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Clean water and good sanitation are the main basic needs as one of the supports for human health, and cannot be separated. Every living thing that consumes water and food as energy needs for activities will eventually produce waste. About 80% of clean water use turns into wastewater. If not managed properly, wastewater will have an impact on environmental aspects and human health. The problem that occurs today is that wastewater management has not been fully implemented in various parts of the world, especially in rural areas in developing countries. This is because developing countries are experiencing major problems in the social and economic fields. As an effort to overcome poor sanitation systems in various rural areas, especially in developing countries, Safe Water Garden (SWG) technology was introduced. SWG is a simple sanitation system (cost per unit only 4 million to serve 1-10 Families) that combines a septic tank and a 2x3 meter infiltration field (as recommended by Safe Water Gardens Pte Ltd.). In general, the treatment system, named SWG, has 4 main components, namely a closed tank, an infiltration field (garden), an interconnected piping system, and a dishwasher which is separate from the main system. As a further effort to reduce the need for costs, research was carried out at 30 SWG planning locations in Nagrak Village to identify cost requirements that could be adjusted to be efficient. Based on this, the SWG garden with a recommended area of 2x3 meters can be adjusted by considering land conditions and the amount of wastewater generated. In making these adjustments, a soil percolation test was carried out which refers to SNI 2389:2017 concerning procedures for planning a septic tank with advanced processing (infiltration wells, infiltration fields, up-flow filters, sanitary ponds) and calculation of wastewater generation that will enter the SWG system, so that efficient garden area calculations can be carried out. The results of this study reveal that as many as 25 SWGs can be built with less than the recommended garden size, 2 SWGs are in accordance with the recommended garden size, and 3 SWGs should be built with a larger recommended garden size. Therefore, taking into account the soil percolation rate and the amount of wastewater generated at the planning stage can provide efficiency to the SWG construction costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of the environment is constantly facing the threat from domestic pollutants, especially blackwater. Throughout the time, the management of waste removal is getting more advanced but the amount of pollution contaminating the river is also getting more concerning. As one of the worst types of domestic waste, blackwater requires serious and thorough treatment so that it does not harm the environment, and of course human health. The common method of blackwater treatment in Indonesia is by containing the waste inside septic tanks. Studies reported that blackwater is manageable to be transformed into raw water for agricultural needs, or at least, qualified to be discharged into the river without any potential to disrupt the ecosystem. However, following the increasing volume of blackwater production, that idea needs to be developed further to broaden the reusability of the output of blackwater treatment. This study shares a replicable method to transform blackwater into clean water; a simple method performed by utilizing local resources that work effectively and efficiently. A green technology -the combination of physical approach and phytoremediation-can produce the output (clean water) that is not only safe to be discharged into the river, but also can be used for freshwater aquaculture and water the plants with critical requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the community's behaviours and analyze their effect on the incidence of diarrhea diseases in Koto Tangah District, Padang City. This type of research is analytic with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study amounted to 110 respondents who were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to obtain information related to community behaviour and the incidence of diarrhea diseases in the community. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression statistical analysis. The identification results show that the behaviour of handwashing with soap, latrine maintenance, and open defecation is dominant in the good category with the percentages in a row (49.1%); (83%) and (79.1%). The survey showed that 27.3% of respondents (30 respondents) had diarrhea. The correlation analysis results found an inverse and very strong relationship between the variables of handwashing with soap behaviour (r=-0.783) and latrine maintenance behaviour (r=-0.719) with the incidence of diarrhea diseases. However, open defecation behaviour had no relationship (p>0.05). The results also showed that the behaviour of handwashing with soap and latrine maintenance affected the incidence of diarrhea diseases by 61.3% and 74.9%, respectively. The higher the frequency of handwashing with soap and latrine maintenance behaviour and the better the condition and application of the septic tank, the lower the incidence of diarrhea diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only 25% of households in Koto Tangah District, Padang, use safe latrines. The rest still use unsafe latrines where the septic tanks do not comply with the Indonesian National Standards, so they have the potential to contaminate well water. This investigation aimed to study the effect of the distance of the septic tank to the well location on total coliform and Escherichia coli in welli water in the Sub-district of Koto Tangah, Padang. Data in this study were collected by observation, interviews, and laboratory tests. Water samples were collected from 20 wells taken from 10 non-coastal wells, and 10 coastal wells, referring to the purposive sampling method. Microbiological analysis showed that well water samples contained total coliform (100%) and Escherichia coli (35%). Correlation analysis showed that the closer the distance from the septic tank to the well (r= -0.694), the higher the total coliform concentration in the well water. However, the same relationship did not occur in Escherichia coli concentration (p>0.05). Regression analysis showed that the septic tank distance affected the total coliform concentration by 51.8% but did not affect the Escherichia coli concentration. The difference in results in the two parameters could be caused by the low percentage of wells contaminated with Escherichia coli at the sampling location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septic tank construction is the basic requirement for rural region sewage waste disposal. Septic tank designs are bound in order to reduce health risks associated with improperly treated effluent especially in developing countries and also for the development of human civilization. The main objective of this research is to reduce the economical cost of Septic tank. This study can reduce the efficient cost and time for the construction of septic tank by analyzing the effects and consequences of different types of problem occurs during the structural construction. In this research, analytical results are being calculated through CAD/STAAD software. The study concludes that the construction of the septic tank through brick masonry and RCC approach have a small difference in terms of economic cost but the RCC design approach is very much efficient as compare to Brick masonry as the tank is more secure and durable in RCC design. The time and skill required in the brick masonry is also more than that required in RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the use of clean water during the COVID-19 pandemic is directly proportional to the wastewater produced. The increase in wastewater also increases Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, one of which is domestic wastewater management. The main GHG parameter generated from domestic wastewater management is CH4 gas. This study aims to calculate GHG emissions from household wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic within the study area and determine the region's contribution to total GHG emissions. Estimating GHG emissions uses the IPCC 2006 Tier 2 method, which needs input within the activity data from wastewater treatment within the study area. The share of household wastewater treatment within the study area is 94.79% septic tank, 0.81% latrine, 1.91% river, and 2.49% WWTP. The calculation results show that GHG emissions for several regions of Medan City are 11336.69 tons of CO2e and for sub-urban areas of Medan City are 20758.86 tons of CO2e. CH4 emissions from wastewater in the sub-urban area of Medan city contribute 65% of the total study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since it is presently impossible to compare the performance of different anaerobic treatment systems under the same operating conditions, this study aims to provide a comprehensive performance analysis of septic tank (ST), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), and anaerobic filter (AF) with a further comparison of the performance among the systems limited to total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency under medium-strength wastewater condition. The experiment was conducted over 4 conditions with combined variations of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 – 48 hr and sludge concentration of 10 – 20 g/L of MLSS, while sponge filter media (25 ppi) was selected for the AF system. ST provided overall COD and TSS removal efficiencies of approximately 71%±9% and 65%±20%, respectively. ABR achieved 83%±5% of COD and 73%±15% of TSS, whereas AF reactor attained 85%±4% and 76% ± 11%, respectively. Extended HRT from 24 hr to 48 hr provides significant removal efficiency enhancement to all three systems over COD removal but insignificant for TSS removal. AF proves to be the best system among the three options, followed by ABR and ST. Both AF and ABR provided considerably high treatment efficiency with HRT of 24 hr. In COD removal, ST follows far behind and still see an increase with prolonged HRT, a clear indication of HRT for 48 hr or longer is recommended or required. The concentration of approximately 10 g/L of MLSS in the system (first compartment) could probably be high enough for all three systems to provide satisfactory treatment efficiency in terms of COD, while higher concentration would increase TSS removal efficiency but not COD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bantul is an area that is mostly situated on a shallow unconfined aquifer. This area has a fairly high annual population growth rate where most of the population uses groundwater from shallow wells to suffice their daily needs. Recent water quality data shows correspondence with previous studies from Yogyakarta city in suggesting that the massive use of on-site sanitation systems can lead to nitrate contamination in shallow groundwater. In this study, we assessed the use of nitrate/chloride and chloride/bromide ratios to identify the nitrate contamination source in the groundwater. Recent water quality data (2021) of thirty water samples from shallow wells spread out over the study area were analyzed and secondary water quality data were also employed. The study area was divided into three spatial zones based on its demographic features: western, central, and eastern parts. In the densely populated central part, the range of nitrate concentrations tends to be higher (0.13−95.62 mg/l as NO 3 − ) than the rural area of the western and eastern part (below detection limit – 40.31 mg/l as NO 3 − ). The central part of the study area also shows a relatively high nitrate concentration in 45% of samples (exceeded 10 mg/l). Twenty-seven percent of the wells observed in this study show a ratio of nitrate/chloride between 1:1 to 8:1, indicating that nitrate may originate from the septic tank leachates. Fifty percent of samples with relatively high nitrate concentration (>10 mg/l as NO 3 − ) shows a strong association with high Cl/Br mass ratio (338-1141), indicating mixing of domestic sewage and septic tank effluents with groundwater as a primary source for the nitrate contamination in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an essential resource for human health, so understanding the quality of the water sources is essential. Groundwater from the shallow wells is one of the water sources used by people worldwide, including in densely populated areas. Slum areas and densely populated areas generally have problems with limited land, causing pollution problems in shallow well water. The identification of well water pollution levels is an early effort to detect the water quality. This study aims to present the current state of water quality in shallow wells located in slum and densely populated areas and further analyze the potential source of shallow well pollution. This study was conducted by interviewing and distributing questionnaires at the Sub District of Tegalpanggung, one of the densest areas in Yogyakarta. The questionnaires included issues about social, economic, water sources, data on sanitation infrastructure. This study also discussed the characteristic of soil beneath the Sub District of Tegalpanggung, which determine the groundwater flow. This study found 79% of the population at Tegapanggung uses shallow wells as their primary water source and 70.3% of the population uses septic tanks as their wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the distance between the septic tank and the shallow well that does not meet the standards of SNI 2398:2017 (procedure for planning a septic tank with advanced treatment) is 92.03%. The results indicate that there is a possibility of water pollution in a shallow well. Therefore, it is indispensable to analyze further water quality in water sources in densely populated areas. This study will present information for the stakeholders at Tegalpanggung to design a mitigation strategy to provide healthy and potable water for densely populated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BOD and COD number in faecal sludge waste from the septic tank is highly variables. Duri Kosambi Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (IPLT Duri Kosambi) as one of the faecal sludge treatment of DKI Jakarta Province has Sludge Acceptance Plant and Sludge Basin system with influent values of BOD and COD sometimes exceed the range of ratio BOD/COD theoretical. However, the range of the ratio in septic sludge show 0.3-0.4 except for some occurrence. Laboratory chemical testing could estimate the dilution factor correctly of BOD five days values using the result of the COD test. This study aims to analyze the dilution factors of the five days of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) from BOD and COD values comparison. It takes some value of BOD/COD ratio actual range, and dilution factors obtained from calculating that range times COD values divided by percentage of oxygen consumption in five days (Δ DO) from the measurement of dissolved oxygen in the laboratory. When we could determine the dilution factors in BOD test based on COD values, so that no errors occured of the BOD5 number because there is enough oxygen to be consumed by microorganisms to oxidize almost all dissolved organic and some organic substances suspended on the fifth day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case happened in Pungging sub-district was one example of low level healthy habits of East Java inhabitants. According to the data of Mojokerto district Health Service until the end of 2010, there are 219 families (or about 8% of total families in Pungging sub-district) which do not have their own latrine. Moreover, if we observe closely to their prosperity level, the percentage of disadvantaged families and prosperous level I is still adequately high about 29,54% of the total number of families in Pungging sub-district. Accordingly, comprehensive studies related to basic sanitation requirement need to be done, not only in the matter of quantity but also in the matter of quality. Furthermore, further studies on people's knowledge and understanding on healthy sanitation also needed in the effort to understand people's demand to own latrine (willingness to pay) and ability to pay. Consequently, the design of healthy latrine which agrees with people's demand and ability is needed in order to achieve the target of Open Defecation Free (ODF) in 2015. The research methodology includes literary study, data collection, data analysis, and healthy latrine design. Out of 75 respondents, only 32% of them who attended counselling program on healthy latrine and only 48% of them who have knowledge on healthy latrine, but in reality 96% of respondents stated that healthy latrine is important. Healthy latrine, according to the respondents, is a place of defecation (BAB) which has components like latrine bowl or septic tank. Estimation on WTP distribution which is divided in two categories; low category with range of willingness to pay from IDR 0 to IDR 200,000 is IDR 90,048,000. On the other hand, high category with range of willingness to pay more than IDR 1,000,000 is IDR 749,964,768. Estimation on respondents' ATP in the area of study on the sanitation maintenance service is from IDR 7,000 to IDR 30,000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]