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Monobath or single step film developing formulations had existed in tandem with photography itself but gradually abandoned to the rapid user transition into color photography. The rapid commercialization & technological advancement of the latter drives the monobath technique into stagnation. In the past decade, the resurgence of film photography had driven back the interest in monobath development prompting a few monobath products to be commercially available. Most of the commercial developing chemical's usage were calibrated towards the characteristic curves published by film manufacturers. However, these monobaths are without reference to the characteristic curves in comparison with other standard commercial developers. To justify the feasibility of this formulation, we must therefore construct the required characteristic curves, albeit qualitatively. Utilizing basic optical densitometry method, qualitative analysis was conducted toward a comparative study of multiple commercial black & white photographic film stocks. This study suggests ways in which to utilize the trend in characteristic curves to provide a preliminary assessment of monobath developer over several commercial photographic film stocks. All film emulsion tested have lower quality negatives results compared to conservative developers, but KODAK & Ilford shows usable results for normal photography uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristic curves of photographic film are considered as an industry standard for all film manufacturers. Based on the optical density of suspended silver particles, a characteristic curve is unique to each film type providing a reference point to the users on the quality of any chemical development process subjected to the product. Most of the commercial developing chemical's usage were calibrated towards the curves. However, the bulk of the published curves are based on commercialized standard chemicals formulation, absent in either newer or non-commercialized formulations. To justify the feasibility of these formulations, we must therefore construct the required characteristic curves, albeit qualitatively. This study suggests ways in which to utilize the trend in characteristic curves to provide a preliminary assessment of Caffenol developers over a few film emulsions from different manufacturers. All film emulsion tested give lower quality negatives, but KODAK and Ilford show usable results for normal photography uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photographic lens is an invention to duplicate human eye functions and operations. Starting with seeing and focusing the object, the lens then transmits lights containing information of the scene such as colours, brightness and shapes to the digital sensor or photographic film. To produce such invention, it comprises complex steps which include material selection and processing, lens machining and finishing. Being the first of its kind, this paper will review the roles of process systems engineering (PSE) in the manufacturing of sustainable photographic lens from R&D and commercial angles. The review will detail PSE contributions for each of the step and highlights the related challenges in implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bones make up the skeleton of the body by attachment points for muscles, which allows human to run, jump, and do actions. It also protects organs from potential damages. Fracture is a medical term for a broken bone when bone has an outside force exerted upon it, there is possibility that the bone cannot withstand the amount of force and break it. These fractures can treat by implanting internal fixations at the fractures such as screw and plates. To diagnose the fractures and follow up the treatment, x-ray taken at the fractured area. X-ray image is one of the oldest photographic films that is mostly used in medical diagnosis and treatment. X-ray image is a very useful modality for the physicians and doctors to determine and analyse the bone fracture, which is an important symptom used for diagnosis, therefore x-ray produce only medium quality image, which will normally affect the information of the image. This paper aims to use a new method to detect the screw implants on human bone by using image binarization technique. Image binarization is the process of separating pixel values into a couple of groups, black as foreground and white as background. Image binarization is an important step in image thresholding. The main objective is to find a new method of image thresholding to of object detection. The method is by developing a new algorithm of image thresholding by making the already exist algorithm as references. The resulting method was analysis based on accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental radiation is an ionising radiation that present in the natural environment which mostly originates from cosmic rays and radionuclide agents in the environment. This may lead the population to be exposed to the radiation. Therefore, the environmental radiation needs to be observed cautiously to minimize the impact of radiation. However, there is no specific or proper monitoring device that provides an outdoor environmental radiation monitoring. Hence, a new outdoor environmental radiation monitoring device was developed. A photographic film has been chosen as a dosimeter. The purpose of this study was to prove the covered photographic film attached with variable filter can be used to develop environmental radiation monitoring device to detect the ionising radiation. The filter used was variable thickness of plastic, aluminium (Al) and lead (Pb). The result from the study showed that the mean optical density (OD) values for medium speed film are in the range 0.41 to 0.73, and for fast speed film the OD values are in the range 0.51 to 1.35. The OD values decreased when the filter was attached. This has proven that the photographic film can be used to detect radiation and fast speed film was more sensitive compared to medium speed film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the earliest work, the main advantage of proton imaging as compared to X-rays was expected to be based on the specific property of the proton flux to drop off very steeply at the end of the particle range. However, this conclusion was based on the stopping power dependence on the path length and was experimentally verified only with thin detectors, such as photographic films. Such detectors register only part of the energy flux of exit protons. An alternative method is based on the measurement of the total exit energy of protons. In this case one must consider two other effects that act in opposite ways: they increase the necessary irradiation dose with decreasing energy of the protons. First of all, the energy loss of a proton in an object becomes higher at lower initial energies. At the same time, the decrease in energy of protons results in the increase of the energy straggling, which increases the number of protons needed to determine the exit energy of protons with a predetermined precision. Our investigations carried out earlier show no effect of dose reduction near the end of the proton range. The advantage in sensitivity determined by the steep dependence of the energy flux of proton beam is entirely compensated by the uncertainty in the exit energy of protons given by the energy straggling process. In this work the earlier investigations were continued to the region of Bragg peak where the proton exit energies don't form a Gauss-type distribution. The method used earlier has undergone some modification caused by the impossibility of determining the exit proton energy by adjusting the Gauss curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the deposition by Langmuir-Blodgett process of monolayer Tetraether lipids films were transferred onto Silicon wafer substrates. Langmuir experiments were performed with the Langmuir trough from a commercial film balance (Riegler & Kirstein GmbH, Mainz, Germany). The surface pressure was measured with a filter paper Wilhelmy balance. The experiments were performed at a temperature of 19° C±1° C. The subphase was pure water. The Tetraetherlipid were dissolved in chloroform in concentration 1 mMo1 for the film balance experiments. Ellipsometry Measurements show that the thickness and optical properties of monolayer films, The thickness by Ellipsometry were represent a combined mean value of domains about 1, 5 nm–4, 0 nm. The surface morphology with Atomic Force Microscoy (AFM) as results showed that in all films domains are present and that the thickness of the observed domains films varies between 2 nm and 5 nm. From all films the hydrophobically transferred showed the most homogeneous organization on the substrates. After transfer on hydrophilic and aminosilanisated surfaces the lipids are arranged in small islands on the substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the importance of watermarks reproduction, in particular the advantages and potentiality of beta-ray technique’s application to this aim is emphasized. The method involved a radioactive carbon sheet which emits radiation that images a photographic film. After a conventional processing the film produces an exact copy of the watermark. Techniques which give similar results are also considered. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]