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The temperature significantly affects the performance of semiconductor devices. Therefore, it is mandatory to analyze its impact on the performance of these devices. GaN has fascinated as a material of choice for different semiconductor devices. The short channel effects are generated in the field effect transistors when the length of channel is comparable to the sum of depletion regions on the drain and source side. These short channel effects are more significant in the nanometer regime. It has been revealed that the drain current and transconductance reduces significantly with increase in temperature. It is also noticed that the apex value of the distortion parameters gm2 and gm3 occurs at lower value of temperature. The temperature is varied as 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 ˚K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an archipelago country; however, offshore reclamation is an option for developing in densely populated and strategic areas around the coast. This study aims at identifying the dominant risks involved in the offshore reclamation projects carried out in Indonesia. In addition, their occurrence frequency is identified and their impacts are analyses in relation to the project quality and time performance. Initially, the risks variables were sourced from the literature study and were validated by the reclamation experts. Afterwards, questionnaires were distributed to the person involved in the reclamation projects. Descriptive and qualitative risks analyses were carried out to identify the dominant risk of the total 78 risk variables. From the results of data analysis, the top 10 extreme risks that affect the performance of reclamation projects include social problems, restrictions on permits or government intervention, changes in government regulations and policies, political influence, the construction permit obtained is problematic, delays from third parties (problematic subcontractors), material quality, Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL), suitability of work methods for each activity, and delay in the material delivery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change phenomena and its impact on water cycle have been in recent decades. Due to climate change effects, temperature and its daily extreme as well as rainfall are changing. Bukit Merah is a focal point for the tourism sector and agriculture (paddy irrigation). However, this area is affected by climate change when it is affected by low water levels in the dry season and dangerous water levels in monsoon that cause floods. This study describes the application of statistical downscaling model (SDSM) models for prediction of future rainfall at Kurau river basin. The SDSM has been calibrated and validated future temperature and rainfall simulation. This study predicted the future rainfall and temperature of Kurau river basin for 30 years (2020-2050). From the result, the minimum temperature from year 2020 to 2035 is expected to be within the range of 2l°C to 22.5°C and the maximum temperature will be in the range of 3l°C to 35°C. For the year range 2036 to 2050, the minimum temperature are predicted to be within the range 2l°C to 23°C and the maximum temperature will be the range of 30°C to 36°C. For the rainfall, from the year 2020 to 2035, the average annual rainfall is expected to be 40l9 mm/year and 2036 to 2050 predicted to increase continuously reaching 4053.l7 mm/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tn a coal gasification plant the performance of components significantly degrade over time under extremely sulfiding environments of the extreme temperature coal gas. The use of newly discovered organic corrosion inhibitor such as DNA from plants and animals could mitigate corrosion in coal gasification plant. However, reports have revealed the deposition of an appropriate coating on a low cost alloy could enhance components resistance to the attack of sulfidation; hence, minimizing capital and working costs. Here, we review the coal gasification process and methods of mitigation corrosion in coal gasification plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall data are the main input of hydrological and flood forecasting models and as such their precision is crucial. Our knowledge on precipitation, however, relies mainly on rain gauge networks, which have been declining in the past decades. In the last 20 years many satellite precipitation estimates have been developed, with different temporal and spatial resolution and with a quasi-global coverage. Thanks to their wide availability they can be a valid alternative to rain gauge observations in hydrologic applications. Although satellite performances have been tested in the last years, our knowledge on their potentialities is still incomplete. In this paper we test the skills in detecting heavy rainfall events of the Climate Prediction Center MORPHing (CMORPH) precipitation estimates over a medium-sized catchment in central Italy. We use Normalized Standard Error (NSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and a scatter plot comparison to test CMORPH on a dataset of 75 severe rainfall events. Our preliminary results show that in 63% of the cases the satellite product underestimates the total rainfall depth occurred during an event and no clear trend emerged for MAE and NSE. Each point represents a precipitation event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on coal mining that uses an open pit system shows that during the rainy season with extreme rainfall intensity causes water puddles in the mining area that cannot be flowed out of the area. The purpose of this study is to analyze rainfall and study and design a system of mine flow every mine progress. The method used to calculate plan rainfall, and runoff water flow into open channels, sumps, and settling ponds, using the Modification Gumbell, Mononobe, Empirical and Rational methods. Based on the results of the study, the planned rainfall is 285.03 mm with a return period of 8 years of rain and the hydrological risk is 86.51%. The catchment area and runoff water flow every year is getting bigger because the opening of the mine area is getting wider. Water entering the mining area is accommodated using sumps and then flowed using a pump through an open channel to the settling pond. The planning pump used is Multiflo 420EX, with a maximum discharge capacity of 440 l/sec. The need for pumps and sumps every mine progress continues to grow because the incoming runoff water flow is getting bigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transferability and predictivity of Fiolhais pseudopotential have been verified in the present communication for bcc Ca and Sr. Both the sets of parameters have been used to study lattice dynamics, dynamical elastic constants (C11, C12 and C44) and temperature variations of Debye temperature (θD) with parameters determined for both the metals at observed structures. We have computed results of physical properties, but they are not in good agreement with experimental and other theoretical results. Thus, we conclude that the pseudopotential is found to be favorable in extreme environments but not good for theoretical description in phase change and readjustment of parameters is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a photovoltaic power plant, cells and panels often work under non-standard conditions due to mismatch between modules or due to non-uniform sun irradiation. These working conditions are at the origin of electrical and thermal stresses creating hot spots that can go as far as the complete degradation of the module. In this contribution, we analyse the influence of the combined electrical and thermal stresses generated under dark and light conditions on the electrical efficiency and functional parameters of silicon based photovoltaic modules. To simulate the effect of the stress that can occur under standard working conditions, various reverse currents were injected under various temperature levels and irradiation powers in standard low-power commercial modules based on these experimental characterizations, changes in the efficiency and parameters of the cells and modules exposed to shadow effects are compared to that in normal working mode. Based on punctual I-V measurements, the characterization of the changes of the series and parallel resistances of PV modules produces good indicators of the aging, the health and local degradations as hot spots and allows to evaluate the effect of electrical stress under a given temperature on the performance of PV solar modules. Indeed, whatever is the temperature, the electrical stress created by a reverse current under light induced greater changes in both series and parallel resistances than applied in dark. This work points the huge degradation of performances of photovoltaic modules in abnormal working mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic polymers are key components in carbon composites used in heat shielding due to their ablative properties, and are oftentimes exposed to extreme conditions such as heating and shock. Our ability to model these systems requires an understanding of shock induced chemical pathways. In this work, three parametrizations of the ReaxFF classical MD potential are compared in their ability to model phenolic polymers under shock induced chemistry. We calculate the activation energies associated with both the formation of water, and the liberation of volatile compounds via an Arrhenius analysis of several constant temperature pyrolysis simulations. The activation energies for all three parametrizations are in agreement with the experimental thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results. We also study phenol, a relevant model system with a well-defined structure. We compare the density of phenol, for temperatures ranging from 123 K to 423 K. The accuracy of the density of phenol at various temperatures serves as an indicator for the ability of a given parametrization to predict density of a phenolic polymer under shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing materials with microstructural features like multiphase interfaces have shown significant promise for usage in the next generation defense and nuclear applications. The dynamic response of these interfaces in extreme environments is observed to vary with the deformability of individual phases, which could subsequently alter the favored damage nucleation sites related to spall failure. This study investigates the role of spacing of interfaces in a nanocrystalline layered Aluminum-Silicon system on the shock wave propagation behavior, and microstructural and defect evolution using classical molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations are carried out with different hypothetical Al/Si microstructures including variations in the distribution of Si grains as layers in a nanocrystalline Al matrix. The molecular dynamics simulations suggest that spall failure is preferentially initiated at Al/Si interfaces. In addition, for the same system volume and same concentration of Si, a higher number of layers is marked by an increase in shock wave velocity and reduced resistance to spall failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If humans desire to leave the safety of Earth and explore the universe, cost effective and low mass health monitoring sensors will be essential to monitor the ionizing radiation to ensure the safety of the astronauts. A luminescent material-based sensor could provide a reliable in-situ radiation monitor. Research to date includes irradiating a variety of phosphors with 3 MeV protons and 20 keV electrons. Results have shown that radiation has adverse effects on the luminescence emitted by producing quenching centers. This paper investigates the effects of radiation on large-grained zinc sulfide doped with manganese (ZnS:Mn) as well as two different forms of tetrakis: europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA) and magnesium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (MgD4TEA). In addition, two different binders, i.e., poly (phenyl methyl) siloxane and poly (methyl methacrylate), are also used. This research can be used to help determine if luminescent materials can be used as a sensor to detect ionizing radiation in extreme environments like space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stanieria is one of Cyanobacteria genus that reproduce by multiple fission. A vegetative cell of Stanieria produces more than one baeocytes. Stanieria can be found in extreme pH environment. Stanieria HS-31B and HS-48 had been observed to compare the density of vegetative cell and baeocyte that growth on medium with initial pH 2, 3, and 5. Stanieria HS-31B isolated from Maribaya hot spring with water temperature was 38 - 42 °C and pH 6 - 7. Stanieria HS- 48 isolated from Ciater hot spring with water temperature was 43 °C and pH 2. Stanieria HS-31B and HS-48 were grown in Bold Basal Medium (BBM) with initial pH 2, 3, and 5. Incubation temperature was (35±5) °C and light intensity was ±2000 lux. The density of vegetative cell and baeocyte were observed during 7 days, start from day-0 (T0) to day-7 (T7). Based on the research, Stanieria could grow in acidic conditions, but had slow and insignificant growth. There were differences between density of vegetative cell and baeocyte Stanieria HS-31B and HS-48. The highest density of vegetative cell was 0.713 x 105 cells/ mL which occurred at Stanieria HS-48 that grown on medium with initial pH 5 at second day. The highest density of baeocyte was 2.463 x 105 cells/mL which occurred at Stanieria HS-48 that grown on medium with initial pH 5 at sixth day. The highest cell density (vegetative cell and baeocyte) of Stanieria happened in Stanieria HS-48 that growth on medium with initial pH 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The center of the Milky Way galaxy (MW) is an extreme environment which contains a massive black hole surrounded by a very dense star cluster, two other adjacent star clusters, and a giant molecular cloud which would serve as an incubator to a new generation of stars. The gas and dust in its vicinity are denser by 2-3 orders of magnitude than in other locations in the MW. This is also the case with the magnetic field. The kinematics of the gas is characterized by apparently random, supersonic flows. In this paper we provide observational evidence for the existence of a supersonic turbulence, most likely generated by the shock waves. Moreover, the mere existence of turbulence and its characteristics are shown to be instrumental in testing the validity and consistency of theoretical modeling of the spectra of the gas filaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The JEM-EUSO mission explores the origin of the extreme energy comic-rays (EECRs) above 1020 eV and challenges to the limit of the basic physics, through the observations, of their arrival directions and energies. It is designed to observe more than 1,000 events of EECRs above 7×1019 eV in its five-year operation with an exposure larger than 1 million km2·sr·year. The super-wide-field (60 degrees) telescope with a diameter of about 2.5 m looks down the atmosphere of the night-side of the earth to detect near UV photons (330–400 nm, both fluorescent and Cherenkov photons) emitted from the giant air-shower produced by an EECR. The arrival direction map with 1,000 events naturally tells us the origin of the EECRs and allows us to identify the EECR sources to known astronomical objects. The comparison among the energy spectra of the spatially resolved individual sources will clarify the acceleration/emission mechanism, and also finally confirm the Greisen-Zatse′pin-Kuzmin process for the validation of Lorentz invariance up to γ∼1011. Neutral components (neutrinos and gamma rays) can also be detected as well, if their fluxes are high enough. The JEM-EUSO mission is planned to be launched by a H2B rocket about 2015 and transferred to ISS by H2 Transfer Vehicle (HTV). It will be attached to the external experiment platform of “KIBO” which completed July 2009 by STS-127 mission of the space shuttle. The first flight of HTV by H2B rocket was successfully done in September and October 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High power microwave sources are now available and usable, with modification, or beamed energy propulsion experiments in space. As output windows and vacuum seals are not needed space is a natural environment for high power vacuum tubes. Application to space therefore improves reliability and performance but complicates testing and qualification. Low power communications satellite devices (TWT, etc) have already been through the adapt-to-space design cycle and this history is a useful pathway for high power devices such as gyrotrons. In this paper, space experiments are described for low earth orbit (LEO) and lunar environment. These experiments are precursors to space application for beamed energy propulsion using high power microwaves. Power generation and storage using cryogenic systems are important elements of BEP systems and also have an important role as part of BEP experiments in the space environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic clouds observed between 1995 and 2003 are fitted using force-free cylindrical flux rope models. The cloud parameters yielded by a static model are compared with those obtained from a modified model that includes magnetic cloud expansion. The deviations of these fits from measurements are quantified and compared with parameters measured by Wind. The comparison reveals that the model with expansion provides better fits for larger expansion speeds and for magnetic clouds observed close to their axis. We conclude that expansion of magnetic clouds plays an important role in the MC evolution and should be accounted in space weather models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present results on two topics: a) The three-dimensional (3D) Hybrid Heliospheric Modeling System with Pickup Ions (HHMS-PI) simulations of shock waves and initial comparisons with ACE and Ulysses data for the Halloween 2003 solar events, including the Ulysses SWICS pickup proton densities; and b) Our analyses of Voyager 2 (V2) data near the termination shock (TS). Previously, we used our time-dependent 3D Hybrid Heliospheric Modeling System (HHMS) for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of transient events originating on the Sun. We now have added the physics of “pickup” proton processes to these models. Interstellar neutral hydrogen flows into the heliosphere and becomes ionized by photoionization and by charge exchange with solar wind protons. These “pickup” protons cause a slowing and heating of the solar wind flow in the outer heliosphere. Both HHMS-PI and HHMS use continuous solar inputs to simulate processes that originate at the Sun. Our V2 analyses identified some elevated readings in the plasma subsystem (PLS) data. It is tempting to interpret these at face value as detections of high energy ions (HEIs) which may interact with the bulk convective plasma through a two stream instability giving rise to the observed enhanced signals in the plasma wave subsystem (PWS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a brief overview of three new instruments designed to measure ion composition in the magnetosphere at energies from a few eV/q to a maximum of 200 keV/q. Ion composition is not currently monitored at geosynchronous orbit and is an important ingredient to understand the dynamic near-Earth space environment. The unique ion composition measurement techniques in the detector sections following an electrostatic analyzer are the focus of this paper. The first instrument for geosynchronous orbit, the Advanced Miniaturized Plasma Spectrometer (AMPS), exploits the properties of a solid-state detector to measure ion composition by an E/q x E technique. The Z Plasma Spectrometer (ZPS) design, also for geosynchronous orbit, uses selective filtering by different thicknesses of carbon foil to separate H+ from O+. The third instrument, the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron spectrometer (HOPE), was selected for the upcoming Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission (RBSP) and uses a gated time-of-flight (TOF) technique to make high fidelity composition measurements in the intense inner magnetosphere. The applications of these three techniques to different regions and mission requirements are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SmartSat Program is a collaborative program of government agency (NICT,JAXA) and private sector (MHI) in Japan to develop small satellite about 200 Kg. The space weather experiment of the SmartSat consists of Wide Field CME Imager (WCI), Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment (SEDA), and mission processor (MP). Both of the instruments will be principal components of the L5 mission. WCI is a imager to track CME as far as earth orbit. CME brightness near earth orbit is expected 1E-15 solar brightness or 1/200 of zodiacal light brightness. To observe such a extreme faint target, we are developing wide field of view camera with very high sensitivity and large dynamic range. These highly challenging experiment and demonstration will be implemented in SmartSat program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Space Environment Research Center (SERC), Kyushu University, is currently deploying a new ground-based magnetometer network of MAGnetic Data Acqusition System (MAGDAS), in cooperation with about 30 organizations in the world, in order to understand the complex Sun-Earth system for space weather research and application. SERC will conducts MAGDAS observation at 50 stations in the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) region, and FM-CW radar observation along the 210° magnetic meridian (MM) during the IHY/ILWS/CAWSES periods. This project is actively providing the following space weather monitoring: (1) Global 3-dimensional current system to know electromagnetic coupling of the region 1 and 2 field-aligned currents, auroral electrojet current, Sq current, and equatorial electrojet current. (2) Plasma mass density along the 210° MM to understand plasma environment change during space storms. (3) Ionospheric electric field intensity with 10-sec sampling at L = 1.26 to understand how the external electric field penetrates into the equatorial ionosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a brief sketch of the current state of affairs in research into the origins of the stellar initial mass function. The likely origin of the IMF in the distribution of mass amongst dense cores in star forming regions is discussed, touching upon evidence from observations and predictions from theory. The possibilities for variations in the IMF in extreme environments are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TARANIS (Tool for the Analysis of Radiations from lightNings and Sprites) is a CNES satellite project dedicated to the study of the impulsive transfer of energy between the Earth’s atmosphere and the space environment, and more precisely to the physics of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) and Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs). The scientific background and the scientific payload have been described by Blanc et al. [1] and Lefeuvre et al. [2], respectively. The present note is an extended summary of paper 2, with a few updated information items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the effects of space environment on mechanical properties of polymer, exposure experiments were conducted utilizing the International Space Station Russian Service Module. Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) films under tensile stress were exposed to low Earth orbit (LEO) environment, and reference samples were irradiated with atomic oxygen (AO), electron beam (EB), and ultraviolet light (UV) in ground facilities. By comparing the results of flight and ground tests, the degradation behavior and the influential factors in LEO were investigated. The following results were obtained. (1) UV was found to be the harshest factor in LEO on tensile properties, since it decreased elongation to 15% of pristine sample after 46-months exposure. (2) AO in LEO eroded the specimen surface with a cone-like morphology and reduced the thickness; however, it had no significant effect on tensile properties. (3) EB irradiation in LEO had no measurable effects on the material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O-atom has been well known that it reacts with many space materials used in low Earth orbit and induces severe erosion. One of the important points of this phenomenon is the impact energy of O-atom with materials. Due to the high-orbital velocity of a spacecraft, the impinging energy of O-atom reaches as high as 5–6 electronvolts, which is similar (or higher) than the interatomic bonding energy. The chemical reactions occur at the spacecraft surfaces may strongly be influenced by this impinging energy. The effect of this impinging energy on the O-atom/surface reactions is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space weather is associated with and influences various processes in the Earth's atmosphere. Some of these influences can be seen as auroral emissions. From the large spectacular features such as arcs, rays and spirals to smaller but just as fascinating curls, folds and kinks, they all contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism and triggers behind such spectacular phenomena. For such purposes, the present study examines the optical data acquired in a campaign carried out by the Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany, which consists of 13 image sequences of auroral events. There has been a previous study based on the same set of data which analyzed one of the image sequences. The aim is to extend the analysis to all the image sequences with the purpose of obtaining a more statistical description of the results. The analysis is centered on the events that have not been analyzed before and looks to determine their spatial and temporal characteristics. Each curl system is described in terms of position in the auroral event, starting time of the event, duration, stability and brightness. The results consist of shear velocities, vorticities and brightness distributions, which are discussed in light of an electrostatic model of auroral acceleration. The aim is to check the validity of the model by looking at correlations or lack of correlation between the vorticities and brightness profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Radiation Hardened Electronics for Space Environments (RHESE) project develops advanced technologies needed for high performance electronic devices that will be capable of operating within the demanding radiation and thermal extremes of the space, lunar, and Martian environment. The technologies developed under this project enhance and enable avionics within multiple mission elements of NASA's Vision for Space Exploration, including the Constellation program's Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, the Lunar Lander project, Lunar Outpost elements, and Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) elements. This paper provides an overview of the RHESE project and its multiple task tasks, their technical approaches, and their targeted benefits as applied to NASA missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number of reasons, the construction of a single space colony represents a future social reality strongly likely to play itself out repeatedly as the twenty-first century advances. As early plans are considered, we must take into account that societies on Earth serve to carry out a variety of life functions and, in so doing, must meet the social needs of their citizens. While the proper engineering/construction of space habitats is necessary to ensure survivability of the inhabitants of a physical environment in space, it remains insufficient to ensure proper functioning of a social environment in space. This paper assumes that the physical environment is adequate to sustain life reliably (that is, to provide life support) and focuses instead on issues related to the sustainability of a society in space from primarily a sociological perspective. The astrosociological argument serving as a central theme here is that we must carefully consider research findings of Earth-based societies and their communities and apply the sociological lessons learned to the planning of space colonies. Moreover, the astrosociological perspective can serve to provide a formal mechanism for collaboration between social scientists and space scientists so that construction of a particular space colony proceeds based on the greatest level of understanding possible. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tailored Force Fields technology offers the potential of automatically assembling structures of specified wall shape in microgravity using resonant acoustic or electromagnetic fields. Scaled to radio wavelengths, it opens a way to build large radiation-shielded space stations. The scientific logic behind the technology is summarized in this paper. Experimental evidence in acoustics, ultrasonics, optics and microwave regimes is tied to first principles. Results show that the dominant features such as the forces on particles are predictable to good accuracy using simple solutions of the conservation equations. The detailed formation of walls involves secondary interactions between particles, an area requiring further modeling. Evidence to-date indicates that the interactions cause, if anything, attractive forces under the conditions of interest. However, the detailed particle behavior depends on the specifics of the materials and the wavelengths being used. Phenomena such as heating and surface sintering are seen to be possible to integrate into, or separate from, the force-field tailoring. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past years, steady pool boiling of degassed R113 on thin platinum wires has been studied systematically in our lab, including experiments in long-term microgravity aboard RS-22, in short-term microgravity in the Drop Tower Beijing/NMLC, and in normal gravity on the ground. Slight enhancement of nucleate boiling heat transfer is observed in microgravity, while dramatic changes of bubble behaviors are much evident. The value of CHF in microgravity is lower than that in normal gravity, but it can be predicted well by the Lienhard-Dhir correlation, although the dimensionless radius in the present case is far beyond its initial application range. The scaling of CHF with gravity is thus much different from the traditional viewpoint. Considering the influence of the Marangoni effects, the different characteristics of bubble behaviors in microgravity have been explained. A new bubble departure model has also been proposed, which can predict the whole observation both in microgravity and in normal gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proveskia abrotanoides l. in common name ((Kabud Gol)) is a one of the most sweat medicine plants that grow endemic in sunny position and mountain road of N.E of Golestane province. Rural people in their traditional uses for fever few, Antibiotic, rheumatic pain and Stomach pain. Field observation showed this is grow and high density in 2200–2800 meter of arid and semi arid region of Charbagh Mountain. In PH range 7.4–8, EC in 1.40, total neutralization 39 percent, organic carbon 0.5 percent, phosphor available 4.1 P.P.m, in silty-clay-loam soil, with 26 percent sand, 14 percent loam and 20 percent clay. Phonological study showed vegetative stage of plant begin early of April, flowering stage in June to July and seeding in September. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Raman Spectroscopy of Extremophiles from hot and cold deserts. It is stated that Raman spectroscopic techniques are a valuable instrumentation for the detection of life terrestrially and extraterrestrially. It informs that the survival strategies of extremophilic organisms in environmentally extreme habitats are dependent upon the production of protective chemicals in response to desiccation, low wavelength radiation insolation and temperature changes.

The article focuses on microgravity environment and possible waterhammer effect on the environment. Water hammer effect is an over-pressure caused in a pipe across which one liquid fluids and suddenly it is stopped by a quick-closing valve. Failures in the pipe may be caused by the stresses due to over-pressure.