIC's performance. Muon lifetime measurements and muonic X-ray measurements have been used for estimation of muon yield of the MuSIC. The result indicates that the MuSIC would be one of the most intense DC muon beams in the world.

Early application of the simple axisymmetric mirror, requiring intermediate performance between a neutron source for materials testing Q=Pfusion/Pinput ∼0.05 and pure fusion Q>10, are the hybrid applications. The Axisymmetric Mirror has attractive features as a driver for a fusion-fission hybrid system: geometrical simplicity, as well as the typical mirror features of inherently steady-state operation, and natural divertors in the form of end tanks. Operation at Q∼0.7 allows for relatively low electron temperatures, in the range of 3 keV, for the DT injection energy ∼ 80 keV from existing positive ion neutral beams designed for steady state. This level of physics performance has the virtue of being low risk with only modest RD and its simplicity promises economy advantages. A simple mirror with the plasma diameter of 1 m and mirror-to-mirror 2.5 T solenoid length of 40 m is discussed. Simple circular steady state superconducting coils at each end are based on 15 T technology development of the ITER central solenoid. Hybrids obtain important revenues from the sale of both electricity and fuel production or waste burning. Burning fission reactor wastes by fissioning transuranics in the hybrid will multiply fusion's neutron energy by a factor of ∼10 or more and diminish the Q needed to overcome the cost of recirculating power for good economics to less than 2 and for minor actinides with multiplication over 50 to Q∼0.2. Hybrids that produce fissile fuel with fissioning blankets might need Q 4.

The ITER cryogenic system will have to cope with substantial dynamic heat loads due to the magnetic field variation and the production of neutrons generated by the fusion reactions. This will induce large pressure variations in the primary cooling loop of the superconducting coils, which results in the large power variation to the helium refrigerator. The HELIOS test facility, developed at CEA-Grenoble, and initially designed to study the pulse mitigation of the JT-60SA central solenoid cooling circuit (in order to smooth the pulsed load and test components), was adapted to the ITER cooling loop requirements. This paper presents the experimental results concerning the specific ITER analysis. We reproduce experimentally the pressure variation of the Central Solenoid (CS) loop predicted by a numerical model, and observe the behaviour of the circulating pump in these conditions. The investigations of the heat load smoothing methods, using the circuit of Toroidal Field Structures, such as the pulse mitigation by temporary by-pass of the flow of the Structure cooling loop, and variation of the speed of the cold circulating pump, are also presented.

The temperature of a superconducting magnet shield and the tops of HTS leads for that magnet are determined by the heat flow into the first-stages of two-stage coolers used to cool the magnet. When the heat flow into the cooler first-stages is excessive, the shield and cold mass intercept temperature may be too high. This can lead to a failure of the HTS lead. If the heat flow into the shield and the HTS leads is too high, one can remove the excess heat using a single stage cooler. A test of a MICE spectrometer solenoid cooled with three two-stage pulse tube coolers in 2009 demonstrated what happens when the heat loads into the pulse tube cooler first-stages were excessive. One result was that the HTS lead furthest from the three pulse tube coolers burned out. LBNL added a single stage GM cooler at the end of the lead string furthest from the pulse tube coolers. The copper leads from room temperature were replaced with more efficient leads. The combination of the two changes reduced the pulse tube cooler first stage temperature, the lead temperature, and the temperature of the magnet shield.

CAD has set up an electromagnetic acceleration and impact facility for studies of material fracture and deformation at high strain rates. The target is to reach projectile velocities of 200-500 m/s. The mechanical strength of the solenoid coil and potting material is an important factor affecting coil survival during experiments. We have performed a computational study, using the materials and coil and circuit parameters typically used in experiments, and found the operating limits up to which the coil can survive without breaking.

The Muon-to-Electron conversion experiment (Mu2e), under development at Fermilab, seeks to detect direct muon to electron conversion to provide evidence for a process violating muon and electron lepton number conservation that cannot be explained by the Standard Model of particle physics. The required magnetic field is produced by a series of superconducting solenoids of various apertures and lengths. This paper describes the conceptual design of the 5 T, 4 m long solenoid cold mass with 1.67 m bore with the emphasis on the magnetic, radiation and thermal analyses.

Cryogenic distribution system (CDS) plays a vital role for reliable operation of largescale fusion machines in a Tokamak configuration. Managing dynamic heat loads from the superconducting magnets, namely, toroidal field, poloidal field, central solenoid and supporting structure is the most important function of the CDS along with the static heat loads. Two concepts are foreseen for the configuration of the CDS: singular distribution and collective distribution. In the first concept, each magnet is assigned with one distribution box having its own sub-cooler bath. In the collective concept, it is possible to share one common bath for more than one magnet system. The case study has been performed with an identical dynamic heat load profile applied to both concepts in the same time domain. The choices of a combined system from the magnets are also part of the study without compromising the system functionality. Process modeling and detailed simulations have been performed for both the options using Aspen HY...

The aim of the Front End Test Stand (FETS) project is to demonstrate that chopped low energy beams of high quality can be produced. FETS consists of a high power Penning Surface Plasma Ion Source, a 3 solenoid LEBT, a 3 MeV RFQ, a chopper and a comprehensive suite of diagnostics. This paper briefly outlines the status of the project, hardware installation and modifications. Results from experiments running the H− ion source at 2 ms pulse length are detailed: the discharge current is varied between 20 A and 50 A. The discharge repetition rate is varied between 12.5 and 50 Hz. Hydrogen and Caesium vapour flow rates are varied. The effect of electrode surface temperature and beam current droop are discussed. Peak beam currents of over 60 mA for 2 ms pulse length can be achieved. Normalised r.m.s emittances of 0.3 πmm.mrads at the exit of the LEBT are presented for different source conditions.

The present paper describes the design and setting up of a PC based hysteresis loop tracer that enables quick characterization of magnetic materials at room temperature. A high magnetic field is generated in a solenoid by passing a pulse current of sinusoidal shape at an interval slow enough to produce minimum heating in the solenoid. A pickup coil system is kept in the solenoid to detect field and magnetization signal of a sample placed in the pickup coil. These transitory analog signals are converted into digital signals by a micro‐controller integrated circuit. These digital signals are sent to a computer through a serial port. A software has been developed to interface the system to the PC and processing the data to calculate hysteresis parameters like saturation magnetization Ms, coercivity Hc and remanence Mr followed by plotting of the hysteresis loop. The data and graphs can be printed or stored as files. The sample holder is designed for samples in powder or pellet form. The data acquired for som...

Various acceleration schemes for muons are presented. The overall goal of the acceleration systems: large acceptance acceleration to 25 GeV and ‘beam shaping’ can be accomplished by various fixed field accelerators at different stages. They involve three superconducting linacs: a single pass linear Pre‐accelerator followed by a pair of multi‐pass Recirculating Linear Accelerators (RLA) and finally a non—scaling FFAG ring. The present baseline acceleration scenario has been optimized to take maximum advantage of appropriate acceleration scheme at a given stage. The solenoid based Pre‐accelerator offers very large acceptance and facilitates correction of energy gain across the bunch and significant longitudinal compression trough induced synchrotron motion. However, far off‐crest acceleration reduces the effective acceleration gradient and adds complexity through the requirement of individual RF phase control for each cavity. The RLAs offer very efficient usage of high gradient superconducting RF and ability to adjust path‐length after each linac pass through individual return arcs with uniformly periodic FODO optics suitable for chromatic compensation of emittace dilution with sextupoles. However, they require spreaders/recombiners switchyards at both linac ends and significant total length of the arcs. The non‐scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) ring combines compactness with very large chromatic acceptance (twice the injection energy) and it allows for large number of passes through the RF (at least eight, possibly as high as 15).