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Globally, second leading cause of death for women is a Cervical Cancer. CC is caused by infection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV strains 16 (50.8%), 18 (17.6%), and 58 (2.6%) became the most leading strains of infection in Malaysia. Recently, a study showed that HPV 58 was rare worldwide but famous in Asia countries including Malaysia. However, detection the significance of HPV-58 in women has not been studied extensively because of rare case compared to HPV 16 and 18. HPV-58 is commonly found in East Asia, but infrequently worldwide, due to changes in the environment of viruses and humans. Detailed biological knowledge is crucial for the development of effective countermeasures, diagnostic tests, vaccines and antiviral drugs against the HPV. The oligonucleotide sequences of HPV 58 in E6 region have been analysed between 24-35 mer in order to maintain the specificity and selectivity. The percentage of similarities between the coding sequences has developed with 66.7% of GC content. The DNA probe of HPV 58 was 5'GGG CGC TGT GCA GTG TGT TGG AGA CCC CGA3' with 30 mer of oligonucleotides. The important of E6 region for developing the coding sequence as it involved in the DNA reproduction, transcription, translation regulation and transformation of HPV genome. Phylogenetic trees were then constructed by Neighbour-Joining and the Kimura 2-parameters methods, followed by an analysis of selection pressures acting on the E6/E7 genes by ebi ac uk tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a part of the family of beta-coronaviruses inducing COVID-19 disease. COVID-19 became the most life-threatening and highly contagious viral disease compare to another disease family of coronavirus. Right now, the RT-PCR is the gold standard for the diagnostic of COVID-19. To produce successful prevention strategies, medical testing, vaccinations, and antiviral drugs against COVID-19, comprehensive biological information is critical. Conserved coding RNA sequence within the N gene region of the open reading frame in the SARS-CoV-2 genome was employed as the foundation for creating an oligonucleotide probe as it is a crucial component for the development of a biosensor to identify the virus. The study aimed to develop a DNA probe that complementary to the RNA target of the N region for SARS-CoV-2. Studies were conducted on various strains of coronavirus sequences to verify the percent of correlation as well as the region of consensus that triggers various strains of viruses. Basic local alignment search tools (BLAST) and CLUSTLW had devoted additional statistical parameters, for example, desire values (E-values) and score bits. The 30 mer DNA probe with 50.0% of GC content was developed, CTG AAG CGC TGG GGG CAA ATT GTG CAA TTT. The adequate length of the probe is between 22 and 31 mer. The complementary DNA probe was designed based on the RNA target from the N-region selection that has been identified that could be used as a biomarker probe to produce a biosensor that can be implemented to the clinical and environmental diagnosis of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination such as arsenic becomes serious threat to the health and environment of many millions in a worldwide. Arsenic contamination especially in paddy field has driven to the accumulation of As in paddy soils and possibly have adverse effects on rice products. To assess the level of severity of arsenic in paddy field is a major constraint at early stages. In the past, quantification of concentration of arsenic has been as difficult as reducing it. Thus label free Aptamer based biosensor is the most reliable sensor recently due to the advantages for the sensitive and selective detection towards detecting arsenic. Finally, this paper will discuss the current outcomes in arsenic detection using Aptasensor with sensing element formatting in enhancing the sensor signal for detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to media reports, environmental pollution by heavy metals is harmful to the millions of people across the world. Apart from that, heavy metal accumulation may have an effect on animal and plants as well due to their toxicity. In agriculture sector, irrigation with high a toxicity of heavy metals will affect the growth of plant. Rice for example is grown in flooded fields thus are easily immobilized as compared to dryland crop. In fact, this heavy metal is readily available and become severe to paddy plant. Therefore, this study aims to quantify and focus on the concentrations of arsenic and zinc in paddy grains, where it will help a researcher to monitor and trace the amount of heavy metal in paddy field especially in paddy grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza virus is an infectious cause influenza disease. It was understood that the classification of the influenza virus is based on their host-origin and nomenclatures, were coined based on surfuce protein (Hemagglutinin and Neurarninidase). The objective of this work is to make a view on Influenza A viral subtypes. Analysis on conserved and non-conserved regions of neurarninidase from five human influenza A virus sub-types and also analysis of the phylogenetic tree will be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oligonucleotide sequences of four different serotypes of dengue virus that can infect humans, which are DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV -3 and DENV-4 compared and analyzed. Software Clustalx, Genedoc and Splits tree are used to study the origin and the relationship among similar sequences. The information is valuable to design biosensor for dengue viral detection and to help in identification of the dengue virus serotypes in faster, efficient and more affordable for the people affected by dengue in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) is a most dangerous pathogen among the cucurbit plant which it striking cucumbers, zucchinis, squashes, watermelons but it also striking to non-cucurbit such as peppers, tobaccos, celeries, beans and tomatoes. Symptoms shown by this virus when they starting to strike are very significant and at the end can kill the hosts they infected. In order to detect these viruses, biosensor such as screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is developed and fixes a set potential voltage is defined using Chronoamperometry (CM) immunosensor technique. For short introduction, CM is a process which is a constant applied potential voltage between the working and reference electrode is maintained in order to create an electrons transfer for the oxidation or reduction species taking place at the surface of working electrode is measured and in this manuscript, complete details about measurement were used to finding the stable set potential voltages will be pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The affectability and unwavering quality of PCR for indicative and research purposes require effective fair systems of extraction and sanitization of nucleic acids. One of the real impediments of PCR-based tests is the hindrance of the enhancement procedure by substances exhibit in clinical examples. This examination considers distinctive techniques for extraction and cleaning of viral DNA from serum tests in view of recuperation productivity as far as yield of DNA and rate recouped immaculateness of removed DNA, and rate of restraint. The best extraction strategies were the phenol/chloroform strategy and the silica gel extraction methodology for serum tests, individually. Considering DNA immaculateness, extraction technique by utilizing the phenol/chloroform strategy delivered the most tasteful results in serum tests contrasted with the silica gel, separately. The nearness of inhibitors was overcome by all DNA extraction strategies in serum tests, as confirm by semiquantitative PCR enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) is the major cause of cervical cancer. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are the two types of HPV are the most HPV-associated cancers and responsible as a high-risk HPV. Cervical cancer took about 70 percent of all cases due to HPV infections. Cervical cancer mostly growth on a woman's cervix and its was developed slowly as cancer. TiO2 particles give better performance and low cost of the biosensor. The used of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) will be more efficient for DNA nanochip. APTES used as absorption reaction to immobilize organic biomolecules on the inorganic surface. Furthermore, APTES provide better functionalization of the adsorption mechanism on IDE. The surface functionalized for immobilizing the DNA, which is the combination of the DNA probe and the HPV target produces high sensitivity and speed detection of the IDE. The Current-Voltage (IV) characteristic proved the sensitivity of the DNA nanochip increase as the concentration varied from 0% concentration to 24% of APTES concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fabrication process of the zinc oxide thin films for using to act as pH detection by using different PH solution. Sol-gel solution technique is used for preparing zinc oxide seed solution, followed by metal oxide deposition process by using spin coater on the silicon dioxide. Silicon dioxide layer is grown on the silicon wafer, then, ZnO seed solution is deposited on the silicon layer, baked, and annealing process carried on to undergo the characterization of its surface morphology, structural and crystalline phase. Electrical characterization is showed by using PH 4, 7, and 10 is dropped on the surface of the die, in addition, APTES solution is used as linker and also as a references of the electrical characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HPV that also called Human Papillomaviruses is the major cause of the cervical cancer. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are the two types of HPV are the most HPV-associated cancers and responsible as a high-risk HPV. Cervical cancer taken about 70 percent of all cases due HPV infections. Cervical malignancy for the most part development on a lady's cervix and its was developed slowly as cancer disease. TiO2 particles give better performance and low cost of the biosensor. The used of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) will be more efficient for DNA nanochip. APTES used as absorption reaction to immobilize organic biomolecules on the inorganic surface. Besides, APTES give better functionalization of the adsorption mechanism on IDE. The surface functionalized for immobilizing the DNA, which is the combination of the DNA probe and the HPV target produce high sensitivity andfast detection of the IDE. The Current-Voltage (IV) characteristic proved the sensitivity of the DNA nanochip increase as the concentration varied from 0% concentration to 24% of APTES concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the sol-gel method is used to prepare nanoparticles titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films at different annealing temperature. The prepared sol was deposited on the p-SiO2 substrates by spin coating technique under room temperature. The nanoparticles TiO2 solution was synthesized using Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 as a precursor with an methanol solution at a molar ratio 1:10. The prepared TiO2 sols will further validate through structural, morphological and electrical properties. From the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, as-deposited films was found to be amorphous in nature and tend to transform into tetragonal anatase and rutile phase as the films annealed at 573 and 773 K, respectively. The diversification of the surface roughness was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated the roughness and thickness very dependent on the annealing temperature. The two-point probe electrical resistance and conductance of nanoparticles TiO2 thin films were determined by the DC current-voltage (IV) analysis. From the I-V measurement, the electrical conductance increased as the films annealed at higher temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, sol-gel method spin coating technique is adopted to prepare nanoparticles titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films. The prepared TiO2 sol was synthesized using titanium butoxide act as a precursor and subjected to deposited on the p-type silicon oxide (p-SiO2) and glass slide substrates under room temperature. The effect of different alcoholic solvents of methanol and ethanol on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties were systematically investigated. The coated TiO2 thin films were annealed in furnace at 773 K for 1 h. The structural properties of the TiO2 films were examined with X-ray Diffraction (XRD). From the XRD analysis, both solvents showing good crystallinity with anatase phase were the predominant structure. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was employed to study the morphological of the thin films. The optical properties were investigated by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy were found that ethanol as a solvent give a higher optical transmittance if compare to the methanol solvent. The electrical properties of the nanoparticles TiO2 thin films were measured using two-point-probe technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles based Interdigitated Device Electrodes (IDEs) Nanobiosensor device was developed for intracellular biochemical detection. Fabrication and characterization of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) using IDE nanocoated with TiO2 was studied in this paper. SEM analysis was carried out at 10 kV acceleration volatege and a 9.8 mA emission current to compare IDE with and without TiO2 on the surface area. The simple fabrication process, high sensitivity, and fast response of the TiO2 based IDEs facilitate their applications in a wide range of areas. The small size of semiconductor TiO2 based IDE for sensitive, label-free, real time detection of a wide range of biological species could be explored in vivo diagnostics and array-based screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles based Interdigitated Device Electrodes (IDEs) Nanobiosensor device was developed for intracellular biochemical detection. Fabrication and characterization of pH sensors using IDE nanocoated with TiO2 was studied in this paper. In this paper, a preliminary assessment of this intracellular sensor with electrical measurement under different pH levels. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was used to enhance the sensitivity of titanium dioxide layer as well as able to provide surface modification by undergoing protonation and deprotonation process. Different types of pH solution provide different resistivity and conductivity towards the surface. Base solution has the higher current compared to an acid solution. Amine and oxide functionalized TiO2 based IDE exhibit pH-dependent could be understood in terms of the change in surface charge during protonation and deprotonation. The simple fabrication process, high sensitivity, and fast response of the TiO2 based IDEs facilitate their applications in a wide range of areas. The small size of semiconductor TiO2 based IDE for sensitive, label-free, real time detection of a wide range of biological species could be explored in vivo diagnostics and array-based screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the preparation method of photolithography chrome mask design used in fabrication process of double spiral interdigitated electrode with back gate biasing based biosensor. By learning the fabrication process flow of the biosensor, the chrome masks are designed through drawing using the AutoCAD software. The overall width and length of the device is optimized at 7.0 mm and 10.0 mm, respectively. Fabrication processes of the biosensor required three chrome masks, which included back gate opening, spiral IDE formation, and passivation area formation. The complete chrome masks design will be sent for chrome mask fabrication and for future use in biosensor fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigate the optimum etching of titanium dioxide (TiO2) using inductive couple plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) on our fabricated devices. By using a combination of CF4/O2 gases as plasma etchant with ratio of 3:1, three samples of TiO2 thin film were etched with different time duration of 10 s, 15 s and 20 s. The ion bombardment of CF4 gases with plasma enhancement by O2 gas able to break the oxide bond of TiO2 and allow anisotropic etch profile with maximum etch rate of 18.6 nm/s. The sample was characterized by using optical profilometer to determine the depth of etched area and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for etch profile characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the analysis for the determination of fixed-potential selection using chronoamperometry technique for the detection of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). RTBV is one of the viruses that cause Tungro disease in rice plantation where the epidemic has been reported since the mid-1960s. Thus immuno-biosensor developed here can replace traditional and conventional analytical systems. One of the important steps to develop immunosensor is to determine the best potential to use in this system to indicate high percentage of active area in conducting electron and it can be used as the best potential for future immunosensor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]