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We find the exact one-loop effective action in a Schwarzschild black hole in the proper-time integral from the Schwinger variational principle, which has the same form up to number of states as the Heisenberg-Euler and Schwinger QED effective action in a constant electric field. The leading term for Hawking radiation comes from the first simple pole of the vacuum polarization and the sum of residues from all simple poles exactly leads to the vacuum persistence amplitude. We show that the vacuum persistence amplitude is the total flux of Hawking radiation for bosons and fermions and the vacuum polarization has an expression of thermal distribution and the propagator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change in relative phase between the accelerating rf fields and the beam bunches is the dominant factor of beam-energy change in linear accelerators. Major factors of the changing rf phase are modulator high voltage jitters in the short term and drifts in environmental conditions in the long term. We have investigated influences of cooling water and air temperature changes on the rf phase and beam energy drifts in the PLS 2.5-GeV linear accelerator. In this article, we describe how the environmental factors change the beam energy drifts. © 2004 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I wish to stress that, in large N[sub c] QCD (with N[sub c] the number of color), a closed set of coupled differential equations may be derived for nonlocal condensates which, in the presence of the nontrivial QCD ground state or vacuum, are used to characterize the quark or gluon propagator, or other Green functions of higher order. It is pointed out that, by solving the coupled equations so obtained, the method of QCD sum rules, in its generalized sense, is free of additional parameters whenever we modify or generalize the method such as by considering the QCD vacuum in the presence of external fields. In addition, I wish to demonstrate a soft-pion theorem for the parton distributions of Goldstone pions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the bendablity and reliability of transparent ZnO TFTs. Transfer printing method was used to make flexible ZnO TFTs. The PET was used as the transparent and flexible plastic substrate which thickness was 188 μm. The bending test and fatigue test were performed to evaluate the mechanical reliability. After reliability tests, the failure mode of ZnO TFTs was analyzed and its results were also confirmed by stress/strain simulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]