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In the 21st century classrooms, teachers strive to make teaching and learning meaningful. One of the teaching approaches with ESL young learners used frequently by master trainers is project-based learning. In the effort to use project-based learning, teachers face problems in implementing it correctly as they lack guidelines that prescribe how to do it step-by-step. To add on to the problems, only activities are suggested in the textbooks without a clear manual since project-based learning is still in its infancy in primary school ESL classrooms. This study explores the practice of master trainers who are advocates of project-based learning in their respective districts in two northern states in Malaysia. This qualitative case study garners data from teachers' lesson plans, semi-structured interviews and guided reflection from the master trainers. Thematic analysis was carried out to look for emerging patterns in the data before a set of guidelines is developed for the use of other teachers in primary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melaleuca Cajaputi (Kayu Galam) is a type of tree that grows very fertile in swampy areas. This wood is commonly used in natural conditions (barked) in construction work. Meanwhile, other woods are generally used in a processed condition (without bark). For this reason, this paper compared galam wood with bark and without bark. This research was conducted by testing the physical characteristics and compressive strength in the laboratory. The compressive strength samples consisted of natural conditions (irregular round shape) with variations in length of 10 cm, 15 cm and 30 cm. Furthermore, each variation is made into a barked and peeled bark. All samples amounted to 126 units. The results of specific gravity and water content were not significantly different between barked and without bark. The water absorption in the shelled galam was 49.25% greater than that without the bark. Furthermore, the effect of the galam bark layer reduces the average strength by 24.92% and undergoes compression and shear failure. The failure of the test object with a ratio of length to diameter greater than 5 is indicated to have a buckling effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most crucial part of the process of learning mathematics is the understanding of concepts. However, there are still students who have a common understanding of mathematical concepts, especially in the material of straight-line equations. The common understanding of student concepts in the material of straight-line equations results in student learning outcomes not reaching learning completeness criteria. One of the efforts that will be made to improve students' understanding of concepts in the Straight Line Equation material is to utilize GeoGebra media. This article aims to determine the influence of GeoGebra media's use in improving students' understanding of concepts on the material of straight-line equations. This type of research is based on a quantitative approach with its research design, Classroom Action Research (CAR). The study subjects were 16 grade VIII students of Muhammadiyah 10 Andong JHS for the 2021/2022 academic year. This research uses data collection techniques and instruments in the form of Test Techniques and descriptive statistical analysis to describe the test of learning outcomes and student activities in the learning process using GeoGebra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defragmenting is the process of correcting the structure of wrong thinking to get the right understanding. This misunderstanding can occur because students have not been able to implement their metacognition in problem-solving. This study aims to describe students' metacognitive structural errors in solving statistical problems and their defragmenting efforts. The research method used was a qualitative descriptive approach with a total of 28 students as research subjects. The data collection technique used was by using statistical tests, observations, interviews, and video recordings. The process of analyzing research data was carried out by data reduction techniques, data presentation, and conclusion. The results showed that students experienced metacognitive errors in solving the statistical problems given. These metacognitive errors were made by students in exploring the meaning of mathematical problems or in the aspect of understanding the problem and determining the right solution strategy or in the planning aspect. After students received the intervention and defragmenting efforts, it was found that students' metacognition in the aspect of understanding the problem and planning aspects became optimal so that students obtained the right mathematical problem-solving solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Without realizing it, many students experience pseudo-thinking in solving mathematical contextual problems. This study aims to describe the pseudo-thinking process experienced by students in integer contextual problems. The research design used is descriptive qualitative. Participants were 32 grade VII students of SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta. Data collection taken by using test techniques, interviews, and observations, were then analyzed and italicized. Data analysis consists of data reduction, presentation, and concluding/verification. The results showed the occurrence of false-pseudo-thinking. Students need help constructing mathematical concepts in contextual problems. The stage of reorganizing the pseudo-thinking structure is defragmenting by providing cognitive conflict, disequilibration, and scaffolding. The result of defragmenting is that students can understand contextual problems by placing mathematical concepts in a structured manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to think reflectively in mathematics belongs to the ability to think at a high level. However, many students still experience fragmentation, especially in algebraic material. This article describes attempts at defragmentation of reflective thinking in solving algebraic problems in students through intervention. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The subjects of this study were 31 students of Junior High School 1 Surakarta. The data collection method in this study used problem solving tests with think out aloud, observations, interviews, and voice recordings. Data analysis is carried out in three ways: 1) data condensation, 2) data appearance, and 3) conclusion. All fragmentation experienced by students can be structured through interventions in the form of cognitive conflicts, disequilibrium, and scaffolding. Thus it can be concluded that attempts at defragmentation of reflective thinking on algebraic problem solving using cognitive conflict, disequilibrium, and scaffolding were successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical literacy is a person's ability to formulate, apply, and interpret mathematics in various contexts of mathematical problems. This study aims to describe the fragmentation of mathematical literacy in solving STLE problems and their defragmentation efforts. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The subjects in this study were class IX A students of SMP N 01 Weru Sukoharjo, totaling 25 students. The data collection technique used in this study was that the data was collected by the written test method of contextual problems of the two-variable linear equation system, observation, and interview. The process of analyzing research data is carried out after data collection through three stages: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. This study concluded that students who were the subject had difficulty applying mathematical concepts to real problems. Further research focuses on defragmentation methods, namely student efforts to carry out socialization in problem-solving according to the challenges faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metacognition defragmentation is correcting the structure of human metacognition thinking patterns that are wrong in problem-solving. Ethnomathematics problems can be a bridge to improving students' metacognitive awareness. This study aims to describe the error of students' metacognitive structure in solving ethnomathematics problems and their defragmentation efforts. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with 32 grade VII students of SMP Negeri 3 Colomadu. Data collection techniques with tests, observations, and interviews. The research data analysis process is carried out with data reduction techniques, data presentation, and conclusion. The results showed that there was a metacognition error in solving ethnomathematics problems. Students make mistakes in representing sentences into flat sketches (understanding problems), strategizing problem-solving (planning), doing mathematical computing (monitoring), and concluding (verification). After receiving interventions in the form of disequibrasion and scaffolding, students can understand the given problem and solve mathematical problems appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defragmentation is correcting the wrong thinking structure to get the proper understanding. Misconceptions can arise because students have difficulty implementing metacognition abilities in problem-solving. This study aims to describe students' metacognitive errors in solving HOTS mathematical problems and defragmentation efforts. The research method used a qualitative descriptive approach with 20 research subjects. The data collection techniques used are HOTS tests, observations, and interviews. The data analysis process is carried out with data reduction techniques, data presentation, and conclusion. The results showed that students experienced metacognition errors in solving HOTS mathematical problems. After the student accepts the defragmentation effort obtained, the student's metacognition becomes optimal so that the student receives a solution to solve the correct and precise HOTS mathematical problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defragmentation is a process that aims to restructure the thought processes that occur in students. Fragmentation can occur because students cannot correctly implement mathematical literacy in solving problems. This study aims to describe students' mathematical literacy structure errors in solving non-routine problems and their defragmentation efforts. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research with a sample of class VIII H students of SMP Negeri 2 Gemuh. The data collection techniques used are tests, observations, and interviews. The research data analysis is carried out by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that students experienced errors in the structure of mathematical literacy in solving non-routine problems. Students, in all aspects, make an error in the design of mathematical literacy. The results obtained after the student received the intervention and defragmentation efforts showed that the student's mathematical literacy in the formulating aspect and the application aspect increased so that Students can solve non-routine mathematical problems correctly and precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defragmenting is the process of re-improving students' way of thinking so that the student's mindset becomes broad so that students can understand and solve a given problem. The misconception made by students is that students have not been able to implement their metacognition in solving a problem. This study aims to describe metacognition errors in solving non-routine problems and their defragmentation efforts. The method used is descriptive research, with several research subjects of as many as 32 students. The data collection technique uses non-routine problem tests, observations, and interviews. Research data is analyzed by reducing data presentation data and drawing conclusions. The results showed that students struggled with metacognition when solving a non-routine problem. Students make these metacognition errors in exploring the meaning of mathematical problems or understanding the problem and determining the right problem-solving formula in the planning aspect. After Defragmentation and defragmenting efforts, students' metacognition in understanding the problem and planning aspects becomes optimal for obtaining appropriate mathematical problem-solving solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical communication is a person's ability to convey information to solve problems. Mathematical communication has four aspects: understanding the problem, planning, presenting, and evaluating. This study aims to describe the efforts to defragment students' mathematical communication in solving HOTS mathematical problems. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with the research subject being class VIII students of SMP N 1 Ngemplak, totaling 31 students. Data collection techniques were carried out with HOTS mathematical problem test sheets, interviews, and observations. The data analysis process is carried out through data reduction techniques, data presentation, and conclusion. The results showed that students' mathematical communication skills were relatively low in solving HOTS mathematical problems. The main mistake of mathematical communication experienced by students is in understanding the problem and the evaluation element. Therefore, defragmentation of students' mathematical communication is carried out on the component of understanding problems and evaluation aspects to improve their mathematical communication skills and solve mathematical problems correctly and precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflective thinking is the ability of the thought process that requires effort to control oneself in problem-solving appropriately. There are four aspects of reflective thinking, namely technique, monitoring, insight, and conceptualization. This study aims to describe the fragmentation of reflective thinking of students in solving contextual problems of arithmetic series in terms of gender. This research is qualitative descriptive research. The subjects in this study were class X TJKT 2 students of SMK Negeri 4 Klaten, totaling 36 students. The data collection technique used is to use contextual problem tests on arithmetic series materials, observations, and interviews. The research data analysis process is carried out after data collection through data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. In general, both men and women do not have significant differences in solving mathematical problems of arithmetic series. Both men and women experience fragmentation of reflective thinking. Efforts to defragment reflective thinking in male and female students are the same as efforts by facilitating imbalances and scaffolding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflective thinking is the ability to think of processes that can encourage individuals to think of a strategy and evaluate it to take the right steps in solving problems. There are four aspects of reflective thinking, namely technique, monitoring, insight, and conceptualization. This study aims to describe the fragmentation of students' reflective thinking in solving mathematical problems as well as defragmenting efforts to overcome this. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. This research was conducted at the Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta by involving prospective mathematics teacher students. The data collection technique used is by using test sheets, observations, and interviews. The research data analysis procedure was carried out after data collection, namely through data reduction techniques, data display, and drawing conclusions. There are some students who experience fragmentation when solving parabolic problems. The student errors in this study were based on the error categories, namely technical errors, monitoring errors, insight errors, and conceptualization errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research reveals students' reflective thinking for parabola problem-solving. The qualitative research employed 35 reflective thinkers from Indonesia. Data are collected by test and interview methods. A constant comparative method is implemented for data analysis. The result shows that students' reflective thinking occurs in solving parabola problems. Confusion arises at the moment when the student chooses one of the right answers and in making conclusion. Further research focused on the defragmentation of reflective thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe how students' computational thinking levels in solving mathematical problems are based on the computational aspect. This study was descriptive qualitative research with the eighth graders of class F of SMP Negeri 1 Mojolaban as the sample. The study's instruments included math test questions, as well as observation and interview sheets. The math teachers and a math lecturer from the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta served as the study's validators. The data collection techniques used were tests, observations, and interviews. The data analysis was carried out in three stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. It was found that students successfully fulfilled the computational thinking level, which consists of connecting, relating patterns, focusing, and concluding well. For further study, they may discover students' obstacles in applying computational thinking in solving math problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze and correct errors in the mathematical thinking structure of students in solving non-routine problems by reorganizing or defragmenting the thinking structure. This research is qualitative, using a diagnostic design. Data collection techniques use observations, tests, interviews, and documentation. The subjects in this study were three 2nd semester students of the Mathematics Education Study Program at the Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, divided into high, medium, and low categories. The results of this study show that subjects with a high category can meet all mathematical thinking indicators before defragmentation and after defragmentation. Subjects with medium categories before defragmenting have not completed all indicators of mathematical thinking: only two indicators can be completed, namely problem identification and problem generalization. After one defragmenting process is given problems, the subject of the medium category can meet all indicators. Subjects with low categories can only complete one indicator of mathematical thinking, namely identifying problems in solving pre-defragmenting problems, as evidenced by the results of tests and interviews before defragmenting, after defragmenting three times, subjects with low categories were able to meet all indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texture depth of textured journal bearing played an important role to predict the overall performance of journal bearing efficiently. Hence in this case study, the investigation was done on the effect of surface texture depth on the performance of journal bearing using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) ANSYS FLUENT. This case study also innovated the potential of refined bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm oil as a renewable source that can replace engine oil that is used in the application of journal bearing. The depth of texture was introduced at 0.049mm, 0.050mm, 0.051mm, 0.052mm and 0.053mm. The study was conducted at a different rotational speed of journal bearing start from 200rpm, 400rpm, 600rpm, 800rpm, and 1000rpm and at a constant eccentricity ratio of 0.7. As a result, depth texture of 0.050mm at a rotational speed of 800rpm and depth texture at 0.050mm,0.051mm, and 0.052mm at a rotational speed of 1000rpm showed a high value of maximum fluid film pressure as compared to plain journal bearing. The potential of RBD palm oil was fully studied during the simulation study and proved that these types of bio-lubricants can replace conventional oil in the future specifically in journal bearing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical literacy can be defined as a person's mastery in formulating, implementing, and interpreting mathematics efficiently from various contexts, content, and or life processes. Mathematical literacy has 7 components, namely communication, mathematization, representations, reasoning opinions, Ability to choose strategies to solve problems, Ability to use symbolic, formal, and technical languages and operations, Ability to use mathematical. Two basic competencies can be measured by AKM, namely reading literacy and mathematical literacy (numbering). This study measures the mathematical literacy ability of students' object dimensions on the AKM questions. This qualitative- descriptive study used eighth-grade students of Muhammadiyah 7 Junior High School of Surakarta as research subjects. Subject taking technique using snowball sampling technique, researchers take research subjects will increase according to the needs of researchers. The data in this study were obtained through think aloud. Data was collected using the test, observation, interview, and video recording techniques. The results showed that two characteristics occur in each object of mathematical literacy. Therefore, this study focuses on the dimensions of mathematical literacy objects which include formulation, implementation, and interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical literacy is the mastery of formulating, implementing, and interpreting mathematics efficiently from various contexts, content, and life processes. Moreover, decoding the issue required stages of problem-solving. Based on the Polya theory, there are four stages of problem-solving, including understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back. Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) is a test that can enhance students' mathematical literacy. This research was conducted to describe the object of mathematical literacy at each stage of Polya's in solving the AKM problems. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The subjects taken were the students of VIII grades in Junior High School by applying the snowball sampling technique. The data were collected utilizing the Think Aloud method, which involved tests, interviews, and observations. The validity of the data in this study employed a triangulation method. The inductive technique was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in solving the AKM problem, mathematical literacy could emerge at each problem-solving stage with various responses from students. So it is necessary to describe the object of mathematical literacy at each stage of problem-solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) is a competency assessment with the aim that all students can develop their own capacity and participate positively in society. This study aims to describe the characteristics of students' mathematical literacy in solving Minimum Competency Assessment problems. This research uses descriptive-qualitative research with the 8th-grade students of Muhammadiyah 7 Junior High School in Surakarta as the participants. The instruments used are AKM problems, observation sheets, and interview guidelines. The validity of the data used in this research is the triangulation method. Data analysis was carried out in three stages, namely: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study are that there are three characteristics of mathematical literacy in the AKM problems: 1) Distinctive; 2) Sociological; 3) Advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the additional concept of Green Skills, with the aim of forming more competent workers in an industry that currently demands green jobs. So, it is necessary to have stages of competency formation in developing students' cognitive abilities to become green employees who are environmentally friendly and care about the environment. Until now, only a few studies have guided and revealed the needs of the community in meeting the demands of green skills, especially in Vocational High Schools. This paper uses a literature review-based methodology to identify Green Skills and formulate cycle stages that shape student competencies. It was found that from the results of a literature study on green skills competencies to realize in school, it is necessary to have a special application model in vocational schools into learning, so that a concept known as 6R is found competence to reuse, recycle, reduce, repair, reassemble, and resaving energy. To make realistic creative TVET innovations according to the needs of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 based on green skills materials through virtual technology based on virtual reality. To diffuse creative TVET innovations into the community TVET Institutions, Government through the policy of infusion of green skills learning into the curriculum, Society, and Stake Holders can be done by joining Green Leaders Indonesia (GLI), GLI is a movement of young Indonesians to bring together and encourage collaboration between activists of the environmental care movement, green technology developers, stakeholders, government, and leaders of the ministry of the environment to create environmentally friendly solutions. Therefore well the aim of the movement having a better impact on the current environmental damage phenomenon. It is no stranger that environmental problems have become a classic problem in Indonesia, especially in TVET. The six main requirements above will be fulfilled if they are supported by the Vocational Education objectives in training green skills to form green employe. The novelty of this research is that there are six main requirements in the application of green skills with conditions that are supported by the goal of Vocational Education to form green employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflective thinking plays a crucial role in problem-solving. However, there are still numerous pupils who are challenging in implementing it. This research discloses what the challenges are. The design research employed is qualitative descriptive research. The invited participants are sixty-two students from ten areas in Indonesia. The validated instruments among test methods, observation sheets, and interview guidelines. Data analysis includes reduction, presentation, and inference. We successfully concluded that challenges exist in aspects of technique, monitoring, insight, and conceptualization. Further research could focus on defragmenting to address challenges in implementing reflective thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive study of the optical properties of aqueous and non-polar solvent colloidal CdSeS/ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) is reported that includes the absorption and photoluminescence (PL). The different ligands have been change from oleic acid to carboxyl (COOH) and amine (NH3) to enhance capability of aqueous NCs in biosensor application. The absorption shows typically 2 peak appear as shoulder where main peak centered at 460, 512 and 530 nm respectively. The photoluminescence spectra are found to be single Gaussian in nature, displaying inhomogeneous broadening due to well distribution of NCs size. PL peak centered at 545 nm for oleic acid ligand, red shifted to 547 nm (NH3) and 554 nm (COOH) due to clustering effect from ligand and solvent exchange. The Stokes shift is calculated from absorption peak and PL peak show reduction from 0.4 eV to 0.1 eV and 0.15 eV indicating the phonon production in NCs is reduce once ligand and solvent changes. Thus, this will affect the PL efficiency due to less phonon-photon assisting emission process and resulting less PL intensity for both aqueous NCs. Aqueous solvent helping dispersing the NCs for clustering when ligand is exchange, however due to present of oxygen’s atom in aqueous medium the NCs oxidisation process may occur much faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ethnomathematics research on joglo traditional houses to explore, describe and explore the philosophy and mathematical concepts of joglo traditional houses. This is qualitative research with an ethnographic approach, where data collection techniques are carried out through literature studies, observations, interviews, field notes, and documentation. Philosophically, the joglo traditional house has a meaning as a symbol of steadiness, tranquillity, and inner purpose. To achieve this, Javanese people believe that because humans are part of nature, they must pay attention to the surrounding nature in making a house. The exploration process is carried out by asking for related and trusted sources. Mathematical concepts in the Joglo Traditional House are the concepts of plane geometry, space geometry, congruence, symmetry, geometric transformations, algebra and numbers. The findings obtained in the plane geometry concept include trapezoids, triangles, quadrilaterals, circles, kites and rhombuses. The concepts of geometric transformations found are translational, reflection, and tecellation. Furthermore, the concept found is the algebraic concept of intercropping; the concept found is the n-level intercropping area formula, namely(length+width) ×(n-1) ×length difference. The last concept found is the concept of numbers on intercropping; the numbers found are odd numbers. Thus, the joglo traditional house has the concept of flat planes, space building, transformation geometry, algebra and numbers, which can undoubtedly be used in learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze students' mathematical reflective thinking skills in solving story problems on the material of the Three Variable Linear Equation System (SPLTV). This research is a descriptive qualitative study, with the research subject being 20 students of class X at SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Gemolong in the 2022/2023 academic year. The results of this study indicate that not all students can fulfill all indicators of reflective thinking. There are students who can only meet the indicators in the Reacting and Comparing phase of the subject but do not meet the indicators in the Contemplation phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometry is a branch of the division of mathematics. The concept of geometry must be mastered by students in depth. The development of Science and Technology (IPTEK) has developed in the field of education, one of which is an Android-based mathematics learning media. The purpose of this study was to develop an android-based learning media using an ethnomathematical approach to geometry material for class VIII SMP Negeri 1 Pedan. The type of research used is Research and Development (R&D) and uses the ADDIE research method (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The analysis phase is carried out to analyze the applicable curriculum, material and student needs. The next stage is planning the preparation of making and determining the purpose of making learning media. The learning media development stage was validated by material experts, media experts and learning practitioners. After the learning media is declared valid, the next stage is implementation by conducting a feasibility test by students. Based on the implementation stage, the evaluation stage is carried out to improve or revise the product if necessary. The developed media was validly used with the validation results from material experts obtained an average score of 3.843 with a very valid category, while the validation results from media experts obtained an average score of 3.243 with valid categories and the results of the validation of learning practitioners obtained an average score of 3.633 with very valid category and the results of the feasibility test from students obtained an average score of 3.36 with a very decent category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fossil fuels is responsible for approximately 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen has been discovered to be a clean and environmentally friendly source, and it is gaining attention as replacement for fossil fuels. Biohydrogen production via dark fermentation is one of the interesting approaches employing biomass as a feedstock. In this study, wastewater from the food industry was used as a substrate assisted by treated sludge to enhance the production of biohydrogen energy. The laboratory-scale experiment proved effective in producing biohydrogen from wastewater. However, the process's viability is still being questioned. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic performance of this process based on the plant capacity of this process. The conceptual process model was simulated using SuperPro Designer V9.0 to estimate the capital cost and utility requirement for the overall process. Economies of scale methods were used to evaluate the feasibility of this process. From the results, an ROI value of 10% as expressed by the optimum plant capacity of 3.5x104 L/batch is considered viable for economic performance in biohydrogen production from food industry wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a qualitative research that aims to describe students' reflective thinking ability on ethnomathematic problems in terms of students' IQ. The subjects in this study were students of class XI IPA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Sukomoro totaling 33 studentswho had been given reflective thinking test questions. After that, the results of student work are corrected to obtain students who meet the indicators of reflective thinking. Then students are divided into 3 IQ categories, namely normal high, normal medium, Reflective thinking ability test instruments in the form of description questions totaling 3 questions with the topic of arithmetic sequences and series of arithmetic material where the questions use ethnomathematics problems. Data collection is carried out by the method of documentation, observation and tests. In obtaining the truth, this study uses triangulation techniques. In this study using the flow method data analysis technique. The process is carried out on the flow method, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study on the subject can be concluded that students with a high normal IQ category and a low normal can achieve the reflexive thinking phase, that is, the reacting phase and the comparing phase. Meanwhile, students with a low IQ category can only achieve the reacting phase of reflective thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social arithmetic is a mathematical subject that studies social life, such as buying and selling activities. Social arithmetic problems are generally given in the form of story questions and require more understanding of concepts. Some students may have difficulties solving social arithmetic issues. This study aims to analyze student difficulties on social arithmetic problems based on conceptual understanding. Indicators of the concept understanding on this study are (1) restatement of the concept; (2) classifying objects based on the required form of the concept; (3) provide an example or non-example of the concept; (4) related to various concepts; (5) concluded. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research with a case study. Students from class VII at Muhammadiyah Junior High School Kartasura, Central Java are the subject in this study. Methods of data collection used tests and interview. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. We concluded that students with low ability difficulty in indicators 2, 3, 4, and 5. Students with medium ability difficulty in indicators 4 and 5. Students with high ability would have trouble in indicator 5. Not understanding the story questions, less thorough in answering questions, less practice, and rarely study, so they forget the material are causal factor for student difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ethnomathematics studies, many have studied the existence of mathematical concepts, especially the concept of geometry in Indonesian culture, one of which is Batik. However, the results of previous research examining geometric concepts in Batik Sidomulyo are still very limited. Therefore, this study aims to explore the geometric concepts found in Batik Sidomulyo. This study uses an ethnographic methodology to respond to four typical queries, that is "Where do I look for it?", "How do I find?", "How do I recognize that found something significant?", and "How to what understand it?". By answering this question, the researcher succeeded in studying the geometry concepts contained in Batik Sidomulyo which consists of (1) geometric transformation concepts like as translation and reflection, (2) geometric concepts of fields lias rhombuses, triangles, squares, rectangles, and circles, and (3) revival and congruence. It is hoped that the results of this research can be material to introduce Batik Sidomulyo through contextual mathematics learning at all levels of education. This article also explains how to apply sample problems using the context of Batik Sidomulyo in mathematics learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been much effort from previous researchers who developed learning media using video to improve students' understanding of mathematics learning. However, there has yet to be any research related to efforts to develop STEAM-integrated timestamp-based learning videos to improve students' understanding of the composition function material. Therefore, this study aims to explain the process of developing learning videos and analyze the effectiveness of STEAM-integrated timestamp-based learning videos in improving students' understanding of the composition function material. This type of research is Research & Development (R&D) based on the ADDIE development model. This study involved 38 senior high school students in Central Java, Indonesia. The result of this study is that there is a significant difference in the average understanding of students before and after using learning media. In addition, from the results of this study, it was found that the posttest score was higher than the pretest score. For education, the media that has been developed can support the use of video-based media in learning. For researchers, it is hoped that it can be a reference in studying the improvement of student understanding in mathematics learning. This media can be a good learning resource for students and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This quasi experimental research was aimed to analyze the achieving of students' mathematical problem solving abilities in scientific learning compared to direct learning. The population of this research was students of grade 7 of junior high school in South Lampung as many as 224 students that were distributed into 7 classes. The sample was chosen by cluster random sampling technique. 29 students of 7A were as experimental class which taught by scientific learning and 29 students of 7B were as control class which was taught by direct learning. This research used the randomized pre-test and post-test control group design. The data were obtained by essay test of mathematical problem solving abilities in proportion topic. The data analysis was done by Mann-Whitney U and proportion test. It was gotten that (1) gain of students' mathematical problem solving abilities taught by scientific learning was not higher than direct learning, (2) proportion of students who have good categorized of mathematical problem solving abilities in scientific learning was not higher than direct learning, and (3) the scientific learning was better than direct learning in achieving of indicator of devising a plan and looking back. Also, the direct learning was better than scientific learning in achieving of indicator of understanding the problem and carrying out the plan. Thus, the scientific learning was not better than direct learning in facilitating the achievement of mathematical problem solving abilities. The recommendation was reasoning and communicating should be the focus on scientific learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe decision making of prospective mathematics teacher in Cartesian coordinates teaching. A qualitative approach to the type of case study used in this study. The subjects in this study were 1 student of mathematics education study program selected from 32 students while taking Internship 3 at the University of PGRI Madiun. The subjects of this study were students who had good practice in microteaching and knowledge of pedagogical content (PCK) and were also winners in teaching competitions at University of PGRI Madiun. Data collection is done in two ways, observation and interview. Data were analyzed by studying data, data reduction data, data presentation, data validity checking, and making conclusions. The results of this research are the decision-making process that includes the step of generating, clarifying and assessing the reasonableness of ideas. At the idea generation step, the subject has more than one idea for each designed learning component. Subjects design learning media that reduce the level of abstraction of the material. In the stage of clarifying ideas, the subject has reasons related to his ideas, namely the subject adapts to conditions at school, student characteristics and learning objectives. The subject anticipates students' misunderstanding on the Cartesian coordinate material. While at the stage of assessing the reasonableness of the idea, the subject chooses the learning media based on his belief in himself, the learning objectives and the students. The decision making made by student teacher candidates can provide inspiration and examples for other prospective mathematics teachers so that they are not random in making decisions in learning mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadirachta indica, known as neem, is a medicinal plant used for thousands of years due to its healing properties. Neem-derived extracts have shown to play a role as antimicrobial and insecticide agents. A primary constituent of neem, azadirachtin is a complex tetranortriterpenoid limonoid present in seeds, which is accountable for the toxic effects in insects. In this study, the neem leaves crude extract effects towards a severe pest of paddy field, the golden apple snail (GAS) was explored. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of neem crude extract on the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) in male and female GAS. GAS size of 5-7 cm was collected from sampling area and the gender was identified. The enzyme GAS's AChE extract was prepared and optimization of parameters were done. Then the concentration of protein and enzyme activity from the GAS's AChE extract was determined. The result shows that females had slightly higher protein concentration than the male with 0.86 and 0.84 g/L, respectively. Similar finding with the enzyme activity, females GAS shows higher results than male. From the curve of residual activity, the value of IC50 was calculated and found that to inhibit the enzyme activity at 50% for male GAS is at 4.28 mg/ml, which is less concentrated than to inhibit the female GAS enzyme (10.08 mg/ml). This is proven that neem crude extract had a toxic effect by inhibiting AChE in male and female GAS. The research has provided some information on the potential and toxicity of neem trees against GAS that can be applied in pest management control at the paddy field. It gives an idea for developing locally produced, cheaper, and safer biopesticide formulation by targeting female GAS, which can tremendously reduce the pest population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil borehole drilling with standard penetration test (SPT) is a conventional method for a subsurface profiling that able to determine soil bearing capacity. However, full investigation of high accuracy on the subsurface with additional boreholes is strenuous. This method is invasive and time consuming. The multichannel analysis surface wave (MASW) was used in this investigation to test the dependability of this method and potentially converting shear wave velocity, Vs, to SPT-N value. The dependability of the correlation between actual and calculated SPT-N value was high (R2 = 0.7256) by utilizing Vs values using the specified equation (Vs = 97N0.314). Throughout regression analysis, the SPT-N value can be determined based on the generated equation 0.0114Vs1.3721 in the form of power allometric. Hence, allowing the equation to be applied for the local region. A field study was conducted, and Vs profile revealed 80 m/s to 160 m/s of the upper layer at 2-3 m depth representing soft soil, followed by a 2 m layer of stiff soil with Vs in between 130 m/s and 170 m/s, then 4-10 m hard material with Vs in between 190 m/s to 280 m/s, before reaching a harder stratum of 350 m/s and more. As a result, the soil properties were determined and used for soil bearing capacity and factor of safety (FOS) of the slope calculation. Thus, MASW can be executed to determine SPT-N values providing supporting data to the conventional approach. Although, it is consider in the preliminary stage, the developed empirical equation in this study is intended to give a rapid preliminary approach and general view of the profile prior to site investigation/assessment for the geotechnical engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a good problem solver is a need in life in the present and future era. Therefore, producing prospective mathematics teachers to become problem solvers is essential to teach it to his students later. This study aims to describe the analysis of needs to be a good problem solver through a decision-making-based learning model. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with a research sample of 63 mathematics education students and 13 mathematics education lecturers. The data collections are through questionnaires distributed online and interviews. The research data analysis was carried out by grouping, reducing, describing, and concluding by first testing the validity of the data through triangulation of methods. The results of this study indicate that: (1) there are still many students who have difficulty in finding problem-solving ideas; they are not precise in choosing the right strategy and procedure for solving them so that it results in students not being able to solve mathematical problems well; (2) There are still many lecturers who have not provided opportunities for students to express, clarify and assess their solution ideas so that they can obtain correct problem solving; (3) There is no learning device designed that already explicitly so that students become good problem solvers. The needs analysis results indicate that it is necessary to develop a learning model based on decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low ability of students to solve problems is still an obstacle in mathematics education to date. Mathematical problems given to learning should be related to the context of everyday life, including culture known as ethnomathematics. This type of research is descriptive qualitative because it aims to describe the problem-solving abilities of students based on the ethnomathematics of Ngawi culture on the topic of Geometry. This research is a case study with one male and one female subject selected from 23 junior high school students in Ngawi, East Java, Indonesia. Data analysis was performed by reducing, presenting, and drawing conclusions and checking the validity of the data by using triangulation methods. The results showed that there were differences between the abilities of male and female students in solving problems based on the ethnomathematics of Ngawi culture on the topic of Geometry. Male students are better at understanding problems based on Ngawi's ethnomathematics than female students. When planning and solving problems based on the ethnomathematics of Ngawi culture, male students also appear to be more detailed in explaining each step of the solution. Male students can check completion well than female students. From the results of this study, it can be suggested that junior high school mathematics teachers can design ethnomathematics-based problems that are more varied according to the culture of the students' environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of construction technology has led to the improvement of construction material. Therefore, it will be beneficial if the invention of new materials can answer some problems in the same time. For example, the production of Styrofoam lightweight concrete block to produce lightweight construction material will also provide solution in handling waste problem in the same time. The present study is designed to determine the optimum variation of high content Styrofoam as partial substitution for fine aggregate in producing Styrofoam concrete brick. The results were tested according to Indonesia standard for concrete brick and Styrofoam variation was designed as 60%, 70% and 80%. To mix Styrofoam with the mortar, Self-Compacting Concrete method was used with w/c ratio of 0.5. Testing of mechanical properties included slump flow test, density, compressive strength and effect of aggressive environment on concrete strength. Aggressive environment was established by immersing concrete specimen into 5% magnesium sulphate solution (MgSO4) for 28 days. The result shows the more the content of Styrofoam, the lower the compressive strength. In addition, only variation of 60% Styrofoam with the compressive strength of 39.20 kg/cm² that meets the minimum strength requirement as concrete brick wall (25 kg/cm²). Moreover, the aggressive environment reduces compressive strength up to 13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]