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Molasses has a high sugar content and potentially good to be used as a fermentation substrate in the production of ethanol. The main purpose of this study is to compared the ethanol yield between free and immobilized on calcium alginate as the agent of fermentation. The fermentation of molasses was carried out directly using yeast isolate K2 which was free and immobilized on calcium alginate. Isolate K2 was tested physiologically first to determine the character of its tolerance to NaCl, pH, and molasses. The physiological character of isolate K2 showed its ability to grow at the limit of 12% NaCl, pH 3-6, and 25% molasses concentration at 30°C. The highest ethanol content was 1.96% from 25% molasses concentration with 24 hours fermentation using immobilized K2 isolate while the lowest ethanol content was 0.42% from 24 hours fermentation time using free yeast. Substantially, it can be concluded that the immobilization of K2 isolate in calcium alginate has the potential to increase the production of ethanol from molasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to observe the fluctuation of salt production in the Bima district using data on salt production for the last six years, from 2016 to 2021. The location of salt production is in the Bima district and can be found in Bolo, Monta, Woha, Palibelo, Lambu, and Sape. Bolo is the area with the highest salt production, and Monta is the area with low salt production. The results showed that there were fluctuations in production each year and month. Annual data with a total production of as much as 138236 Ton obtain in 2020, and low total production obtained in 2016 of as much as 11067.2 Ton. For monthly data, the lowest production was in April, with a total production of 870.9 Tons, and the highest was in September, with a total production of 163615.26 Tons. Salt production in the Bima district starts in April and ends in October. The prediction of salt production in the Bima Regency is expected to provide a solution for maintaining salt balance conditions and can be estimated more accurately. Thus, the need for salt in the Bima Regency can be met and the stock needed nationally can be met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt is a type of commodity that is a necessity for society because of its many uses. PT Budiono Madura Bangun Persada is a company that operates in the field of salt processing under the brand "Anak Pintar". Therefore, a strategy is needed to manage the production of salt raw materials well, namely through sales forecasting. This research aims to obtain an appropriate method for forecasting PT Budiono Madura Bangun Persada's salt sales to determine future production results. The data used is production data for 6 months, namely November 2020 – April 2021. The method used in this forecasting is Double Exponential Smoothing (DES). The research results show that the best alpha parameter (smoothing constant) of the Double Exponential Smoothing method is 0.5 and the MAD value is 71,216.49 and MSE is 188.15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt is widely used for various sectors ranging from consumption to industry. The salt produced on the island of Madura meets consumption quality standards, but does not yet meet industry quality standards. This is because of the quality of the salt produced by PT. garam (Persero) is determined using conventional methods, using observations of elements in the salt content which will take a lot of time and is less efficient. This research was conducted to determine which salt has the best quality for consumption commodities from the results of the classification that has been carried out. The method in this research uses Weighted k-Nearest Neighbor. WKNN will be used to classify the quality of salt into 4 types of quality, namely K1, K2, K3, K4 and based on 7 characteristics of salt content, and there are several trials that will be carried out in research using 350 salt data in June 2022 and their contents. Of the 350 data, 75 data are data from class K1, 107 data from class K2, 111 data from class K3, and 57 data from class K4. Based on the research and evaluation results, the WKNN method was able to provide the best results and obtained an accuracy of 85.7% with a value of k=9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Indonesia's natural resources as a coastal nation with a lengthy coastline to produce adequate salt for domestic consumption and industrial activity has not been realized. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), 2018 saw the greatest level of salt imports since 2016 with 2.8 million tons. One of the difficulties in salt production in Indonesia is technological factors. Membrane-assisted crystallization (MDCr) employing Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) membranes is a viable method for revamping desalination systems, including the treatment of brine streams for the generation of salt and water. This study was undertaken to determine if the Membrane Distillation Crystallization (MDCr) technique aided by the Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) membrane improved the quality of salt crystal products in accordance with SNI 3556:2016. This method combines the pre-treatment stage. This is done to prevent fouling on the membrane surface so that excellent crystal purity can be achieved. To find the optimal parameters for the salt refining process, temperature and feed flow rate were specified as variables. In the tank, the temperature of the feed varies by 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. The variable feed flow rate went from 400 mL/minute to 600 mL/minute to 800 mL/minute to 1000 mL/minute, while the feed volume in the tank remained constant. The NaCl concentration was determined using an Argentometric titration assay, and the size of the crystal grains was evaluated using an optical microscope. At an operating temperature of 60°C and a feed flow rate of 610 mL/min, salt crystals have the greatest purity of 99.13%. The flux of permeate did not decrease much over time, so it may be used to support the enhancement of a high-purity brine treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays nylon tubes was used on liquid and suction lines especially on moveable Standing Floor, Split Unit Air Conditioner and another Refrigeration Units. In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to know the effect of atmospheric temperature on the performance of Brine Cooling Unit using nylon tubes on liquid and suction lines. The atmospheric temperatures were 220C; 24,50C and 270C. The Brine Cooling Unit has a capacity of 1 HP and 10.000 Btuh cooling capacity, using R22, Propylene Glycol and capillary tube. The Nylon tubes was used in 3/8 inch suction line and in ¼ inch liquid line, equipped with fittings that were hydraulically pressed. The product was 300 cc of soy milk. The temperature of 30 liter brine was designed on – 60C and the soy milk on 40C. Thermostat was installed dipping into the brine. The internal dimension of the insulated brine tank was L32cm x W32cm x H42cm. The parameter data which were collected are: suction and discharge pressure, inlet evaporator and inlet expansion device temperature, suction and discharge temperature, brine temperature, outlet condenser temperature, product temperature, atmospheric temperature, current, voltage, cosφ. The result was that discharge and suction pressure and temperature, evaporator inlet temperature, brine chilling time, electrical current increases when the atmospheric temperature increases. But the COP decreases when the atmospheric temperature increases. So increase of the atmospheric temperature will increase the discharge and suction pressure and temperature, brine chilling time, electrical current and decrease the COP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspirin, also known as 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid. An estimated 5000 tons of drugs are consumed annually in human and veterinary medicine worldwide. Due to the inefficient removal of wastewater in sewage treatment plants, these compounds have recently been detected in surface, soil, and even drinking water in concentrations of up to a few micrograms per liter, the allowable threshold value is 75-100 mg per day. In this study, the electrocoagulation process was carried out at a potential of 9 volts, with Al/Graphite electrodes at a distance of 2 cm, used to treat Aspirin drug waste. Several variations of conditions are applied to determine the effect of time parameters, initial pH of the solution, and electrolyte concentration (NaCl) on the removal of aspirin, it was carried out by measuring Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels before and after the electrocoagulation process. UV-VIS spectrophotometer and FTIR spectroscopy characterization were carried out to analyze the changes in aspirin. The results showed that under the best conditions, the electrolysis time was 60 minutes, pH 11, and the addition of 0.03 M NaCl electrolyte could reduce the COD value of the sample with a COD reduction percentage of 41.53%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical masonry structures usually suffer from harmful salt and moisture action that together with environmental conditions negatively affect their performance, functionally, and durability. The results of deterioration processes attributed to salt first appear on the surface of building elements, most often in plastering and rendering mortars. However, as the salt sources are mostly identified in masonry materials themselves, it is necessary to understand salt transport and storage in base materials to get valuable and crucial information for application of repair mortars and other surface treatments. Therefore, transport and accumulation of dissolved chloride ions in materials frequently used in the Europe for historical masonry, i.e. ceramic brick and sandstone, was investigated. The fully water-saturated samples of the studied materials were penetrated by NaCl solution. The transport of chlorides was characterized by diffusion coefficient considering the chloride interaction with the porous system of the studied materials. An inverse approach to experimentally measured chloride profiles was used to calculate the chloride diffusion coefficient, while the transport of chloride ions was described by a simple diffusion and diffusion-advection model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionic strength and the presence of alcohols have a major role in the behavior of colloidal suspensions. Here in this work, we investigate the phase behavior and the rheological properties of Laponite suspensions in water-ethanol binary solvent at varying concentrations of NaCl. The conductivity of the suspension increases with an increase in the concentration of Laponite and ionic strength but decreases as the ethanol concentration in the binary solvent increases. From the visual observations, we obtain phase diagrams indicating the phase transitions happening to the Laponite suspensions in the presence of salt and alcohol. An increase in the storage modulus of the Laponite suspensions with the alcohol and salt concentration is observed. The aging effects of the suspension is also studied in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salted eggs in Indonesia are produced using duck eggs, but in this research salted egg are examined using layer chicken egg especially for diversification and effort to improve its added value. This research aims to examine production of layer chicken salted egg in different temperature processes and its finansial feasibility. The results show that the most suitable temperature process for layer chicken salted egg is 45°C for 4 days based on organoleptic test result on egg yolk, egg white, and overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of operating parameters on basic essential quality parameters of the dried salt, such as physical quality, water content, NaCl percentage, and whiteness in novel salt processing technology. This novel technology was designed, built, and installed at the salt mini plant, University of Trunojoyo Madura, and consists feed hopper, grinding chamber, hot air blower, and separator chamber. Novel salt processing technology was investigated under various operating parameters : temperatures (60°C, 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, 80 °C), air velocities (17.7, 20, 22.5, 24.4, and 27.5 m/s), and feeding rate at 44.28 and 49.35 kg/h. In terms of physical quality, the produced salt has uniform particle size, powder shape, and white color. The water content tends to decrease with increasing temperature and air velocity. The NaCl percentage and whiteness initially increased to an optimum value and then decreased with increasing temperature. However, increasing air velocity increased both NaCl percentage and whiteness. Nevertheless, while this study result has shown this novel technology to be successful, further investigation and improvement were required. The current study highlights recent developments of valuable salt processing technology to promote sustainability in the salt industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since oxygen is more electronegative and electron repulsive than hydrogen, the O atom will take all the electrons away from the H atom. This allows the oxygen portion of the water molecule to be partially negatively charged and the hydrogen portion partially positively charged. Water is classified as a polar molecule because of its polar covalent bonds and angular shape. If there are more water molecules than solute molecules, a hydration shell of water molecules forms around the solute particles in an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild steel is a primary material used to construct ships and other maritime structures. Corrosion protection systems are sometimes ineffective in aqueous mediums subjected to movement, flow, waves, and even turbulence under unpredictable conditions. This study aims to ascertain the influence of flow velocity on mild steel corrosion in the aqueous medium. The mild steel samples are immersed in a 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for five days. They were protected against corrosion using an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system. The flow velocity is increased to 200-800 rpm, while the stationary flow is also examined as a control. Data on the metal's potential and current density were collected, and the surface morphology was analyzed using a stereomicroscope. Corrosion protection occurs exclusively in stationary flow, whereas corrosion occurs in solutions flowing at a most studied velocity. Metals show corrosion severity levels ranging from 200 to 600 rpm with increasing current consumption and metal potential. At 800 rpm, the metal surface appears to begin passivating, reducing the current consumption and potential. The flow velocity accelerates corrosion, yet at the high-speed stream, the corrosion is slowed because the steel surface becomes passive and assists the corrosion protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aligning with the government's target to increase the renewable energy mix to 31% by 2050, the usage of biomass waste in Indonesia has increased as an alternative to fossil fuels through combustion and has been considered to be carbon neutral. Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) is a solid waste produced by the palm oil industry. The ash extract from the combustion of EFB contains a high amount of alkali metals including potassium, a crucial element to produce fertilizer. Indonesia is still a net importer of fertilizer, therefore the utilization of extracted potassium from the ash would be beneficial to reduce the import quantity of fertilizer. However, potassium is commonly present as a mixture with sodium salts that have the same solubility range in water at room temperature. Some organic compounds, specifically alcohols, can decrease the solubility of many kinds of salts. This research is therefore focused on understanding the effect of alcohol added to the potassium recovery, in the form of KCl, from its solution containing NaCl through crystallization with alcohol addition whilst obtaining the solubility of the salts in alcohol concentration and temperature variations. The largest reduction of KCl solubility was obtained by the addition of propanol up to 50%-wt. of solvent, resulting in an 88.01% decrease. To identify the recovered crystal, the experiment used Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) instrument. The highest purity and yield of KCl were obtained through the addition of propanol up to 50%-wt. of solvent, which was 88.85% and 52.65%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to improve the traditional salt production conducted by the Tiberias Community, West Oesapa Village, City of Kupang. Cooking tool was made from drums that have perforated holes at the bottom. Inside the drum there was a small bowl used to dissolve salt with water. There were layers of material to filter the salt, such as small bowls, cloth, fibers, sand, and gravel. The process was developed by mixing 20 kg of krosok raw salt with 100 liters of fresh water. The filtering process last for 28 minutes and followed by cooking for 5 hours, draining and drying for 2 hours, and followed by salt packing into 50 kg bags. The salt produced was 4.41-5.23% water content, 91.02% NaCl, 79.69 mg/kg of iodine, 183.70 mg/100 g of magnesium, and 503.70 mg/100 g of calcium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti-10Al-6Cr-9Ni are produced by using powder metallurgy. The semiconductor studies of the Ti-10Al-6Cr-9Ni interface were performed in NaCl and NaCl-salicylic acid. The influence of salicylic acid on the type of semiconductor surface, flat band potential and wetting angle properties of Ti-10Al-6Cr-9Ni were investigated by mott Schottky plot and contact angle goniometer. It was observed that the addition of salicylic acid in NaCl significantly affected the p-type behavior and the shift flat band potential of Ti-10Al-6Cr-9Ni. The addition of salicylic acid in NaCl decreases NaCl wetting angle on the Ti-10Al-6Cr-9Ni surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the world's lithium reserves are over 70% present in the form of brine water. A series of studies have been conducted on brine water found in Gunung Panjang spring, Ciseeng, Bogor to determine the effect of the electrolysis process on the reduction of magnesium elements and the Mg/Li ratio in brine water. In this study, the process of electrolysis of brine water was carried out without a salt bridge using graphite electrodes at a large voltage of 15 V. The electrolysis process was carried out for 60 hours and brine filtrate samples were taken every six hours. The characterization tests were performed on samples including ICP-OES, XRD, and SEM-EDS tests. Based on the research result, it was known that the electrolysis process was able to reduce the magnesium concentration in brine water with increasing electrolysis time. The percentage of Mg levels that decreased in brine water was 58.74% at 60 hours. The Mg/Li ratio in brine water also decreased from 10.01 to 6.01. The interpretation of the XRD pattern using Match-3 software showed that the residue phase deposited during the electrolysis process was dominant in the form of Mg(OH2 (brucite) and Ca(OH2 (portlandite), while other minor phases were identified as KCl (sylvite), LiCl and NaCl (halite), while SEM-EDS analysis showed Ca, O and Mg elements are known to have the most even distribution of elements on the surface of the sample among other elements. The success of this research is a good step to preparing raw materials for manufacturing lithium carbonate precursors. Further research needs to be explored in an effort to reduce magnesium levels and the Mg/Li ratio by increasing the electrolysis duration and adding a salt bridge to separate anode and cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for Lithium (Li) for Li-ion batteries is predicted to keep rising as the development of electric motors and vehicles becomes more widespread. Unfortunately, Li availability in Indonesia is still very limited and it still needs to be imported. Brine water is a natural resource with the potential to produce Li. This study presents the synthesis of lithium bis(oxalate) borate (LiBOB) using lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) extracted from brine water. LiBOB as one of the additives in lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) electrolytes can increase the electrochemical performance of the nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) cathode. Electric car batteries generally use the NCM cathode for its large specific capacity, high safety, and excellent cycle stability. LiBOB was synthesized from oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O), boric acid (H3BO3), and Li2CO3. The Li2CO3 was made from brine water using the powder metallurgy process with sintering at 240°C for nine hours. Electrochemical tests on LiBOB as an additive were conducted on the NCM/Li battery cells. The electrolyte mixture consisted of 0.8 M LiPF6 − ethyl carbonate (EC) / ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) / dimethyl carbonate (DMC), (1/1/1, weight ratio) with 0.2M LiBOB. The results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed the formations of the LiBOB hydrate phase and functional group. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses showed that the addition of LiBOB caused a shift of oxidation peak in the first cycle from 3.8 to 3.9 V, while in the subsequent cycles, the oxidation and reduction processes stayed stable. The addition of LiBOB could increase as well as stabilize the specific capacity and coulombic efficiency from the initial process of charging and discharging based on the results of charge-discharge (CD) analyses. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopies (EIS) and field emission scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) tests showed that the addition of LiBOB caused the formation of a surface film on the cathode. The surface film protects the cathode effectively and prevents the impedance increase due to the electrolyte solutions decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High entropy alloys (HEAs) are structurally complex alloys which contain at least five principal elements with an atomic percentage ranging from 5-35 wt.%. Moreover, minor elements (wt.%< 5%) can also be added to HEAs to improve their properties. In the present study, minor elements (Al,Cu) containing non-equiatomic HEAs were synthesized adopting a melting and casting technique in which a vacuum arc melting furnace was used in an inert atmosphere. The as-synthesized HEAs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The hardness of the HEAs was determined using hardness tester. The electrochemical potentiate was used for investigating the corrosion behavior of HEAs in NaCl solution. The corrosion behavior of all the HEAs was compared through corrosion parameters such as corrosion current density (icorr), corrosion potential (Ecorr), and corrosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

given the importance of sodium chloride (NACL)in several areas and its more importance in human health, a small, reasonably priced and more sensitive fiber interferometer concentration fiber sensor based on in offset fiber was fabricate to measure different concentration of NACL. This sensor was made by splicing a same length of coreless fiber (CF) between two single mode fibers (SMFs) in one side of different displacements. Where it has been proven that the sensitivity of the sensor is affected by the value of the offset, it was found that the greater the lateral displacement, the lower the sensor's sensitivity. The best displacement that has the highest sensitivity compared to other displacements has been known (106.437nm/RIU). The results showed and proved that the offset technique is effective for improving the sensitivity of the sensor by comparing it with another sensor without offset of the same length, where its sensitivity was 74.56nm/RIU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt farmers in the northern Java coastal Indonesia has a simple technology to support the traditional salt production process. Their technology called the wind-pump. The wind-pumps was used by salt farmers of Demak region to transport and recirculate seawater into the salt ponds. The wind-pump system used two or four blades windmill and a reciprocating pump. The windmill converts wind energy became potential energy through a linear translation of the reciprocating pump. In this experiment, the wind-pump system has two variations of crankshaft, there are 5 cm and 7.5 cm. The reciprocating pump has a constant head of 45 cm height. Wind speed and volume flow rate was gathered every 10 minutes in 10 seconds for six hours. The windpump with arms-length of 5 cm and 7.5 cm has a maximum volume flow rate of 1.65 l/s in 4 m/s of wind speed and 2.02 ml/s in 3.6 m/s of wind speed, capacity production 25.6 m3 and 18.3 m3 per day and an average efficiency of 5.03% and 5.93%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to reduce salt imports in the aluminum industry sector, leading to reduce industrial aluminum waste that is disposed of in landfill. Here, optimization of local salt as a drossing flux for processing aluminum dross in the aluminum casting process was performed. In this research, the drossing flux based on Na2SO4−Na2[SiF6]-NaCl-NaNO3− NH4Cl of local salt is utilized as the base material to extract molten aluminum from black dross aluminum AlSi10Mg. The mass ratio of drossing flux tomolten material was 1:10, while a casting temperature was varied at 760oC and 800oC. The smelting process uses a ceramic crucible furnace and stirred at 7 rpm and fluxing time for 10 minutes. The results of this study indicate that the percentage of recovered aluminum obtained at a temperature of 760oC is 34.13%, while at a temperature of 800oC the percentage is 46.03%. In addition, recovered aluminum from local salt of drossing flux has better fluidity and mechanical properties than the aluminum casting of AlSi10Mg without flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the problem of influence of salt concentration on building material moisture readouts using the microwave technique. The content of the paper covers the description of the problem of salt ions presence in the structure of the brick masonries of the buildings and sources of salinity. Additionally, the physical description of microwave detection method is discussed together with the underline of the phenomenon of signal attenuation due to salt ions presence. In the results section, the readouts showing the dependence between moisture readouts of bricks that differ in salt concentration are presented and suitable conclusions are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial to study the application of nano materials in order to improve the properties of cement-based composites. The durability of concrete pitches into a key factor for sustainable infrastructure development. The performance of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) on exposure to aggressive chemical attack is also one of the durability concern. In the present research work, the durability of UHPC specimens in aggressive chemical media was investigated on six series of specimens by replacing 0% to 5% of nano ZrO2 particles by cement weight. The effects of nano ZrO2 particle content on resistance against aggressive chemical attacks were assessed by weight loss, strength loss and physical deterioration. Eight different aggressive chemical media such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate were used for different exposure periods up to 120 days. The specimens with 3% nano ZrO2 particles content exhibited better durability performance in all the aggressive chemical media, which proved excellent performance in terms of lesser weight loss, minimal physical deterioration and high retention of compressive strength of specimens at all ages of exposure period. The higher retention in strength loss and weight loss was observed against aggressive chemical attack on 3 wt% of nano ZrO2 particles replaced UHPC mix, which reduced the weight loss by 11.80% to 14.70% and strength loss by about 14.85% to 18.34% in comparison to control mix without nano ZrO2 particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By now osmosis is well known to be one of the mechanisms of water transport in porous materials that can act as a semi-permeable membrane, such as clays. Nevertheless, little experimental research has been carried out to investigate and quantify the actual relevance of osmosis in porous materials in comparison with other common transport mechanisms like diffusion and advection. In this work, preliminary experimental data concerning osmosis for illite-based ceramic materials in dilute NaCl solutions are presented. The experimental set-up is based on the Sherwood and Craster experiment (in which montmorillonite containing glass beads was used as a semi-permeable material) and for the interpretation of the data, the derivation of the Kedem-Katchalsky osmotic model is used. The time evolution of the two measured quantities – the difference between the pressures on the two sides of the material – allow for the determination of the osmotic efficiency along with the Darcy permeability of the material and chloride diffusion coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemistry is conceptual and real, so it creates a lot of misconceptions that are resistant and difficult to change, but can be minimized. This study aims to describe implementation of Learning Cycle 5E model through Cognitive Dissonance strategy based on multiple representations to reduce misconceptions on salt hydrolysis. This research is a quantitative study with a research design using quasi-experimental and One Group Pre-test Post-test design. The research sample consisted of 25 students of class XI MIPA 4 at SMAN 2 Malang. This study used a three tier test diagnostic test of 25 questions that adopted from previous researcher so that its validity and reliability have been tested. The results showed that the average percentage of salt hydrolysis misconceptions decreased after learning activities. The results of analysis of student's misconceptions in the pretest were 32% and experienced a reduction to 23% in posttest results. This indicated that Learning Cycle 5E through Cognitive Dissonance strategy based on multiple representations is able to minimize the percentage of student's misconceptions on the salt hydrolysis topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Sates Department of Energy (DOE) Generation 3 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) program is interested in higher efficiency power systems at lower costs, potentially with systems utilizing chloride molten salts. Ternary chloride molten salts are corrosive and need to be held at high temperatures to achieve higher power system efficiencies. However, materials and cost of manufacturing of such a facility can be very expensive, particularly using exotic materials that are not always readily available. Materials that can withstand the harsh corrosive and thermal-mechanical environments of high-temperature molten salt systems (>700 ℃) are needed. High temperature systems offer greater thermodynamic efficiency but must also make cost efficient use of corrosion-resistant alloys. To ensure reliable high-performance operation for molten salt power plant designs confidence in materials compatibility with CSP Gen 3 halide salts must be established. This paper will present an analysis of Inconel 625 as an alternative to the costly Haynes 230 at 760℃ for 500 hours. Both metals were tested in an unaltered state as well as a homogenous weld. Each sample was weighed pre-and post-test, with a final composition analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Preliminary findings suggest that Haynes 230 outperformed Inconel 625, but more research at longer durations, 1,000 hours will be required for full reliable assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary chloride salts, consisting of MgCl2−KCl-NaCl, have been identified as a good candidate for thermal medium and storage at temperatures greater than 700°C in Gen3 CSP systems. Corrosion of system components is significant in molten chloride salts; however, a thermochemical purification helps to reduce the corrosivity of chloride salts by removing impurities, such as MgOHCl, that cause alloy corrosion in molten ternary salt. Up to this point, purifications of ternary chloride salt had been small scale quantities of salt (<10 kg). The purification procedures used in these smaller batches needed to be validated for larger quantities of salt to accommodate scaling up testing of systems and components in molten chloride salts. To further combat corrosion, system components can be fabricated from high toughness cermet materials. NiWC alloys, developed by Powdermet, have been found to display high corrosion and wear resistance in ternary salts during baseline material testing. To evaluate wear and erosion rates of NiWC pump components (i.e., bearings and impellers) in ternary chloride salt, a tribology test bed was designed by High Temperature Systems Designs with the capabilities of testing three journal bearings and five pin specimens, all submerged in molten salt. A thermochemical purification of approximately 85 kg of ternary salt was carried out to fill the tribology test bed and submerge all pin and bushing specimens. A variable loading weight on the test bed is designed to force contact between the bearing specimens and NiWC-coated shaft sleeves to simulate wear seen during startup, shutdown, and unsteady conditions, while pin specimens spin freely in the molten salt to give baseline erosion characteristics for development of pump impellers. A 500-hour test of NiWC3b journal bearings and pins was conducted in 720°C ternary salt at 1100 RPM without issue. Following the test, the pins, bushings, and shaft sleeves were evaluated for wear using a combination of dimensional measurements, an optical profilometer, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The NiWC3b bushings and pins, and NiWC3b-coated shaft sleeves showed no measurable wear with dimensional measurements. Overall, the NiWC3b pins, bushings, and NiWC3b-coated shaft withstood the molten salt environment at 720°C for the 500-hour, 1100 RPM test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the phosphorylation of lignin using disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate salt as a phosphate donor and urea as a catalyst. Phosphorylation of lignin was carried out by grafting the salt onto lignin at 80 °C. Weight ratio of lignin and salt was 1:6.25. The phosphorylated lignin was analyzed using EDS which shows that an average of 2,9% of phosphorus element is found in the grafted lignin. This is also confirmed by functional group analysis using FTIR and the result shows that the phosphate group had been successfully grafted onto the lignin. Furthermore, the TGA results show an improve in the thermal stability as seen from the increase of decomposition temperature of the grafted lignin up to 34 °C compared with the pristine one. A slight increase in char residue of grafted lignin as high as 5% compared to pure lignin is also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium chloride (NaCl or salt) is one of the inorganic minerals widely used by various industries, causing the demand for salt to be very high, including in Indonesia. Through the National Standardization Agency (BSN), the Indonesian government released national standards (SNI) to protect the salt industry and consumers. Therefore, an appropriate analytical method is required to determine NaCl in a salt sample, supporting quality and standards implementation. The standard method used for testing NaCl is the argentometric titration performed by the Mohr method or potentiometric method. This work studies the verification of these two methods in NaCl purity determination to obtain the appropriate method for certified reference material (CRM) certification. The verification consisted of accuracy, precision, the limit of determination, and measurement uncertainty evaluation. In this study, the Mohr method showed accurate results at a sample size of at least 82.01 mg, and the potentiometric method showed accurate results at a sample size of at least 81.44 mg, performed by measuring the NaCl CRM and statistical evaluation. A 0.3% precision (calculated as relative standard deviation) was achieved using a sample size of 97 mg and 85 mg for the Mohr and potentiometric methods, respectively. At the same condition applied in NaCl determination, expanded measurement uncertainty was estimated at 0.59% and 0.87% for the potentiometric and Mohr methods, respectively. Comparing the two methods detected that potentiometric titration offers a more accurate method to quantify NaCl purity. The method will be reasonably considered for future work in CRM production and certification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this exploration work proposes to eliminate the high-thickness drive commotion from the computerized pictures utilizing spatial sifting procedures. Here, the presentation will be analyzed between an adjusted choice based unsymmetric managed middle channel and past non-direct channels. Owing to insufficient exchanges in channels during transmission of pictures, pepper and salt commotions resembling impulse racket results in debasing of images. Killing of motivation is the purpose of segregation so to recuperate picture of minimal sign twist free from racket. Focus channels are one of the most prominent considering encounters for capacity in killing drive disturbance with no effect to edge. Exchanging channel namely Adaptable Median perceives conceivable riotous pixel at start followed by replacement from a brief time frame utilizing the middle channel or its assortments while leaving any overabundance pixels unaltered. This channel is unbelievable at seeing disturbance even at a high upheaval level. The versatile advancement of this channel with provision of large window guarantees that the vast majority of the drive commotions are recognized even at intense clamor. At low and medium fuss density, non-straight channels such as Decision based and robust estimation algorithms; standard and adaptive median filters provide better results. Their effectiveness is poor at high upheaval densities. A different filter based on decision and unsymmetric trimmed median is employed to predict the elimination of high-thickness salt and pepper fluctuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CNC Tool holders are highly precision products, used for high precision machines and automotive application, in these tool holders the shank is a very close tolerance component made from spheroidal graphite cast iron and it needs dimensional accuracy during assembly. Blackening process is involved to maintain aesthetic and anti-rusting properties, a huge rejection, colour variation and heavy distortion are constraints in blackening. Blackening is conducted with new imported chemical salt for minimising the distortion and achieve good black colour finish with various process parameters with relative combinations of temperature, time, and bath strength to set suitable appropriate process parameters and study the salt formula ratio. Salt spray fuming test conducted for anti-rust study and dimensions are verified with CMM and other precision instruments to study the dimensional accuracy. Manganese Phosphate process also added at 80° C to improve the aesthetic and the cast iron blackening optimized the less distortion at 120° C for 20 minutes dipping time in the chemical ratio of 1:3 combination. A study of salt analysation also will be carried out to ensure the alkaline base chemical ratio presented in the commercial salt and the cold blackening combination is the further study in this same research as continual improvement study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in aerated sodium chloride solution was investigated using gum Arabic as a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion measurement was examined using the weight loss method. Various gum Arabic concentrations and immersion time were investigated. The determining of the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency were studied using various gum Arabic concentration and immersion time. The corrosion rate was determined by the mass loss of the samples at initial and after submersion in the sodium chloride environment. The outputs revealed that gum Arabic was an effective corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in sodium chloride medium. The rate of corrosion reduces with the increase in concentration. The inhibition efficiency was increased with concentration. The highest inhibition efficiency is 85.10% at 5 g/L gum Arabic concentration and six days submersion time. The inhibition mechanism follows Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime mortars with partial replacement of lime by fine natural zeolite were first characterized in detail and then subjected to freeze-thaw cycles as well as to three different salt. Use of natural zeolite as pozzolanic admixture has led to a improvement in the frost resistance of lime mortars. Despite the decreasing porosity of the samples with increasing zeolite content, zeolitic mortars showed better ability to salt accumulation. The concentration of the monitored anions in the lime-zeolite mortars after treatment with saline solutions increased more than 100 times. The use of natural zeolite-modified lime mortars for desalination of chloride-contaminated masonry seems to be particularly suitable. From a comprehensive point of view, 40% replacement of lime with zeolite appears to be the most effective. It is possible to deliberate the use of these mortars for the repair of historical mortars in desalination of masonry as sacrificial renders, especially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the possibility of using electrocoagulation technique to remove effective Congo red dye from prepared wastewater was investigated. Initially, a simple glass vitreous batch electrocoagulation (EC) cell was prepared for EC experiments. Four pairs of (Al) plates were used as anodes and cathodes. The effect of each variable was then studied separately to treat four liters of contaminated water by EC cell for each experiment. The effect of many variables affecting the process of treating water contaminated with dyes has been studied including: Effect of Distance between Electrodes, Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Voltage, Initial dye Concentration, PH and Time. The experimental results showed that The higher dye removal efficiency (89%) at pH =7, Gab =1cm, NaCl =300 ppm, Voltage=30 v, dye conc.= 4 ppm, and time of 120 minutes at fixed speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green inhibitors have become a major option for corrosion prevention since people are more aware of environmental damage. It is true that chemical inhibitors are more powerful at preventing corrosion, but its side effects are very harmful to the environment. Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L) in single use has been proven as an active inhibitor for certain applications. To improve this property, purple sweet potato is used as a mixed with other plants that contain antioxidant agents, such as ginger, melinjo, turmeric, jeera, etc. This paper discussed the effect of applying mixed extract of purple sweet potato with turmeric (Curcuma longa) as a green inhibitor to corrosion rate of API 5L steel in a 3.5% NaCl environment. Turmeric extract contains curcumin and kaempferol antioxidants while purple sweet potato extract contains antocyanin antioxidants. Corrosion rates were analyzed based on weight loss and polarization methods. The results showed the highest inhibitor efficiency was 82.54% achieved by 16 ml of turmeric mixed with 2 ml of purple sweet potato, and the optimum inhibitor efficiency was 74.2% achieved by 8 ml of turmeric mixed with 6 ml of purple sweet potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of more environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor such as nitrate (NO3-) as an alternative to chromium-based compounds is needed, especially for aircraft aluminium alloys. This paper presents a comparative study on nitrate (NO3-) and chromate (CrO42-) inhibitions of corrosion fatigue crack growth of aircraft AA7050 aluminium alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution. Corrosion fatigue tests were conducted using centre-crack tension (CCT) specimens immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution with and without NO3- and CrO42- inhibitors at the frequency, f of 10 Hz and stress ratio, R of 0.1. To gain better understanding to the corrosion inhibition mechanism of nitrate and chromate, corrosion tests were also conducted using potentiodynamic polarisation technique. Results showed that nitrate could behave as inhibitor and it slows down the fatigue crack growth rate similar to that of chromate owing to its capability of forming passive film despite its oxidising effect is lower compared to chromate inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preset study, the corrosion inhibitions of molybdate (SM) and ethoxylated fatty amine (EFA) for corrosion of API 5L X-52 steel welded pipelines in 3.5% NaCl solution were evaluated using potential dynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Tafel polarization investigations showed that BM and WM have the ability to act as cathodes relative to HAZ, this is because the corrosion potential in the BM and WM regions is more positive than the corrosion potential in the HAZ area and through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, the steel's corrosion protection was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of alkali-activated slag cement concrete (hereinafter AASC concrete) is relevant for building constructions which are exploited in aggressive environments with exposed class XF4. It is due to increased freeze-thaw resistance of AASC concrete in water solutions of salts if compared with portland cement concrete. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of technological factors on porous structure and freeze-thaw resistance of plasticized AASC concrete in NaCl solution. It was shown that increasing of fresh concrete consistency from class S1 up to class S4 due to plasticization by complex admixture "polyorganohydrosiloxane - sodium lignosufonate - polyethylene glycol" as well as application of alkaline component in dry form, in contrast to liquid form, ensures negative changes in porous structure of AASC concrete. These changes cause decreasing of freeze-thaw resistance from mark F500 down to F200. It was revealed that hardening of plasticized AASC concrete under normal conditions (t = 20±2 °С, RH = 95±5%), compared with hardening in water or under steam curing (t = 85±5 °С), ensures more effective porous structure which causes maintained freeze-thaw resistance of F300 in contrast to F200 and F250 agreeable. Effective technological decisions for advanced freeze-thaw resistant of AASC concrete were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, the demand for melons has increased year after year. This growth is contradicted by the continued decline in melon production. Due to the continued scarcity of fertile land suitable for melons cultivation, the planting area has been increased to include suboptimal lands such as saline land. Mutation breeding strategies were used to promote somaclonal variation in order to generate a salinity-tolerant melon. The purpose of this research was to determine the LD50 and LC50 values and to generate a putative mutant callus that was salinity tolerant using NaCl as the selection agent. The embryogenic callus used in this study was grown on Murashige Skoog medium with 1 mg/l 2.4-D. Radiation doses of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 170, 190, 210, and 230 Gy were used. Following that, select NaCl values of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM. The LD50 of embryogenic callus was determined to be 168.15 Gy and the LC50 to be 219 mM in this investigation. The color of the callus changed from yellowish-white to brown, and the callus weight decreased as the irradiation dose increased. The callus that did not turn brown is thought to be a potential mutant resistant to NaCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion inhibitors are a practical and cost-effective solution for corrosion control in pipe systems. In a 1% NaCl solution, the activity of Polyvinyl alcohol as an iron corrosion inhibitor was investigated. The Wheel test method was used to investigate the activity of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as an iron corrosion inhibitor in a 1% NaCl solution with variations in concentration and temperature. SEM study of iron's surface (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The results showed that PVA compounds had the best inhibitory activity at a concentration of 8 ppm and a temperature of 25°C, with an efficiency of 53.88%. The adsorption properties of PVA agree with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a free adsorption energy of −34.028 kJ / mol. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) surface examination revealed that PVA might reduce corrosion rates on iron surfaces with fewer pores than without inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt is a strategic commodity because salt is needed for consumption, industry, pharmaceutical and oil drilling. Referring to the national salt balance issued by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) in 2014 stated the acceleration of the increase in average salt consumption in contrast to the amount of national salt production produced each year. The method used in this study is the fuzzy logic of mamdani method and multiple linear regression of the least squares method to predict the amount of national salt production. This prediction aims to assist the government in making policies related to the issue of national salt production. In this study, there are 5 stages of analysis which the last stage is a relative error test by comparing the accuracy of the predicted results of the national salt production using the fuzzy logic of mamdani method and multiple regression methods of the least squares method. Thus it obtained a relative error average for the Fuzzy logic of the Mamdani method was about 66.58 and the average relative error of the least squares method regression analysis was 79.93. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austenitic stainless steel (AISI) 304 is known to have excellent corrosion resistance under atmospheric conditions. However, corrosion resistance in austenitic stainless steel 304 can decrease in a medium containing chloride ions. In this work, the effects of the concentration of sodium chloride solution on microstructure, crystal phases, elemental composition, and corrosion behavior of AISI 304 were focused on by using a digital light microscope, SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF, and linear sweep voltammetry techniques. Various sodium chloride concentrations were prepared at 1%; 2%; 3.5%; 4%; and 5%. The AISI 304 samples were treated mechanically by polishing on the surface, then comparing it to the unpolished samples. Austenitic and ferrite phases were observed in a cubic structure. Iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and carbon (C) were found as the major elements. After the AISI 304 samples were immersed in a chlorinated solution, the corrosion from pitting, intergranular, and rust was observed only on the surfaces of the unpolished samples. However, the changes for the crystal structures and major elemental compositions were insignificant when the concentration of chlorinated solution increased. On the other hand, an increase in the corrosion rate was observed. The lowest corrosion resistance of AISI 304 was found at 5% NaCl. When the NaCl concentration increased, the corrosion rate increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amed salt is a unique product made traditionally using palung (trough). It has received the Geographical Indication tag and has become a tourist attraction on the Amed coast. With its uniqueness, Amed salt has established itself as a product favoured by hotels and restaurants. However, exposure to tourism has made Amed salt farmers vulnerable to major and sudden changes, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the fieldwork method and literature study, this article discusses the pandemic's impact on salt farmers' lives on the coast of Amed, Karangasem, and East Bali. The results showed that despite their distinctive product, Amed salt farmers have struggled during the pandemic. As tourism ground to a halt, the hospitality industry, including hotels and restaurants, experienced a significant decline in business. This has resulted in a decrease in the sale of salt and stock accumulation. Amed's salt farmers were unprepared to deal with this sudden change, forcing them to stop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a part of educational design research on guided discovery learning (GDL) based e-module on the topic of salt hydrolysis. The e-module had passed the test of validity and practicality after the development. Quasi-experimental research using a control-group pretest-posttest design was done to analyze the effectiveness of the GDL-based salt hydrolysis e-module on higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) of students. The population of the research consists of all grade XI students at one of SMAN in Padang City, Indonesia in the academic year of 2021/2021. The sample was selected by the purposive sampling technique. Research data obtained with a multiple-choice test were analyzed through the N-gain test and t-test. Results of the N-gain test showed that the HOTS of students in the experimental class (0.64) were higher than those in the control class (0.55). Results of the t-test showed that the value of the hypothesis testing was less than 0.05 (2-tailed). Therefore, it can be concluded that the salt hydrolysis e-module which is based on the GDL model is effective in improving the HOTS of grade XI students at SMAN 14 Padang. The e-module is suggested to be used for senior high school learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop and increase salt production, a Smart Salthouse maker design and monitoring system was held. Doing something like this on a narrow area and can produce salt all year round, because it doesn't need a large area and only requires land that can be used at any time. We can change the pan as an evaporation cup because we can use the Smart Salthouse maker, there are several sensors as control system information as a temperature regulator for the salthouse maker by utilizing the thermistor and cast hiter as a heater in the room that contributes heat at a certain time. Sensor reading information is also used to identify information on field conditions including temperature and water salinity data. As a function of the rate of evaporation of water and the rate of salt deposition in real time using sensors and electronic circuits integrated with the Arduino Mega2560 Microcontroller and placed continuously in the field (Salthouse maker). Through this activity, it is also possible to identify data information from conditions in the field in real time. Information from several aspects of field conditions is controlled using sensors with certain criteria and then represented through the application interface in the form of a database. Data obtained from the field, using a thermistor heater and cast hiter requires an electric power of 100 watts/hourtime. And able to produce salt as much as 5.3 Kg within 24x7 hours in a container of 40 x 30 x 5 cm3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study outlines the synthesis of water-soluble chitosan inhibitors (WSCI) from fish scale waste, completed through waste preparation, demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. By cutting the hydrophilic group of chitosan monomer with H2O2, the WSCI was obtained. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the shifting on the functional group during WSCI synthesis. The weight-loss method was used to test the effect of the addition WSCI to low carbon steel SS400 in 3 % NaCl environmental test media at various concentrations and temperatures. The findings indicate that at a 500 ppm concentration and temperature of 303 K, the synthesized WSCI samples have an inhibition efficiency of up to 72.02%. The efficiency of the inhibitor is known to increase with increasing WSCI concentration and be inversely proportional to temperature increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to (1) develop problem-based learning devices with demonstration methods; (2) test the feasibility of the developed learning devices (3) examine the effect of the use of developed learning devices on students' critical thinking skills and self-efficacy. This research was a research and development with a 4D model developed by Thiagarajan. The feasibility of the developed learning devices is seen based on the results of the validator's assessment, and student readability. The effect of using developed learning devices on critical thinking skills and self-efficacy was analyzed using the MANOVA program. The results showed that: (1) problem-based learning devices with demonstration methods on salt hydrolysis material in the form of syllabus, lesson plans, and student worksheet; (2) problem-based learning devices with demonstration methods are suitable for use in chemistry learning in terms of the validator's assessment and student readability in the very good category; and (3) the using of developed learning devices has an effect on increasing students' critical thinking skills and self-efficacy on salt hydrolysis material. These learning devices make students better understand the salt hydrolysis material by knowing the problems and direct evidence according to what is in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effectiveness Inhibitor of Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) skin extract (IRSE) as Green corrosion inhibitor for API 5L-B Steel in the corrosive environment of NaCl and HCl solutions is presented systematically. The inhibited corrosion rate was investigated using the Tafel polarization method, while the resistance value of the interface layer was examined using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in various concentrations of inhibitors in the corrosion media of NaCl and HCl solutions. The results showed that IRSE was quite effective in corrosion medium with a solution of 3.5% NaCl and HCl with pH-3. IRSE works optimally and was able to inhibit the corrosion rate up to 56.54% and the resistance value of 3.84 x 108 ohms on the NaCl solution corrosion medium and 89.1% with a transfer resistance value of 4.18 x 103 ohms on the HCl corrosion medium. In the weight loss test, corrosion products were obtained and the crystallization stage used X-ray diffraction (XRD) testing. The results obtained showed that IRSE inhibited the corrosion process with by a physical adsorption mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish freezing process resulted in dehydration and protein tissue damage. The function of NaCl and Sodium tripolyphosphate are to increase the ability to bind water, prevent drip loss and act as a cryoprotectant. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of soaking process with NaCl and STPP solutions on the quality of frozen catfish fillet and to find out the best kind of food additives. The experimental laboratories method used Completely Randomized Design. The treatments in this study were soaking process with NaCl 2%, STPP 2%, NaCl 1%+STPP 1% and control solutions. The parameters of frozen catfish fillet tested were organoleptic, weight changing, Water Holding Capacity (WHC), texture, drip loss, protein solubility and color. Non-parametric data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis and parametric data were analyzed by variant test and Honest Significant Different. The result of sensory data showed the treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05). The result of parametric data such as weight changing, WHC, texture, drip loss, protein solubility and color showed the usage each treatments had a significant effect (P<0.05). The best results on all parameterswere obtained in the STPP 2% treatment with weight gain treatment is 11.38%, total weight gain 34.6% and shrink save -7.55%, WHC 20%, drip loss 3.54%, protein solubility 0.87% and color L -45.29, a* 2.58, b* 5.33. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]