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The petro fuelled engines is a major source of contribution in the automobile sector serving the economy to a better extent. On the other hand, alarmingly the exhaust from the engine peaks up day-by-day resulting in environmental and atmospheric pollution shooting up HC, NOx, CO emissions. It therefore necessitates the need to focus on reduction of engine emissions without compromising the performance. Such results could be achieved by modifications in the fuel. The combined effect of Exhaust gas Recirculation and alternate fuel contributes to less emissions where in there is a reduction in the performance. This shortcoming can be overcome by adding nanoparticle in the existing diesel and biodiesel. Nanoparticles enhances the properties of blended fuel. In the present investigation, Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Easter biodiesel was extracted by transesterification process and its blends were prepared in the proportion of 20% and 100%. The Graphene Nano particle was dispersed into a pure diesel and biodiesel with an amount of 25ppm, 50ppm, 75ppm and 100ppm by ultrasonic method. The property tests were conducted according to ASTM standards to determine flash point, fire point, viscosity, density, calorific value, Acid number and cetane number. The results unveils that there is a good considerable improvement in the fuel properties which can be set as a bench mark for further experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple Cloud Compute providers can be managed together as a Federated Cloud. Such an agglomeration introduces challenges for effective resource allocation and load balancing. To address such issues, multiple papers have been written describing various algorithms for resource allocation. This paper thus compares and contrasts various algorithms proposed. A Federated Cloud environment is usually organized as a many providers having multiple datacenters (DCs), each with multiple hosts, and each host having multiple VMs. We compare the various algorithms on the basis of execution time (time-till-response), latency (time between task scheduling and VM allocation), and load (resource utilization). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co2+ doped Copper Tartrate (CoCT) crystals were grown in silica gel medium using single diffusion method at room temperature. Nucleation reduction was achieved by passing (light sources like LASER, CFL, and LED) at the growth process of the CoCT crystals. Metallic compositions were estimated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). Effects of light radiation on functional groups were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. UV-Vis-NIR transmission spectrum was recorded to study the optical transparency of the grown crystals at different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth of Ca2+ doped Cobalt Cadmium oxalate (CCoCO) and Mg2+ doped Cobalt Cadmium oxalate (MCoCO) single crystals were grown by a single diffusion method in silica hydrogel at ambient temperature. Optimum conditions of the as-grown crystals were established by varying Specific gravity of Sodium Meta Silicate (SMS), gel setting time, pH of the gel, concentrations of Oxalic acid and concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ solutions. Energydispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the presence of stoichiometric compositions of the grown crystals. The morphology of the crystals as revealed by SEM/FESEM is illustrated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is done to find the thermal stability of the grown crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cadmium Magnesium Oxalate (CMO) crystals were grown by silica gel method. The optimum conditions were established by various parameters such as specific gravity of Sodium Meta Silicate (SMS), concentration of oxalic acid (C2H2O4), pH of gel solution, gel setting time and reactant mixture ratio. Good quality CMO crystals were rectangular in shape with good morphology and transparent. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) image highlights the layer deposition growth of CMO crystal. Presence of Cd2+ and Mg2+ cations, O, C were confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX). TG studies revealed two steps of decomposition in the crystal due to dehydration and liberation of CO and CO2 molecules. The chemical formula and molecular weight of CMO crystal were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium Doped Zinc Phosphate (CDZP) crystals were grown by gel technique using phosphoric acid impregnated silica gel. Good quality transparent CDZP crystals were born from the optimized growth environment. Chemical formula and molecular weight of test crystal was estimated by spectroscopic techniques. Energy Dispersive Xray Analysis (EDAX) identified Cd, Zn, P and Oin doped ZP crystals. FTIR spectral studies confirmed phosphate group, water molecule and M-O bond. Thermo gravimetric studies unveiled stability of the crystals in anhydrous phosphate phase above 600oC. The CDZP crystals conduct very small current in nA, possess leakage resistance in GΩ and capacitance in pF. Investigation on growth aspects and thermo-opto- electrical properties merely highlighted distinctness of novel CDZP crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Strontium Calcium Oxalate (SCO) single crystals were grown by using silica gel technique. Different parameters such as gel density, concentration of oxalate solution, concentration of reactants, gel setting time have considerable effect on the growth rate. Study of FT-IR spectroscopy identifies water and other functional groups present in the grown crystal. A UVVisible- NIR spectroscopic study gives various linear optical constants like absorption, transmittance, reflectance, band gap, refractive Index and electrical susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mg2+ doped Copper Tartrate (MgCT) crystals were grown in silica gel medium using single diffusion method at room temperature and exposing to different light radiation. Nucleation reduction was achieved by irradiating (light sources like LASER, CFL) at the growth process of the MgCT crystals. Metallic compositions were estimated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). Effects of light radiation on functional groups were identified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. UV-VIS-NIR transmission spectrum was recorded to study the optical transparency of the grown crystals at different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of Ca2+ (CCoCO) and Mg2+ (MCoCO) doped cobalt cadmium oxalate were grown by single diffusion method in silica hydro gel at room temperature. Optimum conditions of the as grown crystals were established by varying Specific gravity of Sodium Meta Silicate (SMS), gel setting time, pH of the gel, concentrations of Oxalic acid and concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ solutions. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the presence of major elements such as Co2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cd2+ ions in the lattice of the grown crystals. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum exhibits the presence of OH, carboxyl group and metal-oxygen bonding. UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis measured the energy gap and insulating behavior of the crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a finite element analysis based study of the effect of characteristic element length on the damaged response of a composite is performed taking into consideration the damage evolution concept and how it is implemented in the FEA tool ABAQUS. Various options available to define the damaged response of a material such as fracture energy and characteristic element length are studied using benchmark problems. In the study, only shell elements are considered which can also be extended to other element types with different degrees of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, the polymer hybrid composites were developed by varying the reinforcements from l5%, 30%, 45% and 60% of glass fiber and carbon fibers in 40% epoxy matrix under vacuum bag process. The composite is cured at room temperature and the post curing was done at 50 °C for 30 min, 65 °C for 45 min and 75 °C for l hour. The machinability characteristics like thrust force and delamination were determined during the drilling of glass and carbon fibers reinforced epoxy matrix hybrid composites using HSS, Titanium Coated and Carbide Tipped tools of 3 mm, 6 mm and 9 mm diameter drill bits were analyzed and a second order statistical model was developed using ANOVA for optimization of machining parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk ingots of Si15Te85-xCux (1 ≤ x ≤ 5) glasses are concocted by typical melt quenching technique. XRD validate the non-crystalline feature of the prepared quenched sample. The samples are found to display threshold type of electrical switching behavior. The switching behavior on all the samples is noticed without any disturbances. Compositional dependence of threshold voltage of Si15Te85-xCux (1 ≤ x ≤ 5) glasses has been studied and it has been found that VT increases as the atomic percentage of dopant (copper) increases in the host matrix. The distinguished behavior has been envisaged and correlated to the improvement in network connectivity and rigidity with the addition of Cu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]