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The existence of an increasing accumulation of household waste, one of which is in the Jambangan area can cause environmental pollution. Efforts made in dealing with the generation of household waste are by making a product. These products can be used for the needs of the community around Jambangan, and can also help the economy of an organization in the Jambangan area. The product that can be produced is in the form of compost which is processed by utilizing household waste around the Jambangan area. With the help of another species, namely maggot, it is an effort to reduce household waste that has accumulated. Maggot can be used as an insect-based household waste recycling technology. Maggot has various benefits, one of which can reduce household waste and can also produce products in the form of compost. Maggot in reducing waste is very fast and has the highest value. This study used an experimental method using 8 reactors which contained about 10,000 maggot eggs in each reactor. By using variations in initial weight of 3 kg and 4 kg with one treatment. The average percentage of household waste reduction is around 53.65% and 60.25%. The results of laboratory tests of products in the form of compost will be compared with the quality standard of SNI 10-7030-2004 with parameters of water content, pH, C/N ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of using different maggot growing media on tail weight, fresh production and maggot dry matter production. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were P1 : Rice bran 2 kg DM+1 g BSF egg; P2 : Palm oil cake 2 kg DM+1 g BSF egg; P3 : Tofu dregs 2 kg DM+1 gram BSF egg; P4 : Onggok 2 kg DM+1 g BSF egg; P5: Carrots are not suitable for consumption 2 kg DM+1 gram BSF egg; and P6: Fish waste 2 g DM+1 g BSF egg. The variables observed included the weight of the tail, fresh production and maggot dry matter production. The data obtained will be analyzed using Analysis of Variance (Anova) and followed by Duncan's Multiple Distance Test (DMRT). The results showed a very significant effect on tail weight, fresh production and maggot dry matter production (P<0.01). Tofu dregs growing medium (P3) gave the best effect (P<0.05) on tail weight, fresh production, and maggot dry matter production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivation of BSF larvae has helped to process organic waste into variety of products from animal feed, organic fertilizer, BSF oil and other by products. This process has helped zero waste program and support circular economy. In this research, cultivation of BSF larvae were given pure organic waste as BSF feed. Laboratory test then conducted to analyze dried larva content of nutrient and amino acids composition. Comparation for the quality of solid organic fertilizer from pupae and fly according to Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 261 of 2019 then carried out. The result indicates dried larva nutrient and amino acids were acceptable to be use as feed for fish and bird and that pupae and fly manure from BSF has met the quality standards and contains good nutrient for the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Nusa Tenggara is one of the priority tourist destinations determined by the Government of Indonesia. As the West Nusa Tenggara Government's commitment to climate change and sustainable tourism, a Zero Waste strategy is prioritized with a target of 70% municipal solid waste being handled by 2023. With an ambitious target and the current level of municipal waste handling only reaching 39.68%, actions are needed to accelerate all aspects of waste management in West Nusa Tenggara, including waste collection. Tempat Pengelolaan Sampah Reduce Reuse Recycle (TPS 3R) is a municipal waste handling facility that accommodates and processes waste. TPS 3R Midang is one of the active TPS located in Midang Village, Gunung Sari District, West Lombok Regency. TPS 3R Midang currently manages solid waste from 142 houses in Midang Village that subscribe to be collected. One of the advantages of TPS 3R Midang is the cultivation of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae which can decompose organic waste, which can later be dried into fish feed. BSF cultivation requires a large and sustainable supply of organic waste so that it unfolds opportunities to gain more TPS 3R customers in the future. Consequently, the duration to collect solid waste will be longer while the allocated time to collect is limited due to the limited TPS 3R officers; fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions emitted are higher. Therefore, a solution is needed to optimize the existing solid waste collection route from the existing collection point by using a Geographic Information System (GIS) with Network Analysis (NA) feature. Network Analysis is a network analysis system that can analyze road, pipeline, and travel networks. This method was chosen because the NA feature of the GIS can determine the optimal route made and can meet the desired criteria, namely the shortest distance, fastest travel time, lowest fuel consumption, and low CO2 emissions. In addition to the existing route, 2 alternative routes were designed for solid waste collection to TPS 3R Midang. From the analysis, the most optimal route is the first alternative route. This decision was taken based on the effectiveness of waste transportation in terms of the mileage of mileage of 9.1 km with a duration of 157.02 minutes (2.6 hours), the fuel consumption of 0.665 liters and emits CO2 of 1.562 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) production by upcycling livestock manure or other waste to high protein sources is popular in the 21st century. The livestock manure commonly used in BSFL production is chicken manure, pig manure, and cow manure; meanwhile, Indonesia also potentially provided 8,119.66–11,463.05 tons of duck manure per day in 2020. The other waste usually used is agro-industrial by-products such as coconut endosperm waste, wheat bran (WB), and Brewer's spent grain. Agro-industrial by-products are quite popular in Indonesia: palm kernel meal (PKM) and WB. According to those concerns, this study aimed to observe the potential upcycling of laying duck waste (litter (DL) and rotten eggs (RE)) combinate with PKM, RB, and food waste to produce BSFL as protein sources. This study would produce mini maggots during 11 days of inoculation using the commercial chicken feed. The mini maggot produced was then inoculated in 4 different media for 7 days. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications (4x5). Results of this study show that mini maggot production using commercial chicken feed reduced the substrate by 34.67% but produced 364.62 times higher protein sources than the initial eggs. Also, T2, T3, and T4 can be used as media for BSFL production from mini maggots, which help to increase the biomass yield by 7.60–8.73 times higher. Meanwhile, T1 was not recommended due to the higher mortality of mini maggots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are gaining popularity in society, especially in light of the recent cultural emphasis on the need of sustainable consumption. Insects' potential is rapidly developing due to the increasing demands of animal-derived protein and their ability to address environmental challenges. The Hermetia illucens larvae contain high nutritional content of protein and lipid. As such, the nutritional content of this larva is a potential food source and is suitable to be used as novel feed for animal, avian and aquaculture. During this study, the larvae were fed with soy pulp until it reaches a pre-pupae stage. The comparisons of fatty acid profiling were done by harvesting the larvae on the 10th day, 12th day and pre-pupae, respectively. After the larvae have been harvested, they are rinsed with distilled water to remove any impurities. Thereafter, the different stages of development of the larvae were dried in an oven at 80°C for 24 hours. Extraction of crude lipids based on different larval development times was performed with n-hexane via soxhlet method. Subsequently, after extraction, a series of lipid analysis were carried to determine the free fatty acid, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value and fatty acid composition. The analyses of lipid were done in accordance with the AOAC methods. Lipid contents of the larvae of different development time indicates that, lipid contents increase from 10th (28.1%) to 12th day (31.14%) before it decreases during pre-pupae stage (30.23%). The acid values attained for 10th day old larvae, 12th day old larvae and pre-pupae were 9.60±0.48, 89.24±2.28 and 180.28±8.80 mg KOH/g, respectively. Free fatty acid (FFA) value and acid values of lipids are closely related as the rancidity of crude oils is followed by free fatty acid formation due to the decomposing of glycerides in lipids due to the action of lipase. Based on the results, lowest iodine value observed for 10th day old larvae (22.42±0.14 gI2/100g) and the highest was observed in pre-pupae (55.38±5.17 gI2/100g). A higher iodine value indicates the higher amount of double bond in the crude lipid, which depicts the tendency for the oxidation of the oil. The fatty acid profile indicated that the fatty acid was primarily lauric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly (BSF) is a sustainable protein source that can be used as feed ingredient as it can convert organic waste into edible feedstuff. This study showed that the prepupae of Black Soldier Fly possessed the higher content of protein and fat that fulfilled the nutritional requirement as a feed. The drying method is vital to remove moisture and produces more shelf-stable feed. In this research, the purpose is to identify the most suitable drying method to produce shelf-stable feed. Vacuum drying was proven to be more suitable in producing shelf-stable feed as compared to microwave drying in accordance with its nutritional composition (fat and protein), antioxidant properties and physicochemical properties of BSF prepupae (BSFP). The experimental BSFP were fed with mixture of fruits peel and flesh, harvested and dried by microwave-oven drying (MD-BSFP) and vacuum-oven drying (VD-BSFP). Based on the experimental results, there is no significant difference in lipid content between MD-BSFP (45.03%) and VD-BSFP (39.23%). However, the crude protein of VD-BSFP (31.00%) was significantly higher than MD-BSFP (16.90%). MD-BSFP and VD-BSFP were still considered as a source of protein (10% of NRV per 100 g of solids) according to FAO standards. Besides, VD-BSFP had a better antioxidant property as it had a lower browning index as compared to MD-BSFP. The present study showed that the water activity of MD-BSFP (0.527) and VD-BSFP (0.494) was below 0.60 which could inhibit the growth of most microorganisms and extend the shelf life of feed. This study suggests that vacuum drying is better than microwave drying in producing shelf stable BSF feed because VD-BSFP was well-established with higher protein content and antioxidant properties, having lower moisture content and browning index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a business of Maggot BSF production and waste bank in a municipal household waste management using the System Dynamics approach. Household waste consists of organic and non-organic waste. The Maggot BSF can be produced from organic waste, while a waste bank is built to manage the non-organic waste. The production of the Maggot BSF involves many interrelated variables so that System Dynamics is chosen to describe it. This study aims to develop a conceptual model of Maggot BSF business and waste bank by adopting System Dynamics to describe the trade-offs among the related variables. The research method is descriptive analytics. The output of this study is a conceptual model which is constructed from the existing phenomena of the Maggot BSF and the waste bank business process. The conceptual model is shown in a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD). The structure of the CLD consists of variables of demand, Maggot BSF production, production costs, revenue, and profit. The result shows that the developed conceptual model consists of 4 reinforcing loops and 3 balancing loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restaurants are one of the largest organic waste sources in a region, but waste from restaurants has not been treated well, resulting in it ends directly in a landfill. Black soldier fly (BSF) treatment is an emerging technology that can turn organic waste into high-protein feed. The utilization of BSF is carried out by converting organic waste into BSF larvae. BSF larvae are an effort that can be used for recycling organic waste. Therefore, special attention is needed for the utilization of organic waste from restaurants. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of BSF larvae utilization in restaurant waste processing and observe the influence of the environment, particularly the intensity of light on the development of larvae. Organic waste from restaurants is set to a moisture content of 80%. The organic waste is used as a food source for larvae with exposure to three different lighting variants, namely 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness, 24 hours of darkness, and 24 hours of light. The results of this study indicated that restaurant waste could be processed with the help of BSF. Variation of light to larvae resulted in a decrease in waste by 37.77%, 37.78%, and 37.60%. The highest reduction occurred in dark lighting conditions 24 hours. Statistical tests show that light intensity has a significant effect on larvae weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens, were used in this research as decomposing agents to treat food wastes. All food wastes were collected from the cafeteria and were segregated into three groups, namely T1 (mixed cooked waste), T2 (cooked vegetable waste), and T3 (uncooked food wastes). In this study, the protein content of BSF larvae was measured from each treatment using Kjehdahl method, and the results revealed that the protein content of BSFL in T1, T2, and T3 is 43.56 %, 42.58 %, and 43.26 %, respectively. The waste reduction (WR) index for T1, T2, and T3 are 5.21, 4.23 and 3.15, respectively. WR index is based on substrate concentration, and higher substrate consumption results in a higher WR index value. From the WR index results, treatment T1 is the highest substrate concentration, followed by T2 and T3. The BSFL in T1 has the highest growth rate, followed by T2 and T3. The effectiveness of the larvae in composting the cooked mixes and cooked vegetable waste is high compared to the non-cooked kitchen waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hermetia illucens L. is known as Black Soldier Fly (BSF), a voracious feeders during larval stages. Its role as bioconversion of organic waste is assumed correlate with the bacteria in BSF larvae. The bacteria are expected to have enzyme activity such as amylase, lipase, and protease. In the present study, the bacteria from BSF larvae were isolated using 6 different media. The isolated bacteria will be screened for their amylolytic, lipolytic, and proteolytic activities. Based on the formation of a clear zone and good growth appearance, total 22 representative bacterial isolates were obtained. Characterization of the isolates was consist of the morphological and biochemical tests. According to the result of the enzymatic test, five isolates have positive result on the amylolytic test, two isolates have a positive result on the lipolytic test, and eleven isolates have a positive result on the proteolytic test. Among those isolates, the B18 isolate has positive result on the three enzymatic tests. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA showed that B18 was closely related to Bacillus paramycoides with 99.93% sequences similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has been widely studied by feeding with myriad organic waste materials, transforming the wastes into a high-value added larval biomass via digestion and assimilation processes. One of the abundant organic wastes is a sewage sludge, comprising of complex organic substrates. Nevertheless, the presence of extracellular polymeric substances in the sewage sludge has been found retarding the digestion process of BSFL. As a result, the larvae are unable to assimilate the nutrients for their subsequent growth. In this regard, the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was adopted in this work to cleave the structures of sewage sludge in releasing more nutrients for BSFL feeding, whilst enhancing the larval growth. The different pH conditions amidst anaerobic treatment had plausibly changed the quantities of volatile fatty acids generated in which influencing the BSFL growth. The results showed that the larvae fed with the anaerobic treated sewage sludge had a better growth than those fed with fresh sewage sludge in terms of final total weight. The larval weights were measured at 2.05 ± 0.39 against 7.34 ± 0.97 mg/larva at dry weight basis while administering with fresh and anaerobically treated sewage sludge at pH 3, respectively, with an increment of almost 350%. Indeed, the highest larval weight was successfully achieved by using the sewage sludge having been pre-digested anaerobically at pH 3 for 8 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect larvae have been perceived as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to the feasibility to biodegrade organic wastes, absorb the nutrient, and stored lipid in the bodies as biomass. However, the research on biodiesel production using insect larvae has been lack of study. Therefore, the ultimate aim of this study was to employ Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae for biodiesel production. In this study, Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were reared in mix wastes for 20 days. The extracted BSF larval lipid was undergone a two-step transesterification process to yield biodiesel. Then, the properties of BSF larval lipid, biodiesel and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition were analysed accordingly. It was found that about 90.25% of biodiesel was produced from the transesterification of BSF larval lipid. In addition, the FAME composition of BSF larval lipid biodiesel comprised 82.25% of saturated (lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, capric acid, and stearic acid) and 17.75% of unsaturated (oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, gondoic acid, and linoleic acid) FAME. The produced BSF larval biodiesel met the value recommended by American Society for test and the Materials (ASTM) D6751 and European (EN) 14214 standards. Overall, the finding from this study affirmed the potential to produce eco-friendly biodiesel derived BSFL reared on mix wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work intends to unveil the performance of thermal treatment in improving the biodegradability of waste activated sludge (WAS). The thermal treatments of WAS were conducted at different temperatures (30oC, 60oC, 75oC, 90oC) as well as treatment durations (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 hours), and its effects on the sludge biodegradability were measured in terms of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). The ANOVA analysis showed that both treatment temperature (P<0.001) and duration (P<0.001) had significantly enhanced the biodegradability of WAS. Accordingly, the results showed that the SCOD increased with increasing treatment temperature, with 90oC thermal treatment at 16 hours producing the highest SCOD of 163.39g/L. Although SCOD increased with longer treatment duration, the highest SCOD increment happened within the first 4 hours of treatment before slowing down gradually. Besides, the interaction between treatment temperature and duration was also significant (P<0.001). This was because the effect of treatment duration becoming less significant when the treatment temperature was raised. Finally, the energy-effective thermal treatment condition was found to lie between 75oC and 90oC within 2 to 4 hours in achieving the highest concentration of SCOD per consumed energy of 0.27 - 0.32 g/L per kJ. Hereafter, the impending study is to administer the treated WAS for growing black soldier fly larvae, targeting to produce valuable larval biomass feedstock for biodiesel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larvae of black soldier fly (BSF) convert organic waste into high value biomass of which the composition may depend on the substrate. In this study, three days old of BSF larvae were grown on several organic wastes to produce fat and protein-rich insect biomass that potential for animal feed. Each treatment contained 100 larvae fed with five different feed (chicken feed, fruits waste, vegetables waste, restaurant waste and tofu dreg). Feeding of larvae was continued until more than 50% of the larvae of each treatment had developed into prepupae. The data of insect growth dynamics and estimation of substrate utilization were assessed. The relative proportion and the absolute amount of food that were converted into biomass, metabolism and residual were calculated. The ability of larva to digest organic waste was measured by Efficiency of Digested Feed (ECD). Overall material reduction level was measured by Waste Reduction Index (WRI). The different of organic waste as larval rearing substrate influenced the ability of BSF larvae in converting waste into nutrient-rich biomass. The difference in rearing substrate affected the life history, larval development time (egg to prepupa, in days), dry weight of prepupa (biomass), feeding time, substrate consumption and survival rate. The data provide the difference of bioconversion efficiency among five organic waste by BSF. Reported data can be used for understanding the suitable substrate for rearing BSF and produce high nutrition prepupae for animal feed and to improve the strategy of organic waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic waste generated from household waste, market waste, and industrial waste is one of the problems faced by Indonesia. One thing that can be done to reduce organic waste is to apply the bioconversion concept using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae which can be an economic value as feed such as fish feed. In application, there are several challenges i.e. (1) the effect of feeding in the form of a mixture of organic waste and (2) the effect of feeding time. To answer the first question, black soldier fly larvae were fed a mixture of tofu dregs and fish waste with a different mixture ratio, namely a mixture of tofu dregs (AT) and fish waste (LI) 40%:60%, 50%:50%, and 60%:40%. The feed was given with a different feeding time pattern to answer the second question, namely every day, every three days, every five days, every ten days and every twenty days. The variables observed were weight gain and survival rate. The results showed a significant difference between feed composition and variation in feeding time on the growth of black soldier fly larvae. The best combination to produce the largest larval biomass is a feed composition of 40% LI: 60% AT with a feeding time of 5 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has a variety of protein source feed ingredients that can be used as protein source feed ingredients, or as a natural feed additive to suppress bacterial growth and increase feed efficiency. The combination of maggot of Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana), and turmeric have the potential to replace fish meal in the chicken's feed. Therefore this study aimed to determine the native chickens' performance fed the combination of protein sources (maggot and Indigofera) and turmeric flour. This study was conducted based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 3x2 factorial pattern and 4 replications, each replication consisted of 4 chickens. The first factor was a combination of feed ingredients MF (maggot flour), ILF (Indigofera leaf flour), and TF (turmeric flour). The second factor is the type of chicken used, namely Kalosi chicken and Kalosi chicken treated in ovo feeding. During the experimental period, Kalosi chicken groups fed maggot flour and Indigofera as protein sources combined with turmeric flour could maintain their performance in a similar pattern with other groups which fed commercial ration (control). This study implied that local feed ingredients such as maggot, and Indigofera could be considered as potential feedstuff replacing fish meal as a protein source in the native chicken ration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the antibacterial activity test of the combination of larvae Black Soldier Fly (BSF), turmeric, and Indigofera zollingeriana against bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. This research was conducted based on a completely randomized design consisting of 6 treatments and 3 replications so that the total experiment was 18 units. Treatment P0 (positive control, 50 µg chloramphenicol), P1 (2.5% Turmeric + 5% Indigofera zollingeriana + 25% BSF), P2 (2.5% Turmeric + 10% Indigofera zollingeriana + 20% BSF), P3 (2.5% Turmeric + 15% Indigofera zollingeriana + 15% BSF), P4 (2.5% Turmeric + 20% Indigofera zollingeriana + 10% BSF), P5 (2.5% Turmeric + 25% Indigofera zollingeriana + 5% BSF). The parameter measured was the inhibition zone in bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P <0.05) on the bacterial inhibition zone Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum of 12.8 mm ±2.72 and 13.46 mm ±1.64. The results of the orthogonal polynominal test show that the effect of using a combination of BSF larvae, turmeric, and Indigofera zollingeriana obtained in treatment P1 (2.5% Turmeric + 5% Indigofera zollingeriana + 25% BSF) by 96.62% in bacteria Escherichia coli and 85.74% in bacteria Salmonella pullorum. That conclusion larvae Black Soldier Fly (BSF), turmeric, and Indigofera zollingeriana can inhibit bacterial growth Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. Treatment P1 (Turmeric 2.5% + Indigofera zollingeriana 5% + BSF 25%) can be used as a feed additive with the same antibacterial activity as chloramphenicol 50µg. Bacteria Salmonella pullorum is more sensitive than Escherichia coli bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of BSF (Black Soldier Fly) insect maintenance has become an important endeavour for alternative animal feed supplies. This works aims to elucidate the effect of shade and pores covering the rearing box on the development of BSF prepupa. This experiment used a completely randomized design arranged in two factors of treatment with five replications. The treatments were Factor A and Factor B. Factor A divided in two environmental conditions consisting of direct sunlight as factor A1 and an indirect sunlight as actor A2. Factor B was the pore percentage of the cover area consisting of B1 5%, B2 15%, B3 25%. Four parameters were measured in this experiment: body weight; body length; body width and body thickness. The results of the variance analysis showed that there was an interaction between the two factors on the weight of prepupa larvae. The post hoc test by using LSD showed that the comparison between B1_B2 and B2_B3 was different at the level of P <0.01 however this was not the case in three other parameters in this study. Through these results, we concluded that the prepupa weight was influenced by the shade treatment and the percentage of the pore covering the rearing container. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several agricultural by-products such as cacao pod husk (CPH) and oil palm frond (OPF) are under-utilized by humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fiber composition of CPH and OPF after being treated by solid-state fermentation (SFF) and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) rearing. Several fungi species, of Phanerocheate chrysosporium (PC), Trametes versicolor (TV), and Pleurotus sajor-caju (PS), were used for SSF treatments, and they were inactivated using an oven at 60℃ for 24 h. Furthermore, the BSFL was grown on these SSF-treated substrates for 4-5 weeks, and the fiber composition was analyzed using the van Soest procedure. The results showed that the combination of SSF and BSFL rearing decreased and increased lignin in CPH and OPF, respectively. The combination of CPH-PC and BSFL rearing used almost all fiber fractions except hemicellulose. Meanwhile, the combination of unfermented OPF and BSFL rearing decreased only hemicellulose content. In conclusion, fungal fermentation of CPH and OPF enhanced the efficiency of nutrient utilization for BSFL growth and the change of their leftover substrate fiber composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste is a problem for residents, moreover, manure waste is a problem because it carries odors and there are many germs of disease. This waste is mainly found in farms and settlements that raise livestock. Various ways to reduce manure have been done, one of which is offered is to make manure as a BSF magot food. The aim of this research is to find out the capability of BSF magots in converting BSF. The research method used is the Black Soldier fly (BSF) which has hatched which is 5 days old, take and weigh 4 gm of less than 200 BSF, then put it in a plastic jar that contains feed consisting of: a. Rabbit manure, b goat manure, c. cow manure d. Chicken manure. From the results of observations, it turns out that in various treatments, both rabbit, goat and cow manure. Chicken manure is able to increase the weight and length of the BSF magot higher than the others. Chicken manure is thought to have a better protein and carbohydrate content, resulting in less mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic waste is a common problem that occurs in most developing countries, including Indonesia such as food, market, and garden waste. The bioconversion process of food waste using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) has been considered an effective way in degrading organic waste. This process produces larvae as feed and solid residue as compost. The research aimed to discover the effects of feedstock and processing time variation on the larvae weight, percentage of substrate consumption, waste reduction index, and protein content. The feedstocks were rice waste and chicken manure as feed for BSF larvae with time variations of 3, 6, and 9 days. The results showed that the highest growth rate of black soldier fly larvae was found in larvae with rice waste feed on the 6th day with larvae weight of 482.80 g. Besides, larvae have optimally reduced waste on the 9th day using rice waste. The percentage of substrate consumption was 76.24%. The value of the Waste Reduction Index (WRI) of rice waste was the greatest on the 3rd day was 23.17%/day and chicken manure was 16.41%/day. The largest protein content of rice waste-fed larvae was found on the 9th day at 27.89%, while the protein content on chicken manure-fed larvae was 31.85% on the 6th day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect meal has been given priority towards achieving sustainable development goals such as a novel food and feed protection, economic stimulus, job creation, the promotion of new scientific development and the mitigation of greenhouse gases by waste recycling. Insect-derived protein sources have become a new, sustainable and novel food for human and animal consumption. The processing and transformation of the original form of the insect and/or insect larvae are required to preserve food and to extend the lifetime of food storage. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of oven and microwave drying on the fatty acid characteristics of Hermetia illucens prepupae. Prior to drying, larvae of Hermetia illucens were grown to the prepupae stage and harvested for further studies. A palm decanter was used as the larvae's substrate. The influence of oven drying time (24 - 72 hours) and temperature (40 - 80°C) upon fatty acid was investigated, while that of microwave drying power (200 - 250 W) and time (10 - 15 mins) was investigated. An evaluation of the effects of different drying methods on fatty acid chemical properties was conducted, measuring free fatty acids (FFA), acid value (AV) and iodine value (IV). In addition to the biochemical properties of Hermetia illucens prepupae, the compositional fatty acid methyl ester yield (FAME) of Hermetia illucens prepupae was examined for both drying techniques. Microwave-dried materials showed higher values for free fatty acids, acid values, and iodine values than oven-dried products. Following microwave drying, the values obtained for free fatty acids, acid values, and iodine values were respectively 132.44% oleic acid, 263.30 mg KOH/g oil and 46.67 gI/100g. In terms of oven drying, the value attained were 118.34% oleic acid, 232.27 mg KOH/g oil, and 42.54 gI/100g, respectively. Microwave drying of Hermetia illucens prepupae shows higher iodine value due to its higher unsaturated fatty acid content of 37.16% as compared with its oven-dried Hermetia illucens prepupae's which attained at 34.78% of unsaturated fatty acid. For both oven and microwave drying, FAME yields were 90.41 and 94.05%, respectively. Lauric acid (C12:00) was the highest compositional FAME at 32.44 and 28.53% for both oven and microwave drying, respectively. An increased level of saturation in FAME is observed in oven drying, which achieved 65.18% compared to microwave drying (62.84%). Based on the findings, the choice of various drying techniques can significantly influence the fatty acid characteristics. For instance, higher C12:0 were obtained from oven drying compared to microwave drying. Lauric acid is a potential avian feed addition, improving poultry growth, weight gain, and avian health.The study provides an insight on the suitability of the drying process by taking into consideration the compounds of interest and the potential end-use such as biodiesel and feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous amounts of sewage sludge have been generated as an organic waste annually at the present time and requires a proper disposal management. However, the conventional methods for sewage sludge disposal may enlarge the carbon footprint and incur a high operating cost due to various hazardous substances that exist in sewage sludge. Hence, a novel secure method is opted in this study by utilizing insect larvae to consume sewage sludge and subsequently, being converted into a high value-added biofuel. As such, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were selected to serve this purpose due to the high lipid content (20-40%) within their body and can be extracted for further utilization as biodiesel production feedstock. In addition, BSFL are competency to withstand heavy metals in sewage sludge without any contamination in larval biomass. However, as inadequate nutrition in sewage sludge can possibly retard the larval growth and biomass accumulation, fortification of sewage sludge nutrition will be studied by blending with palm kernel expeller (PKE), a nutrition enriched and low-cost organic waste substrate prior feeding to BSFL to assist larval growth and increase amount of larval lipid accumulation for producing biodiesel. Through the blending, an optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE of 2:3 had resulted in highest growth rate at 3.36±0.15 mg/larva/day and survival rate of larvae increased proportionately with PKE in larval feed. The extracted lipid from BSFL paved a pathway towards a new generation of sustainable feedstock in producing biodiesel. The highest lipid content was 17.00±1.77% when fed with sewage sludge to PKE at the ratio of 3:2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens) has been recognised as an alternative protein source for animal feed. This study was performed to enhance the protein hydrolysis of BSFL content by using the basic salts treatment. Denatured protein would become smaller peptides and helps improve the absorption and digestion of protein. Sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate (5, 10 and 15wt%) were mixed for two days at room temperature to examine the effect of salt type and concentration on BSFL protein content. The result obtained from the Bradford analysis showed the percentage of protein decreases for all samples with the increasing salt concentration. The percentage of protein decreased for 15wt% of sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate were 14.23% and 15.12%, respectively. This finding indicated that these basic salts could be potentially used for hydrolysing BSFL crude protein into smaller peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hermetia illucens, also known as Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) meal, was used to evaluate the efficiency of salt, protease, and their combination as a catalyst in protein hydrolysis and protein denaturation. Three treatments on BSFL meal were conducted as 10% NaCl (Treatment 1), 10% TAPzyme (Treatment 2), and 10% NaCl and TAPzyme (Treatment 3). All treatments were supplied with 5 grams of BSFL meal. The samples were incubated according to their favourable conditions for hydrolysing and denaturing the BSFL's protein into smaller peptides. The Bradford assay method was applied to determine the percentage of protein concentration decreased, while SDS-PAGE illustrated the protein bands and peptides on gel electrophoresis. The percentage of protein concentration decreased in Treatment 3 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Treatment 1 and Treatment 2. In-gel electrophoresis, there were no protein bands, and peptides had appeared for Treatment 1 (sample X), but the high intensity of staining colour showed up at the bottom of the well. Compared with control (sample C), these results indicated that the BSFL's protein was partially hydrolysed as there were no protein bands and peptides that lie at the same molecular weight of protein in sample C. This finding suggested that the protease alone effectively enhances the protein hydrolysis based on protein characterisation by the SDS-PAGE method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]