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Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is a vital renewable electricity source, but practical operational situations frequently lead to fluctuations in energy production due to various radiation and temperature situations. However, these fluctuations lead to several peaks in power generation, which reduces the overall force production. In addition, the output voltage of PV systems is variable and not suitable for operating loads. In this research, we use a SEPIC converter that converts a variable DC voltage into a fixed DC voltage suitable for operating electrical loads while obtaining an appropriate voltage gain, coupled with a controller to extract the maximum possible amount of energy from the photovoltaic panels. Simulations were performed using Simulink/MATLAB, where the performance of the SEPIC converter was tested based on the (ANN-PSO) algorithm. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the SEPIC converter, as its efficiency was 95%, The greatest energy was extracted from solar panels with excellent efficiency for the proposed approach, and the efficiency of this new approach was also compared with other research, the effectiveness of the proposed approach was excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, MPPT method for a solar PV array (SPVA) that is partially shaded is presented using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). It is difficult to detect the genuine peak in a PV array that is partially shaded because there are several peaks present, and this makes it difficult to trace the peak. Under these conditions of non-uniform insolation, conventional techniques of tracking are incapable of functioning as intended. Some of the strategies that have been provided within relevant literature monitor the worldwide peak (GP), but with certain restrictions. The aim of this research is to propose a GA-based MPPT with the end goal of increasing the power of SPVA. The suggested technique is evaluated using simulation in order to examine its performance for a variety of shading patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar panels can convert solar energy into electrical energy under direct current conditions. Changes in solar radiation cause the MPP characteristics of solar panels to be unstable so the electrical power generated by a solar panel is not optimal. Therefore, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system with the Perturb and Observe method is used to maximize the power received by the solar panels. The Perturb and Observe algorithm is implemented through a boost converter circuit by changing the duty cycle value on the Atmega328 Arduino Uno microcontroller as a frequency source. MOSFET inductors, capacitors, diodes, and resistors as obstacles to adjusting the input to regulate the DC-DC voltage by adjusting the pulses on the PWM generated from the microcontroller. The INA219 sensor is used to read the data of each system. The single-axis solar panel system uses a DC motor to move the panel supported by an LDR sensor to detect the highest light intensity. The test results of solar panels with a single-axis MPPT with Perturb and Observe methods and a single-axis tracking system produce 45,23W of power with an efficiency of 90.46%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy has been rapidly growing since renewable resources have become a crucial necessity to fulfill electricity needs. Solar energy is constantly flowing away from the sun and will soon become one of the main energy resources that people depend on. Therefore, a highly efficient PV system is needed to get the maximum power of a panel could absorb. This paper presents an implementation of the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Incremental Conductance method on PV systems using a DC-DC Boost Converter. This algorithm controls the system by changing the duty cycle using the ATmega328 microcontroller on Arduino UNO. INA219 sensor is used to read the output of the converter, which is used as input for the algorithm. A motor DC will be used to drive the panel vertically (Single-Axis), therefore the panel will get the best intensity from the sun. The results of the study prove that solar panel with the MPPT Incremental Conductance method and vertical tracking system produces 45.52W of power with 91.01% efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local weather changes occur frequently, reducing the reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Large-scale PV group systems will drop current and power when one of the PVs is covered by clouds, making it difficult to obtain maximum power at the PV. To overcome this problem, large-scale PV will be more effective if arranged in small groups to anticipate local weather changes. To manage the power flow, a Multi-Input Converter (MIC) is used in the PV system to overcome these problems. Therefore, this research designed a Multi-input converter consisting of four sets of parallel DC-DC boost converter to produce an output voltage. The perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm is used to regulate switching on MIC to obtain MPP (Maximum Power Point) from each PV block. The results of this design obtained by the Multi-Input Converter get greater optimum power and can maximize the output power in partial shading conditions. Multi-Input Converter has accuracy in tracing the maximum power of 89.8% to 99.59%. Based on the results obtained, the efficiency of PV can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's power scenario, the increasing power demand is a prevailing concern. The electrical power generated by non-renewable energy sources falls short in meeting this escalating demand. Utilizing renewable sources in conjunction with non-renewable energy becomes imperative. Among various renewable energy sources like wind, tidal, biomass, and solar, the latter is especially advantageous due to its widespread availability and environmentally friendly nature. However, the power generated by solar cells is influenced by atmospheric conditions, and its delivery hinges on connected loads. Achieving maximum solar cell power output is challenging due to atmospheric variations, necessitating the use of various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods. This paper introduces the application of the Incremental Conductance (INC) method for MPPT, which, in comparison to the Perturb and Observe (P & O) method, is better suited for tackling oscillations arising from diverse atmospheric conditions. The selection of a DC-DC CUK converter holds significance for maximizing power, offering low ripple levels at both input and output stages. The paper comprehensively covers converter design, simulation outcomes for a battery-connected standalone PV system employing the INC MPPT method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present stage of development of the energy industry of the world, in particular the Republic of Uzbekistan, one of the main directions is connected with the processes of introducing the solar photovoltaic systems into them. The design of such systems involves the selection of the optimal composition of their constituent elements, taking into account the conditions of their long-term operation. Despite the existence, at present, of a number of methods for solving such problem, there are no algorithms based on the use of rigorous mathematical models and optimization methods, taking into account all influencing factors. This paper proposes a mathematical model and algorithm for optimization the composition of elements of autonomous solar photovoltaic systems, taking into account limiting conditions. The results of a study of the effectiveness of this model and the calculation algorithm are presented. Using the development allows you to provide high efficiency by improving the accuracy of optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic purpose of this paper is to design and construct a reliable and low-cost system for generating electricity from the sun which represents the greatest renewable source of energy in nature. To achieve this goal, the system includes four sensors that are used to track down the sun to locate optimum solar radiation, and then send this data to Arduino-Uno which functions as a controlling device for this solar energy system. Next, Arduino signals to the servo DC motors to turn the PV panels to face optimum solar radiation. Matlab program was employed for analysis, calculations, and drawing figures in this research paper. The outcomes of experiments reveal that the tracking photovoltaic panels are superior to the static photovoltaic panels in producing electricity. However, the productive capacity of solar panels decreases when their temperature rises above the desired level. Moreover, windblown dust which daily accumulates on the surface of the PV panels reduces their efficiency. Therefore, the solar system is provided with controlled water sprinklers which serve cooling and cleaning purposes. It has been proved that providing the PV panels with this smart cooling technique can maximize relative power gain by (20.0698%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartflower (sunflower) is a compact energy generating system, it consists of a base structure, that houses a foldable array of solar cells that are deployed upon use and is able to track the movement of the sun along the hemisphere. The smart sunflower system's panels differ significantly from the traditional PV panels. In this paper, the thermal behavior analysis of the smart sunflower solar PV panels system is proposed using ANSYS-2020 R2 steady-state thermal analysis. This analysis was applied for the computation of the PV panel temperature distribution which was subjected to various atmospheric conditions. Existing formulations in the available literature are taken into account and, are based on NOCT conditions for several wind speeds and solar irradiance. The performance of the PV sunflower panel is compared with the usual solar panels at the same rated power. The proposed analysis is also used to consider the effect of panel shape and the role of thermal inertia in the performance of the PV panels. Results showed that the sunflower thermal performance is improved in comparison with the usual panels for the same rated power and ambient conditions due to improvement in the thermal characteristics of the sunflower panel such as heat convection coefficient. This study of the sunflower performance stimulates to direct the design to the manufacturing processes and experimentally test the sunflower performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chance to use sunlight as a clean source of energy has arisen as a result of a gradual rise in user requests for eco-friendly power sources and severe government laws for their usage, because its production from a renewable, natural, and eco-friendly resource, in this paper, the performances characteristics of the liquid pumping unit were investigated experimentally when running the laboratory pumping rig by photovoltaic power system under various operating conditions. The study checks the best tilt angle to maximize the output energy. Tests have been performed under various tilt angles 45° and 32°, with a sunny weather condition and within a period between (11:00:00 AM to 4:00:00 PM). The experimental results of the work show that the best PV panel tilt angle to produce maximum power output was at 32˚, also, output power was proportional to radiation, increasing the irradiance will increase the output power of the PV panels. In addition, storing energy into the battery was compensate source of power to continue the pump running during reduced solar radiation. The daily output of the solar pumping system varies according to the amount of direct sunlight that falls on the solar panel, that mean with the increased sunlight the water pumping increased about 24.9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic-Thermal plant (PV/T) is one of the wide technologies that utilize solar energy for electrical – hot air generation at present time. However, an existing arrangement of PV/T is not efficient and needs more modification to upgrade system performance. In this study, the new arrangement of PV/T design was proposed and investigated experimentally under various operation conditions. Two PV/T prototypes with different absorber plate shapes and air movement entrances within Solar Air Heater (SAH) part have been fabricated and tested. The first model (A) is a flat absorber plate and the air inlet into SAH is direct. The second model (B) was is a box shape, which covered and heated the air from all directions and the air inlet into SAH is through the black aluminum narrow-wide entrance. According to the actual test, the result showed that the new arrangement with model (B) achieved a higher enhancement in thermal efficiency than model (A) which the thermal enhancement reaches 22% at the peak solar radiation time. The report offers practical solutions it helps process errors in earlier models to improve thermal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to contribute to ending the electricity crisis in Iraq, as it is country rich in solar energy due to its location close to the equator. Electric power stations, which use traditional fuels, are unable to provide the population's electricity needs throughout the day. Moreover, electricity distribution lines sometimes malfunction due to high temperatures. This paper recommends solar energy as an optimal solution to the electricity problem in Iraq. Because it is renewable and environmentally friendly. The paper also focused on techniques that would improve the efficiency of the solar power system. This was achieved by designing and building a solar tracking system to absorb the largest possible amount of solar energy and increase electrical energy production, in addition to building a cooling system consisting of a small pump and nozzles that pump water in the form of a volatile mist to get rid of excess heat from the solar panels at the temperature It rises to extreme levels. The system is also equipped with a cleaning mechanism to rinse the solar panel once, which is harmful to getting dirt and dust because dust is the negative factor that affects the generation capacity of the solar panels. The solar tracking system and the cleaning system are operated by a control unit made in the local markets that work with the Internet of Things (LOT) system and is programmed in the Python language and depends on data completely on the Internet. As for the cooling system, it supplies energy during the day directly from the solar panel, depending on the temperature sensor. The results reveal that the solar tracking, cooling, and cleaning system has significantly improved the production capacity of the solar system and can achieve an energy gain of 39.68%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed solar panels face problems in the long-term energy loss and thus investment loss. Therefore, the solution can be found in solar tracking systems. A solar tracking system has been designed and implemented consisting of a 160-watt solar panel. The panel is moved to two axes through a hydraulic system consisting of two hydraulic cylinders. The system is characterized by ease of movement and control with extreme simplicity. The location of the path of the sun is determined through mathematical equations that include time, date, longitude, and latitude, and through an algorithm created within a microcontroller, the board is moved in the direction of the sun's path during the day. The tracking system works with a pulse system to reduce energy consumption and increase accuracy for solar tracking. The test was carried out with a fixed plate in the direction of 190 degrees south with an angle of inclination of 27 degrees. The solar tracking system has proven its effectiveness in performance, as the results have shown an 18% increase in power with an average power consumption of 100 pulses per hour in the steady-state, with each pulse by 100 milliseconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photo voltaic technology is one of an emergent technology, helping in the production of electrical energy. The demand for this technology has been increased globally due to the rapid increase in population growth. This rapid increase requires an emergent technology which helps in providing solution for the electric utilities. Solar Voltaic system helps in assisting the existing power system. This system is a kind of distributed power generation system. This is one of the best technologies to provide solution for present scenario. In this paper, the double stage three-phase grid-connected solar inverter is explained. The complete modelling is presented in MATLAB-Simulink environment for the switching model of a grid connected solar inverter. MPPT technique is also used to track the maximum power in the simulation. Phase lock loop technique is used to synchronize the PV system with a certain phase. The importance of the inverter modelling, outer voltage loop, inner current loop considering the connection requirements, the double stage controller is fabricated. The complete model is designed in the MATLAB environment. The present article thoroughly examines the two-stage three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The paper describes the modeling of a single PV system's switching mechanism in phases. It emphasizes the importance of inverter control to meet future connectivity requirements. The double loop controller is used to regulate both the boost converter and inverter. Vector-oriented and feed-forward control techniques are employed to create the inverter controller. Additionally, the article discusses the significance of extracting positive and negative sequences. In the MATLAB environment, the entire model is created. Solar PV systems are classified as distributed generation since they aid existing power systems in meeting electricity demand for load changes. In this paper, a stand-alone PV system is connected to a three-phase grid, which includes a PV array, the Perturb and Observe (P and O) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique for tracking maximum power from the PV array, and the Duty Cycle adjustment for switching pulses to the Boost Converter's High-Level Switch. With Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control, the 2-level inverter converts DC to AC. The Phase Lock Loop approach is used to synchronize the Standalone PV system with the grid at a specific phase angle and frequency. According to load variations, the control circuit is designed to supply active and reactive electricity to the load from a standalone PV system and the grid. This study shows a three-phase dual-stage inverter-based grid-connected PV system in a centralized arrangement. The three-phase series resonant converter is chosen for the DC-DC stage because of its advantages. It is, however, insufficient for MPPT because its efficiency is highly dependent on the implemented deadtime and switching frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, solar energy can produce electricity to fill demand, and its green energy source leads to free pollution to our environment. This research aims to examine solar energy as a viable option and obtain the maximum amount from the 'green' energy source. The study tries to get full power from a solar array at any given time. As Malaysia is a country that lies at 1° to 7° north of equator has an equatorial climate and long hours of sunlight all year round, there has been an essential finding to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic. The efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) system is directly proportional to solar energy. The maximum efficiency from the PV systems can be achieved if the panel is kept perpendicular to the radiation of the sun. Hence, to achieve maximum concentration, radiation, and efficiency of the PV cell, tracking of the position of the sun with accuracy is extremely important. Multi axis dynamic solar tracker literally capable of harvesting more power than static solar panel. From that, the tracker will make sure the panel is at 90 degrees angle along with the sun movement, a study needs to be done to investigate whether the use of dual axis photovoltaic system is more effective or vice versa. This research is conducted to compares the performance between static and multi axis dynamic PV module qualitatively and quantitatively create on outdoor performance location at Malaysia which is National Defence University of Malaysia (NDUM) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy generators are widely used in distribution networks to help meet consumption needs. Photovoltaic systems are common renewable generators, widely used in distribution networks and microgrids; however, due to the uncertainties of renewable generation, this leads to a possibility that the network may have problems in terms of generating the power required by the network at a given moment. To better control distribution networks, algorithms may thus be used to predict and model work conditions throughout the day and night. Model action control methods offer one of the more effective ways of controlling networks under uncertainties, which is important where, in addition to photovoltaic generation uncertainty, the network load is also subject to uncertainty. In this article, the optimal control of photovoltaic resources was done using the Model Predictive Control (MPC) method, a multivariable control method that offers dynamic control as opposed to direct control. The implementation of the predictive control controller of the model was done using MATLAB simulation of the microgrid, and the results highlight the advantages of the proposed method in terms of improving the total harmonic distortion indices and reducing rise time and settling time. Overall, the steady-state control method is confirmed to reduce steady-state errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many different strategies when it comes to designing solar trackers. They can be either single or dual-axis. They could be passive with no motors or gears or active incorporating the usage of a PLC, a micro-controller, or other controlling systems to be classified in various ways. The efficiency of the tracker is affected immensely with each choice made. Therefore, the design has to consider the area's location, climate, and environmental conditions where the solar tracker will be installed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the potential renewable energy sources in Indonesia is solar energy. Indonesia, which is passed by the equator, has abundant sources of solar energy with an average solar radiation intensity of around 4.5 kWh/m2 per day throughout the region. In addition to the high cost of components and installation, the efficiency of solar cells is still low. Increasing the temperature of the solar panels due to continuous heating can reduce the efficiency of the panels. The decrease in solar cell efficiency is about 0.5% for an increase in the surface temperature of solar cells by 1o C. Therefore, the addition of a proper cooling system in solar power plants can also improve efficiency and increase the output power of solar panels. This research focuses on increasing the efficiency of solar power generation systems with fuzzy logic. The input system has an LDR sensor to move the solar panel to follow the direction of the sun, a temperature sensor as an input to control the temperature of the solar panel. Sequence of research methods, literature study, preparing tools and materials, design, testing, and data processing. This research found that solar panels with a solar tracker and cooling based on fuzzy logic obtained an efficiency percentage of 15.51% compared to static solar panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the project is to implement a renewable power system to supplement a building's heating and cooling energy requirements with advanced control methods to increase its efficiency, particularly in areas with vast renewable resources. However, regardless of the selected renewable generating method, the resources are usually intermittent. The inverter used in this system will convert power obtained from wind and solar energy into power that can be controlled and monitored through the Internet of Things. Our proposed model is Internet of Things-enabled solar smart inverter that communicates with the user and equipment via Wi-Fi technology. The user is informed about the amount of solar power, wind power, battery SoC, and power utilized by the load from the battery. And we can switch to one of many sources, which depends on the amount of power consumed by the load. With the help of a mobile application, the user may regulate the linked load remotely. This will improve human comfort while allowing more efficient energy use. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems will provide heating and cooling to commercial and residential buildings. The chilled water pipe across the building carries chilled water that takes care of providing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning to the building. The chilled water flow response is determined via flow sensors and differential pressure sensors at various set-point temperatures. From the chilled water pump system response, Siemens Logo PLC with inbuilt TDP and Compared to other embedded and conventional PLC controllers, the advanced ladder logic algorithm-based PLC tuning approach has provided improved set-point altering and tracking capacity. Our experience backs up the hypothesis that the Siemens logo algorithm-based optimum tuning has benefits over all other controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper implements an adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithm on a 15 kW doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine. The proposed algorithm can generate optimal speed signal to wind turbine controllers against any type of wind conditions like gradually changing, fluctuating, gusts, etc. This paper also discusses the design process of speed and current controllers of DFIG control system. Simulation studies are performed and presented to appreciate the performance of proposed MPPT algorithm in energy extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses solar-based DC power supply systems. Algorithms for finding extreme power with a fixed step have been developed. Diagrams of the current and voltage signals of the solar battery of the controller in the extreme power search mode were built. Also, diagrams of the change in the current and voltage of the SS are built during the operation of the algorithm for finding the extreme power of the SS controller with variable pitch. Based on the obtained values, conclusions were drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a 2D automated solar tracking system is addressed in the study that is being presented. This system's primary goal is to monitor the Sun's location and maximize the solar panels' energy output. The proposed study seeks to develop an automated tracking mechanism that positions the solar panel in the best possible position to gather energy using solar panel power output and Light Dependent Resistance (LDR). Two servo motors, one for each positioning plane, are used to move the solar panel. That Arduino was used to power those servo actuators. In order to control a servo motor that is attached to the solar panels, the regulating device used in this case is an Arduino Uno, which is straightforward to use. It does this by taking into account the output from solar panels and the inputs from LDR Sensor. Next, Arduino is used to put the complete program into operation. The given system's outcomes were contrasted with those of a single-axis system. The findings demonstrate that multiple exhibits can increase vitality by about 40%. Utilizing such monitoring systems in conjunction with photovoltaic installation systems is very profitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainties and intermittencies characteristic have been a critical challenge to optimize the solar energy source. The solar energy utilization is not optimal because the actual position between sun and the solar panels is continuously changing. In order to maximize the harvesting power from sun irradiation, it is important to ensure the perpendicular position between sun and the solar panel. The solar panel should automatically follow the sun position in an effective and efficient way. Since the sun moves along the latitude and longitude paths, dual axis solar tracker is considered to track the sun movements. Many control algorithms have been proposed to optimize the dual axis solar tracking system. However, there are some limitations of conventional solar tracker controller in terms of slow response and non-efficient movement of solar panel. In this research, an intelligent control algorithm of dual axis solar tracker based on an artificial neural network (ANN) method is proposed. The ANN functions to predict the angle or direction of the sun according to collectable data of the movement patterns of the sun. Two sensor light-dependent resistor were used as detector as well as input from ANN neurons. Then the output of the program will drive a linear actuator motor so that the solar panel can follow the direction of the sun's movement. It was monitored that the proposed control algorithm is better than the conventional PID based dual axis solar tracker. Higher solar energy has been harvested using the proposed controller which indicated more efficient control system to track the sun movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fuzzy logic controller with SEPIC converter based on wind energy is proposed. The FLC proposes a faster solution than the symmetrically membership functions due to convergent distribution of the membership. To improve the converter output voltage, the proposed SEPIC converter is adapted. Consequently, the input of inverter DC link voltage will be increased. The fuzzy based control is proposed to the converter gate signal provision with power extraction method of MPPT. The system stability and DC bus voltage control improved by proposed fuzzy controller with maximum power point tracking method. The design concept along with analysis of wind based SEPIC converter is articulated and the results are substantiated using MATLAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comparison of various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods for photovoltaic (PV) solar systems. The simplest MPPT method is known as the "Perturb and Observe" (P&O) technique, but various adaptations have been developed to address the drift issue with the P&O method. This paper presents results obtained from a simulation which illustrate the difference between P&O MPPT variants in the PV system. The photovoltaic design has modelled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Sim-power Simulink modules were used to create a user-friendly icon for the proposed scheme. The methodology for the equivalent circuit, including numerical values, is described in detail. PV Engineers and experts can benefit greatly from the proposed system and precise PV simulator for system design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of solar energy in a portable solar charger is a sustainable solution especially at locations that are far away from the electricity grid. This study presents a systematic approach in modeling and simulation of solar photovoltaic (PV) array with partial shading conditions. Specifically, the partial shading conditions are based on portable solar charger applications that are modular and can be carried anywhere on the top of a backpack. The proposed method is reasonably accurate and very useful as a preliminary study before designing the interconnection of cells within a solar PV module. Using a mannequin to represent a person carrying a portable solar charger on the top of a backpack, eight scenarios of partial shading is considered assuming that the person is facing eight different directions relative to true north. From there, partial shading patterns are applied in MATLAB Simulink modeling and simulation of the photovoltaic array. The results are verified using real outdoor irradiance measurements at Ipoh, Malaysia. In addition, the maximum output power is determined and compared with simulated output power using MATLAB. It was found that the accuracy of the results is in the range of 94.41% to 97.08%. It is envisioned that the results are important in designing and optimizing solar portable charger that are integrated with camping backpack for anyone that is travelling on foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, solar energy from the sun is one of the most useful renewable energy to generate electricity with many advantages that has contributed a lot in discovering new technologies to generate energy supplies for the good uses around the world. Currently, solar panel is installed with a fixed position. This causes the panel to be unable to absorb sunlight energy optimally. Therefore, in this paper a prototype solar panel system is designed which can track the position of the sun. The Mamdani type fuzzy logic controller is applied to ensure the position of the solar panels is always perpendicular to the sunlight. Real Time Clock (RTC) sensors are applied as input variable for controller and to be able to provide the right input signal to the controller, several light sensors are used and installed in an array. Besides that, this system also can be controlled through IoT using Blynk Application and can be accessed through smart phone. Using this mechanism, the solar panel system can acquire energy maximally. Based on real time experimental tested on two weather conditions from 7.00 am to 4.00 pm, namely sunny and during the cloudy, it can be seen that on a sunny day this system can absorb a total energy of 94.7W and cloudy day is 33.3W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the output of solar radiation is nonlinear, integrating the grid with PV system is a challenging goal. This work aims to model a grid integrated PV system by proposing a new approach of current control to ensure maximum power transmission from PV to grid with minimal harmonic. The modelling is started with a PV array development and its MPPT control with a boost converter. A power converter with the proposed control is used to connect the PV system to grid network through a step-up transformer. Then, to observe the behavior of the system, different output waveforms are analyzed under normal and fault conditions by simulated the system in MATLAB/Simulink. From the analysis, it has been observed that the proposed method provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the use of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, collected by photovoltaic technology, has gained ground in the energy sector. Its use has been popularised due to the fact that it is considered a clean energy, that is a type of energy is produced without burning fossil fuels which are a cause of global warming, among other environmental damages. In order to optimize the energy harvesting through photovoltaic technology, it is necessary to maintain a perpendicular incidence of the sun rays with the photovoltaic module, leading to the use of solar tracking systems that demand the application of trajectory tracking control strategies that minimize the tracking errors while ensuring the lowest energy consumption of the robotic system. In this work, a comprehensive multibody simulation was carried out to obtain a concrete appreciation of the behavior of the tracking system prior to an experimental implementation. This type of simulations allows us to simulate complete systems formed by solid links and rigid joints that were previously designed, and with a calculated analytical model (Kinematic and Dynamic). Furthermore, the obtained simulator allows us to apply a variety of control strategies that are represented by means of 3D simulations which are very similar to the actual experimental results, so that it would be possible to estimate the ªtracking error results° without the necessity of a physical implementation. From the kinematic and dynamic models of a solar tracker of two degrees of freedom, released in an azimuthal-elevation configuration, a PID controller and a passivity-based controller were implemented in Matlab-Simscape®, obtaining simulations of a solar trajectory tracking minimizing the error between the reference and the solar tracker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy converters are inherently nonequilibrium systems. The performance of renewable energy conversion systems can be assessed by the efficiency that relates the useful output power to the total radiant power incident. The useful power output can be interpreted as the work against an applied load and the current-voltage characteristics of a solar cell represent all possible working points as function of the applied load. Efficiency limits of renewable energy converters can be obtained by thermodynamic arguments, for example, when looking at the zero-power operation of a solar cell or when looking at the maximum power point. The zero-power limit of solar cells is given either under short-circuit operation, Jsc(V=0), or under open-circuit operation. The open-circuit voltage defines a stopping point VOC at which the applied voltage stops the current that is generated by temperature differences. Focusing on state models for energy conversion devices, we show that the open-circuit voltage is a special thermodynamic equilibrium point at which the state occupation probabilities are given by Gibbs-like distributions. The Gibbs-like distributions can be used to calculate the entropy of the stopping configuration in the presence of driving forces. An interesting quantitative measure of the difference between the stopping configuration and its associated true equilibrium configuration is given by the Kullback-Leibler entropy. The true equilibrium configuration is determined by vanishing driving forces, i.e., both the applied voltage and the temperature differences are zero. The thermodynamic interpretation of the open-circuit voltage provides a framework to calculate analytically the open circuit-voltage in dependence on the underlying microscopic processes, which are characterized by the population probabilities of the transport levels. This study offers a further route to include different types of carrier recombination processes and to discuss its consequence on the open-circuit voltage for sustainable energy conversion materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar rays reaching the indoor environment through the transparent components of the building envelope can adversely affect the energy performance of buildings. Operational energy efficiency can be achieved in buildings by using either fixed shading devices or kinetic systems that provide more efficient shading. Although high energy consumption may be required to operate active (i.e. motorized) kinetic shading devices, alternatively, the use of passive kinetic systems activated by smart materials allow for energy-efficient design. However, kinetic shading devices using passive systems have not yet gained currency in terms of production and application, when the associated literature is considered, but, it is clear that the interest in the subject of kinetic shading components activated by smart materials has increased in recent years. Yet, an analysis of the motion types and actuator design principles used in these studies is limited. This paper, therefore, aims to present an overview of kinetic shading devices activated by smart materials through a literature review, focusing on the use location of smart materials within shading devices (i.e. the function fulfilled) and the motion types that can be provided by each different smart material. The smart materials that will be examined and discussed in this respect are the shape memory alloys (SMA), shape memory polymers (SMP), thermo bi-metals, and hygroscopic woods (bi-layer wood, and bi-material wood). Another goal of the paper is to discuss the potential motion and geometry options for SMAs by examining the systems activated by other smart materials since SMAs are among the smart materials with high potential to be used as actuators in construction practice. The literature review focuses mainly on journal articles, conference papers, and book chapters indexed within Scopus and Web of Science databases, with particular attention on those containing implementation/application either as a prototype or as a product. In the paper, firstly, background information is given on smart materials with a focus on shape-changing materials among them, and motion typologies used in architecture. Following the explanation of the study methodology, the findings of the review are presented and discussed according to the common motions and shading device and/or unit geometries used in each shape-changing material. Additionally, the common motion mechanisms (i.e. actuator design principle) in each shape material and their adaption potential to be used with SMA are discussed. The discussions showed that the function of each of the examined smart materials in shading devices, the types of motion they can perform, the surface materials they are used with and their relations with them in the context of motion, their production and usage possibilities contain various advantages and difficulties unique to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At national and international level, climate change is a major challenge, and its approach must consider radical changes in the production of energy from renewable sources. To this end, the article proposes an analysis of the impact of climatic conditions on the performance of solar photovoltaic systems. A polycrystalline photovoltaic panel (Solovent SV-L-230) was tested under various specific conditions: dust accumulation, water film, clouds / partial shading effects and solid deposits (dry leaves, grass, straw). The experimental measurements were performed at the Faculty of Constructions in Timisoara using the equipment from the LE laboratory (Electrical Laboratory) of the Specialized Building Services. The results obtained for the photovoltaic panel show that the accumulation of dust reduces the output power by 43% and the efficiency by 57.12%. From the point of view of the impact of the water film on the surface of the panel, there is an improvement in the output power of the panel at least 6.5%, and solid deposits (dry leaves, grass, straw) reduce the output power of the photovoltaic system by about 47 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaching the maximum level of the users' comfort in the building is an important role. At the same time, it is vital to have occurred minimum negative environmental effects. Having an atrium as a popular area in the building needs to investigate thermal performance. This paper finds out the effects of the floor heigh into the internal condition as the liner atrium with optimum shading device during the warm period. This paper illustrated the different results according to the atrium building height as floor numbers including 1, 3, and 5 floors in Famagusta, North Cyprus climate. As finding in all building height simulation models in August is the maximum discomfort condition month and maximum cooling loads as air-conditioning system, because of internal building gained and ventilation gains, (single floor Qz between 330 to-330 watts, Qv:-2000 to 2000 watts), (three floors Qz between 1200, 2200 watts to-1200,-2200 watts, Qv:-7000 to 7000 watts), and (five floors Qz between 2000, 4500 watts to-2000,-4500 watts, Qv:-12000 to 12000 watts) however, the optimum shading device as 35% over the south external facade of atrium applied but the fully air-conditioned is necessary especially from morning to afternoon time. It found that, while the floor height of the total building and atrium height increased, heat transferring massively occurred during morning time especially as passive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major focus in photovoltaic systems is maximum power point tracking under uniform and determinant seasonal changes. A various shading criterion induces a number of power crests on a P-V plot. In this paper, the Perturb & Observe and Incremental Conductance MPPT methodologies will be evaluated by comparing under partial shading conditions. A Photovoltaic module is attached to a DC/DC converter and was designed using Matlab/ simulink software. The modified methodology could be put to the test in a range of meteorological circumstances in order to demonstrate its effectiveness of observing speed, convergence, as well as steady state in the approach of MPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally friendly power has acquired some important consideration among analysts primarily utilize limitless renewable energy in load centers. The specific situation in this sun utilizing unbiased point control characteristics as well as the most extreme space vector modulation (SVM) methods and Model predictive control (MPC) is used to deal with the proposed use of expense capacity for voltage to apply, resulting in a spread range. On the other hand, a concentrated SVM range is forced. The voltage equal analysis weight was significantly reduced when compared to conventional Limited Model Predictive Control (FS-MPC). In any case, reliable outcomes are the result of fundamental examination, which demonstrates the attainability of the proposition and ensures the great presentation of the entire framework in reenacted and exploratory finite-set model-predictive control (FS-MPC) has turned out to be an intriguing methodology because of its advantages, for example, quick and distinct reactions, straight forward consideration of nonlinearities and limitations, and execution in multi-objective control frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation focuses on the photovoltaic (PV) system's maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The main downsides of conventional MPPT are its slow response due to the fixed-step change, excessive ripple, and increased oscillation caused by swings near the maximum power point. Hybrid MPPT control is proposed to address these concerns employing an unique metaheuristic method known as the Archimedes optimization algorithm(AOA). The derivatives controller Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) has very little overshoot or oscillation in the proposed MPPT compared to regular MPPT and other ingenious tactics described in researcher articles. The proposed system parameters are examined by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink According to the simulation results, the proposed MPPT has a maximum efficiency of 99.62%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel inverters (MLI) are designed to handle the medium voltage and high-power requirements of industrial plants or power systems. The traditional structure of the MLI topologies necessities additional switches and limits its wide range of use. This research describes the work done on a single-phase 7-level MLI with a reduced number of switches (RSMLI) topology used in a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed RSMLI structure integration with three individual PV arrays controlled by fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking (FL-MPPT) technique and three boost converters instead of a separate direct-current (DC) source. The proposed MLI uses a smaller number of controlled switches, a lower number of PV arrays, and fewer diodes. Furthermore, a simple unipolar Phase Disposition Pulse Width (PD PWM) Modulation technique was used instead of the conventional high-cost bipolar PWM technique. The performance of the proposed inverter was tested under different solar irradiance levels and load conditions in the simulation using Matlab/Simulink. The results show that the proposed seven-switches MLI presents a 7-level at the output, and it offers good total harmonic distortion (THD) content in the output voltage where a THD value of 18.17% was obtained without filter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's main objectives were divided into two parts. The first section discussed how to design a photovoltaic water pumping system (PVWPS) used for wells. The PVWPS was designed with 10 Photovoltaic (PV) modules connected in series with total peak power of 1600 W. While the second part was dealt with a numerical study by using MATLAB code to analyze the performance of the (PV) modules of the system in term of output electrical characteristics under the influence of module temperature and solar irradiance. The results of the numerical study showed that the peak power was recorded, 1600 W at standard test conditions. In addition, the degradation rate of power was recorded at a maximum value ranging in 12.5% when the PV temperature increased from 25 to 65℃ and constant solar irradiance 1000 W/m2. While, it was recorded 81% at decreasing the solar irradiance from 1000 to 200 W/m2 at constant module temperature 25℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the photovoltaic (PV) systems produce power nonlinearly, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques must be used to provide maximum power. The traditional MPPT techniques are ineffective Under rapidly varying environmental conditions. This work offers a new Intelligent strategy called the Dingo Optimization Algorithm (DOA) technique based on the Incremental conductance technique (IC) to overcome the issues of (IC) and the (DOA) based results are compared with the conventional technique such as PI, P&O, and IC method. The proposed techniques improve PV system performance by allowing for more accurate and faster tracking and very low fluctuations. MATLAB/Simulink software is used to validate. The presented approach for the MPPT of a solar system. According to the simulation results, the DOA control technique stands out for its ease of implementation, robustness, and steady-state power tracking efficiency after successfully passing the EN50530 solar standard test under various weather and environmental conditions with high efficiency of more than 99.961 %, which beats previous approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the high-quality energy produced by a hybrid system connected to the grid with 324 KW as various loads, consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) power source, battery energy system (BES) with multifunctional control algorithms. The ADC/DC advance boost converter gets the most power from the PV array. As an incremental conductance (IC) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique supported with fractional order PID (FOPID) controller where the duty cycle is varied to attain the maximum power point (MPP) is presented. The VSI converts the maximum power extracted by a DC/DC converter to AC power utilizing a complete decoupled current control approach. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is controlled to guarantee that PV-generated electricity and the utility grid are balanced. The system's operation is verified using the MATLAB/Simulink application simulation data. Finally, the simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed modified MPPT strategy for tracking the maximum power under shading conditions with accuracy up to 98.5%. The suggested AC controller results also show the robust performance for synchronizing with the utility grid with minimum THD up to 3.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standalone system based on photovoltaic (PV) relies on a DC-DC converter to increase the efficiency and deliver the power to the load at a constant voltage. DC-DC converters are available in various topologies, with the Luo converters being one of the most efficient power conversions. Increased voltage in the geometric progression is achieved using the Luo converter with Super-Lift, which increases power efficiency. This paper presented a Positive Output Super-Lift Luo converter (PSLC) and integrated it with a three-phase inverter to feed AC load. The PSLC is coupled with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Controller to extract the highest amount of energy possible from the PV panels under non-uniform conditions. The performance of the PSLC is tested based on the conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) technique and incremental conductance (IC) algorithm. The simulation results show the effectiveness of PSLC for standalone applications based on IC algorithm as compared with P&O algorithm in terms of fast-tracking to the desired power, no oscillation, and tiny ripple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaics (PV) has demonstrated itself to be the most dependable, reliable solar energy source. The output power from solar cells is influenced by the temperature and solar radiation throughout the day, affecting the P-V curve characteristics. A maximum power tracking (MPPT) was achieved to extract maximum power from the PV panel. A comparative analysis between two traditional techniques, P&O and INC and a proposed PSO optimization technique is presented in this paper, based on MPPT efficiency, respond time, oscillation, and its capability to hunt maximum power point (MPP) under changes in irradiance condition and fixed constant temperature at 25°C. These different MPPT algorithms were implemented in MATLAB / Simulink to control the duty cycle of the dc-dc boost converter. Particle swarm optimization has been proven to be more effective than other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an experimental methodology is shown that allows selecting the best controller alternative to govern a two-axis solar tracking system in trajectory tracking tasks. This, based on the comparison of the performance of different controllers during the tracking of a solar trajectory (obtained offline with the help of a numerical method) using a prototype solar tracking system in a simulation environment. The selection of the controllers is based on the performance reported in the literature and commercially for other alternatives based on parameters such as: tracking error and energy consumption, computational cost, ease of implementation, ease of tuning, among others. However, for the final validation and selection of the controller, a brief analysis of the numerical results obtained during the follow-up tests is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solar tracker is a gadget that monitors the path of the solar. The panel in the case of two-axis trackers is positioned to monitor the maximum solar light orientation throughout the day by varying the tracker angles (both altitude and azimuth angles). Depending on these orientations, an electromechanical device that monitors the solar radiation on either dimensions and is controlled by a microcontroller was conceived and established for a period in Trichy, which is situated at 8.44 latitude in the North quarter. Following the activation of the intended platform's manual monitoring scheme, the effectiveness of the photovoltaic screen was first evaluated in a set location, and then the solar module was regulated whilst monitoring the sun on orientation and sun elevation degrees, and the appropriate observations were collected. The control system was determined to be functional. When the measurement data was compared, it was determined that the two-axes solar-tracking system gathered more energy than the stationary system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy considered cleaner than traditional types of energy. For example, solar energy is the most promising source of renewable energy in recent times. Many governments are planning to achieve goals of sustainable development, through using clean energy such as solar energy. While, many countries like Iraq are still suffering from electricity shortage. The main problem in Iraq is the lack of tools or applications to support the multi-criteria decision making, in terms of suitability analysis for solar power plants. Therefore, this study has proposed a model to suggest suitable areas for installing a large-scale photovoltaic system in the west of Iraq. The proposed model was implemented depending on Geographic Information System 10.4 (GIS) modeling and machine learning models in the python environment. Very high suitable areas contain three locations, the first one is covered 43.8 km2 toward al Rutbah city, the second is covered 8.3 km2 near the first location, and the third one is covered 101.5 km2 near the Iraq-Syrian borders. The integration between machine learning and spatial modeling within python environment can present free and open-source tools for planners or researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are often regarded as the greatest future substitute for conventional automobiles. A photovoltaic (PV) panel is used to create non-conventional solar energy for an electric vehicle, which can be utilized as a backup power source as well as to charge the battery. Tracking maximum power in solar panels is a difficult task for PV panels nowadays. An extremum seeking control method is used in this paper to track the Maximum Power Point by continuously varying sinusoidal signal in a PV panel to increase efficiency and finding the exact point where the maximum power is obtained as compared with conventional maximum power point tracking methods and algorithms. The Buck/Boost converter converts the power needed for a motor from the solar panel. The Buck/Boost converter is set up in such a way that variable speed controls can be achieved in a motor and also controlled by an ESC controller for ensuring the maximum power from the electrical vehicle solar panel. The State of charge and battery management system are key factors to be considered in the development of an electrical vehicle along with proposed system. A prototype model with a solar panel on top can be created to validate the proposed concept. To demonstrate a complete model, the batteries, controller, and motors will be mantled into a prototype car. The proposed technique involves adding an additional loop to the conventional ESC algorithm in order to improve the speed of convergence and results are compared with conventional power tracking methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper introduces a simple hybrid approach to predict the photovoltaic modules' behaviors based on the single-diode model. The proposed technic consists of calculating the five electrical parameters (Iph, Is, Rsh, a, and Rs) of the PV generator's equivalent circuit. The extraction is based only on the values of the three typical points of the current-voltage (I-V) curve; the short-circuit point (0, Isc), the maximum power point (Vmp, Imp), and the open-circuit point (Voc, 0). The method in this work avoids the problem facing the meta-heuristic optimization algorithms, which is the requirement of the integral experimental I-V curve's availability. The proposed technic follows two extraction steps. First, the three parameters (Iph, Is, and Rsh) are calculated analytically, based on a matrix denotation used for simplification and to avoid tedious calculations. Second, the fourth and fifth parameters (a and Rs) are determined using a fast numerical technic. The introduced method's performance is proved using the measured data accessible on the datasheet of the thin-film PV module ST40. The accuracy is evaluated against some of the most reviewed hybrid methods of the literature, where the current method provides the best results by offering the least root mean square error. Hence, it ensures the most accurate estimation, which is more than four times better than the best performance given by the selected methods of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic system is a non-linear system, with variable parameters and subject to external disturbances. It's necessary to use an algorithm so that the PV generator operates at maximum power and therefore high efficiency, for this purpose the DC/DC boost converter is introduced as a control device, The first step in this paper, is for modeling of a photovoltaic model, Then, in the second step, we focus on the implementation of a MPPT command for controlling the duty cycle, we propose the sliding mode control technique (SMC) known for its great robustness in terms of stability and performance, in the final step, the system is designed and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy, as the leading renewable energy resource, is fully aware of the need to prevent the upsurge of warming. The innovative sustainability of photovoltaic (PV) production solar systems is greatly reliant on their operating circumstances. The nonlinear control challenge is exacerbated by the partial shading (PS) situation, which results in significant power dissipa-tion. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control techniques contain a number of severe weaknesses, according to previous studies, including extended tracking and settling durations, and instabilities at global and local peaks trapping in PS systems. To solve these concerns, this research proposes a novel MPPT related to the overall a new configuration of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model based on the Bayesian Regularization training algorithm of PV systems. The suggested approach improves the per-formance of PV systems by allowing for faster and more accurate tracking and extremely low oscillations at Global Maxima (GM). To highlight the usefulness of the ANN-BR technique, the acquired results were compared to the performance of metaheuristic al-gorithms including Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), and it achieves good performance while pursuing the Maximum Power Point (MPP) under a variety of PS situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the validation of control using backstepping for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). For designing this controller, we follow an approach based on the validation of two Model based Design (MBD) tests. The objective is to design, to test and to validate the MPPT algorithms into embedded software. Using the Perturb and observe algorithm (P&O) allows to provide the reference voltage to the backstepping controller. After testing the good behavior of the whole system, we can generate C code optimized exactly for the STM32F4 microcontroller. Model in the Loop (MIL) and Processor in the Loop (PIL) are two techniques used to simulate the MPPT algorithm and backstepping controller. As conclusion, the algorithm and controller developed demonstrates a high performance with MPPT requirements. The power generated from PV array tracked perfectly the reference power with response time is less than 0.006s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]