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The mechanical properties of a newly developed polymeric nanocomposite material, including its fabrication, formation, and performance, were investigated through experimental and numerical analysis. The obtained results were then compared with mechanical test results of the newly produced multiwalled carbon material. The composite material was formulated by incorporating nanotubes, carbon fibers, and epoxy in specific weight ratios, enabling it to withstand both mechanical and environmental stresses when implemented in engineering applications. Additionally, vibration response analysis was conducted using ANSYS simulation software, employing evolutionary numerical methods. This analysis provided insights into the behavior of the material under different mechanical conditions. Through a comprehensive understanding of the material's performance in mechanical engineering tests and the optimization of weight ratios, a new nanomaterial was successfully created, meeting the desired engineering specifications and advancing the field of nanoscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Conference on Advances in Material Science and Chemistry (ICAMSC – 2023) was held in November 2023 in Kerala, India. The conference aimed to provide a platform for researchers to discuss and collaborate on topics related to chemistry and materials science. Over 100 participants from India and around the world attended the conference, which featured plenary talks by renowned scientists and over 60 contributory talks. The conference proceedings include 32 articles categorized into six sections: Energy and Materials, Bio and Pharmacological Analysis, Photocatalysis and Oxidation, Phytochemical Drug Analysis, Materials in Traditional Medicine, and Technology for Sustainability. [Extracted from the article]

The development of scientific ideas about the condensed state of matter has shown a pronounced trend: from studying the physicochemical properties of a wide class of objects using a quantum statistical approach (the first half of the XX century) to the interest in the role of structural characteristics, which began with the famous memorandum of R. Feynman -1958 (from "nano" to "fractality", "small dimension", "chirality" and "hierarchical structure"). In parallel, great achievements were used in studying the influence of the degree of disequilibrium of processes involving these objects. However, since the beginning of the XX century, there has been a conscious connection of physico-chemical knowledge with synergetic ideas of nonlinearity and disequilibrium. The increasing success of this compound took shape in the form of a new concept of CMP (condensed matter physics) – Complexity. Along the way, three types of qualitatively different paradigms were identified: self-organization, dynamic chaos and self-organized criticality, which allowed them to be guided naturally in solving the most modern problems of living and inanimate Nature, which gives hope for progress in identifying the unity of these two aspects of Nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensitive behaviour of two dimensional (2D) materials owing to its unique structural, electronic and mechanical properties make them promising materials for their future applications in the field of medicine and electronics. The evolution of some eminent 2D nanomaterials starting with graphene to silicene to transition metal Di chalcogen have been explored with respect to electrical and mechanical properties. In spite of having extraordinary properties of graphene like high mobility of electron and hole, good stability, its zero-band gap impedes its applicability in the nano science field which is further eradicated by the introduction of new graphene like 2D sheet, silicene. Silicene has non zero band gap with buckled structure can further be altered with the help of functionalization and mechanical strain. In terms of commercialization of 2D materials, transition metal Di chalcogen proved to be the nice choice among the material in relative of graphene and silicone. The tuning of band gap of TMDC's with mechanical strain have been illustrated in the paper with the explanation of optoelectronics devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural data have proven that humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and temperature play a central role in plantation health. Amongst the so diverse plantation on Earth, Moringa oleifera offers tremendous benefits from the root to the leaf. Numerous green syntheses in nanoscience and nanotechnology have also been done by incorporating this "magic tree". The extraction of Moringa oleifera have been extensively studied to produce various kinds of important nanoparticles. Therefore, ensuring the growth of Moringa oleifera is indispensable. A reliable monitoring system for the health of Moringa oleifera plant will lead to this biomaterial's optimum characteristics. In this study, we developed integrated sensors to monitor the humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and temperature of Moringa oleifera plant. The plant monitoring system was based on Arduino Uno that is accessible via cloud computing. The humidity and temperature could be captured by DHT22 sensor. SKU:SEN0193 sensor and BH1750FVI were respectively used to observe the soil moisture and the light intensity. The sensors were connected to ESP-01 WiFi module for internet-based data acquisition and control. ThigSpeak was chosen as the internet of things (IoT) platform. The results showed that all those essential parameters for Moringa oleifera plant could be automatically monitored and controlled by the use of IoT. On top of that, this monitoring system can be further utilized by the Moringa oleifera farmers to maximize the plant's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's "classical" nanoscience, we deal with 0D, 1D and 2D nanomaterials, where the type of dimensionality indicates the number of dimensions of the structures, that are outside the agreed interval 1 – 100 nm. 3D supercrystals (SCs) with a regular structure analogous to classical crystals form a bridge between the nanoworld and the macroworld. They are usually composed of spherical or less symmetric nanoparticles. 3D SCs but also their 1D and 2D counterparts enable new applications and the number of papers in this area has been growing significantly over the past two decades. This paper provides a brief survey of the methods of preparation of SCs and their properties. Special attention will be paid to methods of strengthening supercrystals and their stability. These aspects are relevant for applications of SCs in catalysis, plasmonics, sensorics, etc. A significant point of view is the regularity of supercrystal structure and its repeatability over cm distances, which allow us to examine the mechanisms of their electrical conductivity and magnetic phenomena, and, in the future, to integrate them into electronic circuits as miniaturized devices created by nanoelectronic technologies. The review of the above mentioned topics will be illustrated by results from our laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently the perception of sustainability has been dominant in the field of agriculture. Sustainable agriculture means economical agriculture by following the practices which are eco-friendly. This results in increasing the attention of the stakeholders for monitoring as well as evaluating the practices being used in agriculture. It is realized that there are many limitations to creating a commonly accepted term for sustainable agriculture. So many opinions are there with reference to the realization of sustainable agriculture. In this work, we present the concept of sustainable agriculture and the methods as well as practices that are economically feasible, eco-friendly and shield public health. A special attention is given towards the use of nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture. As such, most of the rural people, particularly the young generation, are not interested in farming as there is no certainty in the output and if at all output becomes favorable, getting the appropriate price is a point of concern. Existing farmers in India are using fertilizers and pesticides which are not cost-effective owing to the price and usage of improper quantum. Moreover, they are also becoming the main source of pollution and health hazards. The dual problem of the usage of fertilizers and pesticides can be addressed by nanoscience by way of providing nanomaterials like nano fertilizers and nano pesticides having better potential to perform. The use of nano fertilizers like N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo and carbon nanotubes facilitates more efficiency as they stand for enhanced action and targeted delivery efficiency. Similarly, the use of nano pesticides like Ag, Cu, SiO2, ZnO and nano formulations also has the potential for escalated performance as compared to traditional pesticides. Considering the potential of the nanomaterials, this paper is highlighting how nano fertilizers and nano pesticides can help the Indian agriculture to be sustainable. For this purpose, existing literature has been the base. Similarly, this paper also unfolds the level of acceptability of nanomaterials by the Indian farmers which have been ascertained by way of personal interaction with 100 farmers of Odisha. It is inferred that, with the immense potential of the nanomaterials and the positive perception of Odisha farmers on them, Indian agriculture can be sustainable with the help of nanotechnology. It is a fact that sustainable agriculture can turn the Indian rural economy around. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent technological progress experience has shown that the main element is innovation in nanotechnology and nanoscience. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that pacts with various fields of science including physics as well as chemistry, the study of constituents, as well as other advanced technologies. Nanotechnology submissions spread in virtually every branch of science as well as expertise. The current overview paper illustrated the forms of nano-sized scale particles as well as their process of synthesis, the methods of characterization. Several methods as well as applications that have been published over the past six years, but in this paper we have targeted mainly on the usual preparation methods as well as nanomaterials applications to provide the young researchers with a common idea. Nanomaterials (NMs) have gained popularity in technological developments with improved efficiency over their bulk counterparts due to their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties. The NMs are classified by scale, structure, shape and origin. The ability to forecast the particular properties of NMs enhances each classification's value. Issues related to toxicity are unavoidable due to the increased development of NMs and their industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its creation to the world, the optical tweezers are attracting the researchers to the use of its non-contact and trapping traits. It has a great application inside the field of physics, medical, Nano science and still is going on. In this evaluation, we can explain the advent of optical tweezers and its utilization of its characteristics in multiple fields. Starting, we will explain approximately the optical tweezers, and then we can give an explanation for the usage of its traits in scientific fields like manipulating the biological cells. Then, usage of optical tweezers in vacuum areas by way of moving the particle within the vacuum space. At last, we will talk about the trapping and transportation of the nanoparticle to be able to be useful for manipulating the floor Plasmon resonance inside the nanoparticle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most reverting materials with atypical properties is Carbon Nanotube. The magnificent possessions of Carbon nanotubes have engrossed many in nano science and nanotechnology manifesto, though nanotubes are very favourable in a wide range of province. Its entreaty discrete nanotube for wide range has been bounded. To enhance its practical applications, piles of nanotube materials have lately allured attentions especially by evolution of polymer amalgamation. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the contemporary analysis hub for this method, which is used to examine the astounding properties of CNT, based polymer fusion. The present review focus on the methods of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) used to analyse these extraordinary properties of CNT based polymer composites with ANSYS and ABAQUS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently the Nanoscience is the principle topic among the Researcher due to drastic properties and size effective advanced applications of nano scale materials in various field of technology. In present paper nanostructured material of Sn1-xFexO2(where x=0.05, 0.1, 0.15) sample have been prepared successfully by using micro-wave-assisted co- precipitation technique followed by sintering at 6000c for six hours and formation of powder sample in agate motar. The structure and morphology of as-synthesized samples and calcined samples have been examined by diffraction through X-Rays, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectra and Scanning of samples by electron microscope techniques respectively. The analysis of X-Ray diffraction snapshots proving that the samples are crystalline in nature and calculated grain size estimated by Debye Scherrer's formulation is 16.2 nm and analyzed structure is tetragonal rutile structure.The Uv visible absorption spectrograph is used to analyze the optical band gap and shows that the red shifting from 4.1 to 3.64 eV in samples with increment of doping concentration.The FTIR transmission spectra of various samples reveals that the incorporation of Fe ion with various oxidation state by replacing position of Sn ion in SnO2 rutile structure with mainly metal oxide peaks at 562cm-1 for SnO2 and 480 cm-1 for Fe2O3.The SEM images shows that the particles are polycrystalline in nature and truncated in shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most fascinating trouble in this world is the water because water is the most central asset of human society. Several research groups across the world are working on it to solve the water problems particularly water impurities like organic, inorganic, and biological. Wastewater treatment industrials with nanomaterials are vital and extensive devices using the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Presently offered technologies are very effective for water treatment, but their costs are too high and have time overwhelming process. Hence, the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is proposed with help of co-precipitation method with no surfactant due to low cost and fast process for water disinfection/treatment. The antibacterial mechanism of ZnO nanoparticles is due to the nanoparticles size effect. The photocatalytic production of H2O2 is accountable for antimicrobial action of ZnO, and antibacterial activity may be existed by both Zn+2 ion and ZnO nanoparticles. XRD, SEM and EDS of ZnO nanoparticles were used to evaluate shape-size, morphology of particles and element constituent. The ZnO nanoparticles at nanoscale may be useful for antibacterial behavior on a huge spectrum of bacteria that is found in water impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers are widely used in industry and in our daily life because of their diverse functionality, small weight, low cost and excellent chemical stability. However, they have not yet reached their full potential. Improving electrical and thermal conductivity of polymers would lead to their widespread use in electronics. Nanomaterials are materials of which a single unit is with size between 1 to 1000 nanometers but usually is between 1 to 100 nm. Nanometrology is a subfield of metrology, concerned with the science of measurement at the nano scale level. Nanometrology has a crucial role in order to produce nanomaterials and devices with a high degree of accuracy and reliability in nanomanufacturing. At nanoscale due to the small dimensions various new physical phenomena can be observed. It becomes important to measure the physical parameters so as to apply these phenomena into engineering of nanosystems and manufacturing them. The measurement of length or size, force, mass, electrical and other properties is included in Nanometrology. The problem is how to measure these with reliability and accuracy. The measurement techniques used for macro systems cannot be directly used for measurement of parameters in nanosystems. Various techniques based on physical phenomena have been developed which can be used for measure or determine the parameters for nanostructures and nanomateria. The precise measurements of electrical and thermal properties at nanoscale require using of detail mathematical modeling and special methodology for analysis of experimental data. Electrical and thermal properties of polylactic acid(PLA) matrix composites with graphene nanoplates(GNP) and multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT) fillers are studied and presented in this article. Composites with single and bifillers to the percolation threshold are also examined. Finally, the main advances, challenges and outlooks for highly thermal and electrical conductive polymer nanocomposites are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life is getting interesting because of the invention of new technologies every day. With the growing world it becomes necessary to boost up the level of technology and carry out extensive scientific investigations and also ensure the large-scale application of new advanced technologies. Nanotechnology is one of the advanced technologies nowadays which represents that the 21st century would be the century of nanotechnology. Entire world of Science & Technology focusing their research on reducing the size of particles and compacting the size of material. Nanotechnology is the promising method for manipulation of individual atom & molecules. It is defined as the study and use of structures between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. To give an idea of how small that is, it would take eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side by side to match the width of a human hair. The objective of this paper is to introduce nanotechnology as a powerful tool of science & technology in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detonation of high explosives (HE) with negative oxygen balance can expand our understanding of the reaction pathways that are occurring at extreme conditions as well as the opportunity to prepare unique carbon nanomaterials. In order to understand detonation mechanisms or isolate carbon nanomaterials, characterization of nanocarbon contained within the soot is paramount. Progress towards a non-traditional approach for detonation soot processing that eliminates the need for acid treatment to remove metal impurities is presented. Separation of detonation soot using a heavy liquid, sodium polytungstate (SPT), to fractionate the detonation soot based on density was tested. Powder x-ray diffraction analysis provided confirmation that metals could be effectively removed from the bulk. Detonation synthesis offers an avenue for the discovery of new carbon frameworks and provides insight into reactions at extreme conditions providing for more accurate predictions of HE performance, explosion intent, and simulation refinement. These results presented here are of interest to both the nanoscience and shock physics communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron oxide nanoparticles have gained attention recently in the field of nanoscience and technology due to their unique physicochemical properties. We hereby chemically synthesized novel pentagonal flower shaped iron oxide nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of iron penta-carbonyl in a two way annealing process. Controlled oxidation by acid etching was performed for these nanoparticles. At first 13 nm core shell nanoparticles of iron oxide (Fe/Fe3O4) were synthesized at 120°C annealing temperature that act as template material. The core shell nanoparticles then converted into porous hollow core shell nanoparticles (PH Fe/ Fe3O4) in a two way annealing process of heating, first at 100°C then at 250°C and heating rate of 5°C was kept constant throughout the reaction time. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) was done for the phase confirmation of as synthesized nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and higher resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) clearly shows the flower like nanoparticles that are approx. 16 nm-18 nm in size having the 4-5 nm core of Fe and 1-2 nm of the pores in the shell while the cavity between the shell and core is about 2 nm and the shell is 4-5 nm in diameter according to the TEM micrographs. The as prepared nanoparticles were then surface functionalized by dopamine polymer to make them water dispersible. Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the dopamine coating on the nanoparticles and the magnetic saturation of 38 emu/g of nanoparticles was analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Magnetic saturation persists in the dopamine coated nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were surface functionalized with dopamine and show dispersity in the aqueous media and can further be exploited in many nano-biotechnological applications including target specific therapeutic applications for several diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-biotechnology is one of the most promising areas in modern nanoscience and technology. In this emerging area of research, nanoparticles (NPs) play an important role since the large-scale production and huge numbers of utilization. Gold and silver nanoparticles are among the most extensively studied nanomaterials, since they show high stability and low chemical reactivity in comparison to other metals. They are commonly synthesized using toxic chemical reducing agents able to reduce metal ions into uncharged NPs and/or high energy supplied procedures. The most commonly used method for the synthesis of NPs requires toxic chemicals like N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) or trisodium citrate, but recently a green technique, based on natural reducing agents, has been suggested to substitute the nature-unfriendly chemical methods. Many scientific works put in evidence the efficacy of plant extracts to reduce metal salts into the respective NPs, but this process lacks a clear control of NPs shapes and dimensions, since many different metabolites present into the extracts could participate to the process. This paper aims to clarify the reducing action of single pure natural compounds usually present in plant tissues and to obtain a stable and reproducible protocol for NPs synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently emerged new platform for nanophotonics based on high-index dielectric nanoparticles utilizes opticallyinduced magnetic response via multipolar resonances, and provides many novel opportunities for subwavelength nonlinear optics. Here, we summarize our studies on nonlinear light scattering by high-permittivity dielectric nanoparticles and oligomers, and demonstrate approaches for achieving highly-efficient frequency conversion and directional harmonic radiation at the nanoscale. We analyze the multipolar nature of the generated electromagnetic fields by combining analytical and numerical methods. Our results delineate a roadmap towards design of miniature light sources and nonlinear photonic metadevices with exceptional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoelectronic and isolobal silicon-based analogues to boranes and borane complexes are considered and studied. The framework and the implementation of such isoelectronic and isolobal analogies initially between silicon clusters (cluster dianions) and isovalent boranes, known under the scoptical and synoptical name 'boron connection' is critically analyzed and reviewed in considerable depth and breadth, paying special attention to its conceptual simplicity, origin, and originality. It is illustrated that such a concept can be extended to several borane complexes producing analogous silicon based (nano)structures. This is achieved by considering and evaluating several vertical, horizontal and diagonal relationships on the periodical table rooted on Si. It is shown that this type of simple and transparent relationships can lead to far reaching extensions and generalizations of the 'boron connection' to encompass structural and electronic relationships between additional simple and mixed clusters based in addition to Si on other group 14 elements. Such clusters include, among others, simple Gen2- and Snn2- dianions and mixed Si-Bi, Ge-Bi and Sn-Bi clusters. Special emphasis is placed on molecular and material engineering and functionalization, in analogy to similar functionalization of borane based molecules and materials. It is illustrated that this enlarged and expanded project is very promising and could be very successful for the design of a practically unlimited number of new group-14-based complexes as well as the rationalization and fictionalization of newly synthesized materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of recent work in the Schatz group concerned with using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) to study the optical properties of silver and gold nanoparticles and other nanostructures, with emphasis on the determination of extinction and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra, and on near-field imaging. Computational electromagnetic methods provide an immensely useful approach for interpreting a wide range of nanoscience experiments, including the capability to describe optical properties of particles and other nanostructures up to several hundred nm in dimension, allowing for arbitrary particle structures and a complex dielectric environment. While there are many different methods for doing computational electromagnetics, the DDA method is one of the most useful, due to its ability to describe particles in three dimensions with modest computational resources. After a brief description of the method, we show its utility through applications to a variety of nanostructures, including triangular bifrustums, rods, gapped rods with roughened surfaces, rod-sheath structures and rings, including new results for many of the rod-structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High resolution imaging methods and techniques are currently under development. One of them is an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) microscopy, based on Fresnel zone plates. In this paper a compact, high-repetition, laser-plasma EUV source, emitting quasi-monochromatic radiation at 13.8nm wavelength was used in a desktop EUV transmission microscopy with a spatial (half-pitch) resolution of 50nm. EUV microscopy images of objects with various thicknesses and the spatial resolution measurements using the knife-edge test are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report we propose a new idea to improve electron configuration of an atom and show the first apparent experimental data, which applies long-lifetime excited states of the inner-core electron system of atoms. For the next material-revolution from Carbon and Nuclear society to Hydrogen society, development of a high efficient and low cost hydrogen storage system is one of the most important key technologies. The surface reaction processes between hydrogen atoms and hydrogen storage alloys system are controlled by the number of d-electrons of transition elements, that is, perfectly or partly occupied. We confirmed the idea to change the number of d-electrons of zinc atoms by using the excitation of inner-core electrons due to surface-ion-recombination (SIR) process. Average density of Zn- was controlled by the electrostatic potential energy of a sapphire substrate and that of Zn+ ions was controlled by the collision frequency between Zn atoms and incident electrons. After SIR process, unique excited structures were confirmed at 10 eV, 90 eV, 100 eV, 140 eV, and 230 eV in XRD and ESR. These discreet energies are combination of binding energies of a zinc atom, 3d (10 eV), 3p (90 eV), and 3s (140 eV). From the selection rule Δl = ±1, we can decide which ions are excited. Strong diffuse scatterings of X-rays show oriented defect structure due to excited molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular electronics is a flourishing area of nano-science and -technology, with a promise for cheap electronics of novel functionality. Here we outline the major challenges for molecular electronics becoming an established scientific discipline, including models with predictive power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia as a developing country should consider the mastering of the emerging nanoscience and technology as an opportunity to assimilate a new technology and to apply it for the welfare of the country. In this context the concept of National Innovation System is introduced. So far the research activity in Nano ST had been limited to the study of passive nanostructures and the active nanostructures. The field of passive nanostructures has reached the stage of dissemination into the private industries, while the second are still in the laboratory scale. The activities in the active nanostructures should be intensified in areas such as biosensors, which is a great importance to support the activities in the field of Agriculture, the field of Health- improvement as well as in environment protection. Finally we discuss the possibility sustaining the development of Nano ST by structuring the institutions, the research and the private sector to form an effective National Innovation System to establish a generic step from identification properties through to production process. To achieve this goal a learning process is still required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are being viewed as fundamental building blocks of nanotechnology. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by plant extracts is currently under exploitation. Use of agricultural crop plant extracts for synthesis of metal nanoparticles would add a new dimension to the agricultural sector in the utilization of crop waste. Silver has long been recognized as having an inhibitory effect towards many bacterial strains and microorganisms commonly present in medical and industrial processes. Four pulse crop plants and three cereal crop plants (Vigna radiata, Arachis hypogaea, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum vulgare) were used and compared for their extra cellular synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles. Stable silver nanoparticles were formed by treating aqueous solution of AgNO3 with the plant leaf extracts as reducing agent at temperatures 50 °C-95 °C. UV-Visible spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the formation of silver nanoparticles. XRD analysis of formed silver nanoparticles revealed face centered cubic structure with (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes. SEM and EDAX analysis confirm the size of the formed silver nanoparticles to be in the range of 50-200 nm. Our proposed work offers a enviro-friendly method for biogenic silver nanoparticles production. This could provide a faster synthesis rate comparable to those of chemical methods and potentially be used in areas such as cosmetics, food and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nanoscience beamline (I06) is one of seven Diamond Phase-I beamlines which has been operational since January 2007 delivering polarised soft x-rays, for a PhotoEmission Electron Microscope (PEEM) and branchline, in the energy range 80–2100 eV. The beamline is based on a collimated plane grating monochromator with sagittal focusing elements, utilising two APPLE II helical undulator sources, and has been designed for high flux density at the PEEM sample position. A ∼5 μm (σ) diameter beam is focussed onto the sample in the PEEM allowing a range of experiments using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) as contrast mechanisms. The beamline is also equipped with a branchline housing a 6T superconducting magnet for XMCD and XMLD experiments. The magnet is designed to move on and off the branchline which allows a diverse range of experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports in vivo results of ultrasonic nanotherapy of orthotopically grown pancreatic cancer. Phase-shift paclitaxel (PTX) loaded perfluoropentane (PFP) nanoemusions combined with tumor-directed ultrasound have been used with a considerable success for tumor-targeted chemotherapy of gemcitabin (GEM)-refractory pancreatic cancer (PC). The GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer proved sensitive to treatment by a micellar PTX formulation Genexol PM (GEN) andor nanodroplet PTX formulation ndGEN. Due to increased permeability of tumor blood vessels, drug-loaded nanodroplets accumulated in the tumor via passive targeting, which was confirmed by ultrasound imaging. Nanodroplets converted into microbubbles in situ under the action of tumor-directed 1-MHz therapeutic ultrasound. The strongest therapeutic effect was observed for the combination therapy by PTX-loaded nanodroplets, GEM and ultrasound (ndGEN+GEM+ultrasound). This combination therapy resulted in a spectacular tumor regression and in some cases complete tumor resolution. Moreover, formation of metastases was dramatically decreased and ascitis generation was completely suppressed. However for all animal groups, local tumor recurrence was observed after the completion of the treatment indicating that some cancer cells survived the treatment. The recurrent tumors proved more resistant to the repeated therapy than initial tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfaces are given considerable attention in the field of nanotechnology, as many of the preferred material properties that are observed at the nanoscale are attributed to the high surface to volume ratio that is present at sub-micron scales. The optoelectronic properties of semiconductors, for example, depend on the number of dislocations that are present at the interface between the nano-sized doping elements and the matrix. In the present paper a first step is taken towards understanding the interface-dislocation interactions. The theoretical framework used is that of gradient plasticity framework, enhanced with a separate interface energy term. This interface energy depends on the plastic strain at the interface and defines an interface yield-like criterion which indicates the stress at which the interface begins to deform plastically. Experimentally this interfacial yielding is captured through nanoindentation experiments near the grain boundary of crystalline materials, namely Fe-2.2wt%Si. Fitting the theoretical analytical expression to the experimental data allows the determination of the key material parameters; for Nb it gives the internal length to be approximately 1.4μm, and in fact for pure (single phase) materials the dislocation source distance is approximated as 1.5μm. In order to further render the interface-dislocation interactions, discrete dislocation dynamics simulations are presented for a micron-scale tri-crystal with rigid/non-deforming grain boundaries. The resulting strain distribution profile from the simulation coincides with the predicted plastic strain of the gradient plasticity framework, while the best fit results when the internal length in the analytical expression is chosen to be the same as the value of the dislocation source distance used in the simulation. Hence, the gradient plasticity model that considers an interface energy term has been validated using experimental and numerical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the electronic structures in nanosystems is one of the main tasks in nanoscience. In the past decade, we have developed a systematic approach to calculate the electronic structures of nanosystems containing tens of thousands of atoms. These include the nonself-consistent charge patching method, as well as the self-consistent linear scaling three dimensional fragment method. All these methods have ab initio accuracy in their eigen state energies and total energies. In this short review, we will discuss these methods and also present two examples using these methods to study the electronic properties of the nanosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saturation velocity is found to be ballistic regardless of the device dimensions. The ballistic intrinsic velocity is based on streamlining of the randomly oriented velocity vectors in zero electric field. In the degenerate realm, the saturation velocity is shown to be the Fermi velocity that is independent of temperature but strongly dependent on carrier concentration. In the non-degenerate realm, it’s becomes thermal velocity that depends only on the ambient temperature. The drain carrier velocity is revealed to be smaller than the saturation velocity due to finite electric field at the drain-end. An excellent agreement is revealed when comparing the model to 80 nm fabricated MOSFET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and analysis of an enhanced performance of vertical MOSFET is revealed by adopting the oblique rotating ion implantation (ORI) method combined with fillet oxidation (FILOX) technology. These CMOS compatible processes have formed the symmetrical self-aligned source/drain regions over the silicon pillar with sharp vertical channel profiles. Accordingly, an increased numbers of electrons in the channel with decreased channel length (Lg) have shown to improved the threshold voltage, sub-threshold swing, drive-on current, leakage current, DIBL and drain saturation current significantly. The drain overlap capacitance is a factor of 0.2 lower and the source overlap capacitance is a factor of 1.5 lower than standard vertical MOSFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical analysis of vertical double-gate MOSFETs (VDGM) that incorporates dielectric-pocket (DP) is addressed in this paper for the suppression of short-channel effects (SCE) and bulk punch-through. The comparison between standard and VDGM-DP revealed the advantages of DP for inhibition of SCE. The transfer and output characteristics of the VDGM-DP indicates a reasonable value of threshold voltage (VT), drive and off-leakage current (ION and IOFF), sub-threshold swing (S) and Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL). The DP incorporated on top of transistor turret is revealed to increase the saturation current IDsat due to drain-end electric field reduction that improved the carrier mobility and the drain current tremendously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carrier statistics for 2-dimensional (2-D) p-type nanostructure was elaborated, especially for p-MOSFET. According to the energy band diagram, the effective mass (m*) in the p-type silicon is mostly dominated by heavy hole because of the large gap between heavy hole and light hole in k = 0. The carrier concentration in 2-D was obtained using the calculated density of state, based on the Fermi—Dirac statistic on the order of zero (I0). In the nondegenerate regime the carrier statistic results replicate the form the Boltzmann statistics. However, the results vary in degenerate regime, which result in the presence of ηV. The results for 2-D carrier statistic were numerically computed, and the comparison of the carrier statistic for degenerate and non-degenerate regime is presented, along with its respective Fermi-Dirac integral. It is also found that the density of state of hole in 2-D p-MOSFET is independent of the temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss two approaches for simulating pressure-driven flows for arbitrary Knudsen numbers using the recently-developed particle method for solving the Boltzmann equation known as Low-variance Deviational Simulation Monte Carlo [T.M.M. Homolle and N.G. Hadjiconstantinou, “Journal of Computational Physics,” 226, 2341–2358, 2007]. By simulating only the deviation from equilibrium, this method is able to simulate arbitrarily small flow velocities without suffering from the prohibitive statistical uncertainty associated with traditional Monte Carlo methods for solving the Boltzmann equation such as Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC). Our results were validated by comparison with previous accurate numerical solutions of the Boltzmann equation; very good agreement was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional Q machine has been modified in accordance with the evolution of experimental methodologies ranging from modern plasma physics to extreme nanoscience. A special emphasis is placed on physics of sheared-flow related electron-temperature-gradient modes and nano-quantum physics or electronics based on fullerene and carbon nanotubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current intense research on new porous materials (nano-/micro- and mesoporous) is motivated by their numerous applications in catalysis, gas separation and gas storage or in nanosciences. Since several years, TEM is playing an important role as a structure characterization tool. Recently, a general approach for direct structure determination of some mesoporous materials by TEM has been reported. However, this method does not work for a number of porous materials because of the much lower stability under the e-beam inside of electron microscope. We report here our latest results on numerous “TEM-unstable” porous materials, such as nanoporous metal-organic frameworks, and complex mesoporous materials, such as silica spherical particles. TEM results on new Zeolite-type materials (Zeotile) and SBA-15 material with impregnated VS nanoparticles are reported as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic mechanisms of plastic deformation initiation in materials with crystal structure are investigated. It is shown that thermal fluctuations can be a reason for structural defect generation and there is a threshold strain value at which zones with local structural changes (protodefects) grow almost abruptly. The calculations illustrate that protodefect formation is induced by a local expansion of atomic volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relation between changes in dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies arising from the presence of the liquid-liquid critical point in (i) Two models of water, TIP5P and ST2, which display a first order liquid-liquid phase transition at low temperatures; (ii) the Jagla model, a spherically symmetric two-scale potential known to possess a liquid-liquid critical point, in which the competition between two liquid structures is generated by repulsive and attractive ramp interactions; and (iii) A Hamiltonian model of water where the idea of two length/energy scales is built in; this model also displays a first order liquid-liquid phase transition at low temperatures besides the first order liquid-gas phase transition at high temperatures. We find a correlation between the dynamic fragility crossover and the locus of specific heat maxima CPmax (“Widom line”) emanating from the critical point. Our findings are consistent with a possible relation between the previously hypothesized liquid-liquid phase transition and the transition in the dynamics recently observed in neutron scattering experiments on confined water. More generally, we argue that this connection between CPmax and the dynamic crossover is not limited to the case of water, a hydrogen bonded network liquid, but is a more general feature of crossing the Widom line, an extension of the first-order coexistence line in the supercritical region. We present evidence from experiments and computer simulations supporting the hypothesis that water displays polyamorphism, i.e., water separates into two distinct liquid phases. This concept of a new liquid-liquid phase transition is finding application to other liquids as well as water, such as silicon and silica. We also discuss related puzzles, such as the mysterious behavior of confined water and the “skin” of hydration water near a biomolecule. Specifically, using molecular dynamics simulations, we also investigate the relation between the dynamic transitions of biomolecules (lysozyme and DNA) and the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of hydration water. We find that the dynamic transition of the macromolecules, sometimes called a “protein glass transition”, occurs at the temperature of dynamic crossover in the diffusivity of hydration water, and also coincides with the maxima of the isobaric specific heat CP and the temperature derivative of the orientational order parameter. We relate these findings to the hypothesis of a liquid-liquid critical point in water. Our simulations are consistent with the possibility that the protein glass transition results from a change in the behavior of hydration water, specifically from crossing the Widom line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adiabatic calorimetry was carried out of the water confined within the pores of silica MCM-41 with diameters of 1.2, 1.6, and 1.8 nm. Glass transitions were found at Tg = 115 and 165 K in the 1.2 nm case, 117, 165, and 205 K in the 1.6 nm, and 118 and 210 K in the 1.8 nm, respectively. The transition at Tg = 115–118 K was interpreted as caused by the freezing of the rearrangement of the water molecules located on the pore wall and interacting with silanol groups, and those at Tg = 165 and 205–210 K of the water molecules located in the center of the pores. It was noticed that the Tg increased discretely with increasing the pore diameter from 115 to 165 to 210 K. This indicates that the Tg and therefore the activation energy for the rearrangement are strongly connected with the development of the hydrogen-bond network and furthermore the number of the hydrogen bonds formed by each water molecule. It was suggested that the bulk water undergoes the glass transition at Tg = 210 K rather than at 136 and 165 K debated hitherto and shows a change from fragile to strong behaviors in the relaxation times with cooling down to 210 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spaghetti-like nanoclusters show irregular shapes. We investigate their shapes by using the concept of symmetry and isotropy. The Symmetry-S evaluates the degree of symmetry of a cluster implying aggregate orderness, while, the Isotropy-I evaluates the degree of parallelism of a cluster. To investigate cluster dynamics in detail, we perform molecular dynamics simulation for POPC and POPE lipids for 300 K and 340 K.>From the simulations, the clusters are not easy to configure S≈0; which implies that the cluster shapes are neither sphere nor rod shapes; simply disorder shapes. However, at some times, the clusters show similar shapes with definite shapes implying some regions or classifications. For the reasons, we classify the irregular shapes in spaghetti-like nanoclusters by using geometrical classification as physical meaning of the concepts of symmetry and isotropy. We find, at least, four cluster modes: sphere-like, rod-like, cone-like, and monolayer-like. We also use geometrical classification as diagnostics of stability or anomalous behaviour and discuss the dependence of cluster shapes to temperature, number of lipids and odd-even number of lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have performed numerical simulations on the dipole-dipole interaction in a nonlinear photonic crystal doped with nanoparticles. A pump field is applied to change the refractive index of the crystal. It is found that as the intensity of the pump field increases the crystal goes from absorption state to the transparent state and remains in the later state. The present mechanism can be used to makes optical switches, optical memory, optical transistor, optical discriminator, optical limiter, optical oscillator, optical gate etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanophotonics—the manipulation of light with nanomaterials—is a booming subject, its success owing to the host of nanoscale fabrication techniques now at our disposal. However, for the characterization of such nanomaterials it is expedient to turn to other types of waves with a wavelength commensurate with the nanostructure in question. One such choice is acoustic waves of nanometre wavelength. The aim of this article is to provide an introduction to laser picosecond acoustics, a means by which gigahertz-terahertz ultrasonic waves can be generated and detected by ultrashort light pulses. This method can therefore be used to characterize materials with nanometre spatial resolution. In this article we review the theoretical background for opaque single-layer thin film isotropic samples with reference to key experiments. Solids including metals and semiconductors are discussed, although liquids and, conceivably, gases, are not excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specular X-ray reflectivity (SXR) can be used, in the limit of the effective medium approximation (EMA), as a high-resolution shape metrology for periodic patterns on a smooth substrate. The EMA means that the density of the solid patterns and the spaces separating the periodic patterns are averaged together. In this limit the density profile as a function of pattern height obtained by SXR can be used to extract quantitative pattern profile information. Here we explore the limitations of SXR as a pattern shape metrology by studying a series of linear grating structures with periodicities ranging from 300 nm to 16 μm and determining at which length scales the EMA breaks down. We also study the angular dependence of the grating orientation with respect to the incident X-ray beam. The gratings systematically are rotated through a series of azimuthal angles with the incident X-ray beams ranging from 0° to 90°. The applicability of the EMA is related to the coherence length of the X-ray source. When the coherence length of beam is larger than the physical dimension of grating periodicities, EMA can be applied for characterizing nanostructures. For our slit-collimated X-ray source, the coherence length in the direction parallel to the long axis of the slit is on the order of 900 nm while the coherence length along the main axis of the beam appears to be in the range of (22 to 26) μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two metrological tools for high-frequency measurements of nanoscale systems are described: (i) two/N-port analysis of nanoscale devices as well as (ii) near-field scanning microwave microscopy (NSMM) for materials characterization. Calibrated two/N-port measurements were made on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) welded to a coplanar waveguide. Significant changes in the extracted high-frequency electrical response of the welded MWNT were measured when the contacts to the MWNT were modified. Additionally, NSMM was used to characterize films of nanotube soot deposited on copper and sapphire substrates. The material properties of the films showed a strong dependence on the substrate material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed self-assembly is being researched as a promising alternative to manufacturing nanoscale-devices. Properly designed self-assembly methods may reduce the high cost of manufacturing nanoscale-devices using lithography, at the same time pushing the device dimensions to the realm of molecular. In this paper, a method of molecular device self-assembly is discussed. Because of the uniqueness of this method, new metrology challenges are likely to be encountered in manufacturing. To monitor the self-assembly process, in-line metrology systems will be needed to inspect nanotubes/nanowires, measure dimensions, test chemical properties, and provide fast feedback in real time. To meet this requirement, new techniques of micrography are needed to achieve molecular level resolution without complicated sample preparation. Also, because of water or other solvent based environments likely for self-assembly, the future metrology systems may be required to operate in environments significantly different from those found in conventional semiconductor processing. One possible method is to exploit self assembly methods as an aid to metrology. By using fluorophores or quantum dots to tag various elements in self assembled structures we have developed a means whereby we can assess the accuracy of the self assembly process and make determinations of error rates. The paper will discuss the available technologies for suitability, drawbacks and promise to meet metrology requirements for self-assembled molecular device fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have demonstrated that scanning nano-Raman spectroscopy (SNRS), also known as tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), with side illumination optics can be effectively used for analysis of silicon-based structures at the nanoscale. Despite the disadvantages of side illumination optics, such as difficulties in optical alignment and shadowing by the tip, it has the critical advantage that it may be used for the analysis of non-transparent samples. A key criterion for making SNRS effective for imaging Si samples is the optimization of the contrast between near-field and far-field (background) Raman signals, which improves by an order of magnitude by optimizing the incident and scattering polarization scheme. The resulting nano-Raman images of semiconducting structures yield a spatial resolution ∼20 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the new challenges accompanying every new shrink node in semiconductor industry new materials have to be implemented or device design has to be adapted—both to realize the intended device that still obeys physical laws. Visualization of these problems is a task of metrologists facing themselves physical borders. Monitoring stress becomes a major challenge arising from new processes applied as well as from worse surface to bulk volume-ratio or intended implied stress in new concepts of devices. High k-materials might induce macroscopic stress, which can be monitored on the wafer scale in wafer bow experiments. This unintended stress is even higher in patterned areas but not known in a micrometer scale. The knowledge of microscopic stress—or even nanoscopic stress—is even more important on intended stress implemented in devices and thus target of interest. This paper offers two ways of monitoring sub-micrometer stress. One is the well established scanning Micro-Raman technique. The second is a relatively new method called Tip-Enhanced-Raman-Spectroscopy (TERS). Both methods have their advantages but also challenges. The results of the easy to use scanning Micro-Raman technique need to be interpreted and information needs to be unfolded. Whereas the challenge of Tip-Enhanced-Raman-Spectroscopy lies in the experimental skills: handling a scanning-probe-microscope-tip in a Micro-Raman beam with the perspective of having a resolution restricted only by the SPM-diameter or even smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endowed with nano-scale spatial resolution, atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) provides extremely localized elastic property measurements. We advance here the applicability of AFAM for obtaining accurate elastic modulus measurements on surfaces with nano-size features by considering the topography contribution to the AFAM signal. On nano-size granular Au films, the elastic modulus at the grain scale has been mapped out by deconvoluting the contact geometry effect in the AFAM image. Significant variation in the contact area over granular topography arises as the probe is either in single-or multiple-asperity contact with the surface. By correlating the AFAM and topography images we determine variations in the elastic modulus with a lateral resolution better than 10 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]