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This study deployed the capabilities of ANSYS Fluent to construct a comprehensive thermal model of an automotive radiator, reflecting the software's potential in addressing intricate fluid dynamics and heat transfer challenges. The research evaluated the cooling efficiencies of different coolants, namely urea, ethylene glycol, and water. Findings highlighted the predominant efficacy of ethylene-glycol, outstripping the cooling efficiencies of water and urea liquid in the given thermal model. A nuanced examination of energy dissipation patterns underscored the month of December as the pinnacle of heat dissipation, where ethylene-glycol reached a zenith, dissipating 49.5% of cooling energy. This research elucidates pivotal considerations for enhancing thermal management in automotive radiators and emphasizes the vital role of judicious coolant selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article investigation was done on the stability of ZnO, TiO2, F-MWCNT based mono and hybrid nanofluid using a mixture of distilled water & ethylene glycol (E.G.) as a base fluid. Most of the research works highlighted the properties of nanofluid. Hence stability of nanofluid is studied in this research work. Mono and hybrid nanofluid were formed by the use of a two-step method with various vol. fraction without use of surfactant. Sedimentation photograph capturing method and Zeta potential test used for stability analysis. 0.1% vol. concentration of nanoparticles shows good dispersion in the base fluid. Sedimentation of nanoparticles observed with increase in vol. concentration of nanoparticles and time. The Zeta potential values were observed in the range of 20 - 34.4 mV for a 0.1% vol. fraction of mono nanofluid and 29.3mV for hybrid nanofluid, which indicates that nanofluid has moderate stability. So low vol. concentration nanoparticles in hybrid nanofluid will be a promising coolant for heat transfer application, as a small amount of addition of nanoparticles of F-MWCNT along with ZnO and TiO2 will help to increase the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermo-acoustic study of binary and ternary mixtures has interesting results. In this communication we have reported interaction between niacin with alcohol-water and also in ethylene glycol medium. The densities and speed of sound for liquid solutions containing vitamin B3 (niacin) at discrete (0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 mol·kg−1) concentrations in aqueous methanol and with ethylene glycol solvent at different temperatures have been measured by the help of multi-frequency ultrasonic interferometer. From volumetric experimental data "Wada's Constant (W), Rao's Constant (R), Vander Waal's constant (b), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (Z), apparent molar volume (Vɸ)" are calculated. The "apparent molar isentropic compression (Kɸ,s), hydration number (nH)" are calculated using experimental acoustic data. The inter and intra molecular interactions of niacin in liquid medium are reported in this communication. The solute-solvent interactions in the said binary and ternary mixtures are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the experimental and numerical thermal performance of an evacuated tube solar collector (EVT) with a (PCM) integration at different working fluids. Two types of working fluid were used, the first working fluid is water and the second is ethylene glycol with a 30% percentage added to water. A two-dimensional numerical model is developed using ANSYS software program V.21. The results indicated that the addition of ethylene glycol with 30% percentage to the distilled water increased the evaporation temperature by 27% and improved the thermal properties. This improvement allows for an increase in the number of evacuated tubes in closed heating systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooling fluids are fluids that function to remove heat from certain object. In this paper, different cooling fluids were used to cool down the temperature of solar panel. The main objective is to investigate the effects of different type of working fluid on the cooling performance of the solar panel. The cooling fluids that have been used are water, ethylene glycol and mixture of ethylene glycol and water. These different cooling fluids will be used to determine the effects to the solar panel temperature, the power output of solar panel temperature and the efficiency of the cooling fluids on cooling performance. In this research work, the power output of the solar panel is the parameter that determines the cooling performance of working fluids. Longer cooling time of the solar panel shows a significant increase in solar panel power output. The findings revealed that the solar panel power output has achieved the highest efficiency at 8.18% when the water is introduced as cooling fluid compared to ethylene glycol at 3.18% efficiency and mixture of water and ethylene glycol at 1.91% efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In everyday life, many people use computers to support/simplify work (video rendering, video editing, and music editing) and vital tools (games and multimedia such as music and video). When you turn on the computer and use it for some time, the computer will heat some of its components. The cooler in the computer is used to cool the CPU from overheating. Traditional heat transfer media such as air, water, and ethylene glycol have not been maximized, so the CPU system requires a heat transfer medium with high thermal conductivity. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to create a new working system. in the CPU cooler that can transfer heat well when the CPU is being operated excessively by using phase change materials used in this study are copper plates and paraffin wax very good at transferring heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive ethylene glycol (EG) is introduced to sulfuric acid anodization bath to investigate its effect on the corrosion resistance of the resulting oxide coatings formed on aluminum alloys 1xxx and 7xxx series. The coating thickness was measured by coating thickness gauge. The corrosion behavior of the coated specimens was investigated by performing electrochemical tests of open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3 wt% NaCl solution at pH 4 and temperature 30°C. The results revealed that for identical anodization time, the coating grown on 1xxx alloy was four times thicker than on 7xxx alloy. The high alloying content in the 7xxx alloy decelerated the oxidation rate. The additive EG decreased the coating thickness. The thickness decreased following the increase content of EG in the electrolyte. Reduction in coating thickness increased the susceptibility to corrosion, as demonstrated by the increase in corrosion current density and reduction size of impedance curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the reasons for the frequent breakdown of car engines is its overheating, which is caused by the unsatisfactory state of low-freezing fluids that need to be changed in a timely manner, however, every year, thousands of tons of ethylene glycol are simply poured into the sewer. Ethylene glycol and its solutions in water are poisonous. Unlike light petroleum products, they cause poisoning only when ingested. Therefore, studies on the regeneration of low-freezing liquids are appropriate and relevant from an environmental and economic point of view. There are various ways to regenerate low-freezing liquids, however, they are all very laborious and energy-consuming. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the regeneration of low-freezing liquids with the maximum reduction in energy and labor costs. Objects of the research is waste low-freezing liquids for their further regeneration. The subject of the publication of a scientific article is the development of a method for the regeneration of antifreezes by filtration and distillation. An optimal method for the regeneration of waste low-freezing liquids has been developed. Waste low-freezing liquids (waste) are liquids in the cooling system that have ceased to perform their main functions. The method of regeneration and separation of ethylene glycol from spent antifreezes includes settling, filtration, and then distillation in an assembled installation. The resulting regenerated low-freezing liquid was tested in laboratory conditions in terms of quality indicators in accordance with the standards, and positive results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing problem in the natural gas plant is a large amount of water vapor in the pipeline. The water content in the natural gas component reaches 0.3192 weight fraction from the well. The chemical separation in the separator still has a 0.0019 - mole fraction of water, and water content is up to 19.54 lbs/mmscf. The permissible water vapor content in the gas plant is less than 15 lbs/mmscf, which is under pipe specifications. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a gas dehydration process to reduce the water vapor content of natural gas by the absorption method using triethylene glycol (TEG) absorbents. The research was conducted to determine the impact of temperature, pressure, and purity of lean TEG in reducing water content in the contactor using a commercial simulator. Based on the data obtained at lean TEG 100 is up to 10.03 lbs/mmscf. The sensitivity simulation shows that the lean TEG 90℉ temperature has the lowest water content of 1.012 lbs/mmscf. Meanwhile, with a pressure of 875 psi, the total water content is 1.170 lbs/mmscf. Finally, 99% TEG, a water content of 0.314 lbs/mmscf, is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an analysis of the numerical results obtained during the design of ground heat exchangers (GHE) installation for a heat pump system, as well as the results of flow measurements in the installed system are presented. The GHE system consists of 24 vertical 100-meter U-tube probes made of PE-Xa material with a diameter of 40×3.7 mm. The system is connected in Tichelmann configuration. The correctly performed installation allows obtaining real operating parameters in accordance with the design assumptions. The Tichelmann connections of ground exchanger enable uniform glycol flows without the need for hydraulic balancing of the installation. The non-uniformity of the flow between the GHE loops is on average 18.8% in relation to the mean flow velocity of the glycol. The lack of throttling for control purposes translates into significantly lower hydraulic resistance of the ground heat exchanger installation, which in turn may translate into lower operating costs in the case of circulation pumps. Irrespective of the size of the stream pumped through the distribution lines, the flow of glycol through individual loops was also uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection of excipients or material to design a formulation is very important and critical step. These components decided the fate of dosage form, stability criteria and patient compliance. Selected components should be compatible with the drug as well and therapeutic effect of drug substance should be promoted. In this study the aim is to develop a parenteral dosage form for subcutaneous administration for permeability studies. All components were selected from the FDA-IIG link. It represents the potency of the component for the formulation. Selected components were Distilled water as an aqueous base, poly ethylene glycol (PEG-300) as a co-solvent, glycerol as a co-solvent, sorbitol as an osmogen, 0.9% w/v NaCl as an aqueous base and osmogen, 0.01 M PBS 7.4 as a buffer and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) as an anti-oxidant. All the components were taken on the behalf of their potency. Developed systems were evaluated for in-vitro permeability studies through pork subcutaneous tissue and egg or semi-permeable membrane. Maximum permeability of AF1, AF2 and AF3 through pork SC tissue was 82.64%, 66.03% and 76.93% after 120 minutes. Maximum permeability of AF1, AF2 and AF3 through semi-permeable membrane was 75.0%, 62.45% and 67.92% after 240 minutes. The permeability study data was examined with one-way ANOVA at 5% level of significance and permeability of drug found significantly different at every time interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speed of sound and density for glycols (EG, DEG, TEG) in a liquid solution of D-Mannitol have been obtained by Anton Paar DSA at several concentrations and temperatures (T= 293.15-308.15)K. The experimentally acquired data of speed of sound and density are applied to compute the several theoretical parameters such as intermolecular free length, acoustical impedance, adiabatic compressibility, Wada's constant, Rao's constant, and Vander Waal's constant, which confer the broader recognition of molecular interaction among the given glycols and D-Mannitol solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of thermal insulation requires the search for innovative, durable, and eco-friendly materials and composites able to satisfy all requirements of the construction industry. In this context, the purpose of this research is to investigate a natural clay from the Meknes region located in north-central of Morocco, to assess its potentiality in developing high-quality hybrids, It's mainly intended to be used in construction industry, through the insertion of polymers within the interfoliar space of the clay minerals. We concentrated on the investigation of the various physicochemical, mineralogical and thermal characteristics to have a clear identification of the minerals existing in the natural clay as well as its adsorption ability. The standard techniques and procedures, intended to estimate the physico-chemical parameters, were combined with the other usual methods like X-ray diffraction and Thermo-gravimetric analysis to have the maximum information on the structure, the chemical and mineralogical composition, and the thermal behavior of the clay from Meknes. Consequently, the results showed that the clay was dominated by quartz and calcite with the coexistence of an important quantity of illite, smectite, and kaolinite. After purifying, the clay minerals smectite, illite, and kaolinite are concentrated as shown in X-ray diffraction patterns. Thus, the confirmation of the phases present was done by treatment with ethylene glycol and heating of the clay fraction to 490°C. As for the physico-chemical properties, the purified clay revealed an average value of cationic exchange capacity of about 29 meq/100g and a specific surface of about 204 m2/g. The porosity was p=0.75 and the moisture measurement gave the value H=4.21%. In addition, a percentage of 55.69% was assigned to the swelling index and the loss on ignition was 11.42%. Finally, the presence of swelling clay mineral (smectite) and the relatively high values of physico-chemical properties, encourage the valorization of this material in the production of high-performance clay-polymer hybrids in the construction field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an energy source from natural processes that are continuously replenished, and the resources are inexhaustible. The use of renewable energy is promising compared to fossil fuels for the reason of its sustainability. Biomass is one of the renewable resources consisting of carbon polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Hydrolysis of cellulose gives ethylene glycol as an important intermediate product for bioethanol production by one-step catalytic hydrogenation. In this research, the catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene glycol was carried out using Ni-Cu-based catalysts. The reaction was conducted in an autoclave batch reactor using 2 MPa H2 gas at 300oC for 2-4 hours. Analysis of the products using gas chromatography gave 29.26% ethanol using 2%Ni-20%Cu/SiO2 after 4 h. The other products detected are aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as 2-butanone and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. The cyclic hydrocarbons, such as 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, and cyclohexane also observed. From this result, it is suggested that the combination of Ni-Cu catalyst is important to promote hydrogenation and/or hydrogenolysis reactions of ethylene glycol into ethanol. Further experiments are proposed to increase the ethanol yield and clarify the mechanism of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids, with their high thermal conductivity and prospective applications, offers a lot of potential in the heat transfer enhancement phase. The thermal conductivity of a graphene oxide (GO) nanofluid is proposed to be synthesised, characterized, and studied. GO was characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM methods. A modified hummer technique was used to successfully synthesize graphene oxide (GO). It was tested at different temperatures (30-50oC) and volume concentrations (0.02-0.1 vol. percent). At 0.1 volume percent, the augmentation of thermal conductivity was revealed to be 32.45 percent, which is superior to the base fluid (ethylene glycol). This nanofluid has a great deal of potential as a replacement for sophisticated fluids utilized in heat transfer applications for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work focuses on nanofluids used in various heat exchangers. In recent years, nanofluids gained attention due to their capability to increase heat transfer in different engineering systems. Nanofluids are allowed to pass through pipes, ducts, and channels having different geometrical topologies. It showed that heat flow within the system increased by the pressure drop in the system. Nanoparticles improve the thermophysical properties of the working medium. The nanofluid's thermal conductivity depends on base fluid such as water, Ethylene Glycol, and nanoparticles such as CuO, Al2O3, SiO2, ZnO, TiO2, etc, analyse it with theoretical and experimental methods, changes of the volumetric concentration of carrier fluid, and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving heat transfer fluid using nanofluids has received a great deal attention attention in recent years. Nanofluids technology offer various heat transfer equipments with remarkable efficiency achievement as alternative nanotechnology-based coolants in many industrial applications. The thermal and transport properties of the working fluid must have a high boiling temperature, density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and low viscosity for the heat exchanger to operate well. In the early period of nanofluid preparation, researchers only focused on and used water-based nanofluids in their research work. Though, the combination of base fluid between water and ethylene glycol is started to attract many researchers to explore the potential of these mixture base fluids. Since water is not suitable to flow below the freezing point, so ethylene glycol can be used as it can flow at lower temperature as compared with water. This research aims to study the heat transfer characteristics of a double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2-Ethylene glycol (EG)/water nanofluid using the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation method. The EG/Water mixture variation was 20:80, 40:60 and 60:40 with a TiO2concentration of 0.01%. Besides, the nanofluid flow was also varied by 0.0024; 0.0048; and 0.0072 kg/s. The results show that TiO2 nanofluid affected the heat transfer rate when the different fluid mixing ratio of EG/water was used. Overall heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid encounter an increase when using a lower concentration of Ethylene glycol, which is 20%. In contrast, the performance of DPHE decreased with the increase in the mass flow rate of nanofluid and the effectiveness of 0.09 vol.% nanoparticles is about 25% higher than that 0.01 vol.% using (EG:Water 20:80 nanofluid) at the rate of mass flow of 0.0024 kg/s. According to the outcomes of the present study, the heat transfer capability of EG/water offer substantial benefits with the addition of TiO2nanoparticles under laminar conditions at low concentration of EG and higher concentration of TiO2 nanofluid. The significant findings suggested that (EG:Water 20:80) based nanofluid has a better potential for future applications in the double pipe heat exchangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-objective optimization (MOO) of ethylene glycol (EG) production via hydrogenation is performed for three problems with four different objectives: min/max energy cost and selectivity for problem 1 (P1); min/max energy cost and productivity for problem 2 (P2); min/max side product and productivity for problem 3 (P3). Multi-objective differential evolution (MODE) with ranking based mutation operator (RMO) is applied to tackle the optimization problem with ASPEN simulator as model-based optimization for EG production. The decision variables considered are pressure and temperature in the reactor. Based on the results, the highest productivity, lowest energy cost, and lowest side product are 172.1 Mil.RM/yea (P3), 0.000673 Mil.RM/year (P1) and 0.0354 kmol/hr (P3). The plots of decision variables denote that the optimum condition is heavily dependent on temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dilemma for any model-based controller is its process model's development effort and accuracy. Thus, selecting an appropriate modeling technique for the model-based controller is noteworthy to achieve the best control performance. In this work, a block-oriented modeling technique, namely the neural wiener (NW) model, is developed for the Ethylene Glycol (EG) plug flow hydrogenation reactor. The NW model consists of a linear block using state space (SS) model and a nonlinear element using a static neural network model. Presently, no prior research has been carried out previously using the NW model for EG production. The EG hydrogenation reactor is modeled using Aspen Plus for steady state and Aspen Dynamic for dynamic simulation. For modeling purposes, the selected process inputs are jacket flow rate and hydrogen feed flow rate. Meanwhile, the EG output mole fraction and product temperature are chosen for the process outputs. The performance of the developed NW model is evaluated using a validation dataset, and a state space (SS) model is used as a comparison. Based on the model validation results, the NW model has achieved R2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.97 compared to the SS model with R2 of 0.78 for Output 1(EG mole fraction). For Output 2 (Product temperature), the NW model has produced R2 of 0.94 in comparison with the SS model with R2 of 0.69. Thus, the NW model has outperformed the SS model in modeling the EG hydrogenation reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study consists of the numerical analysis of heat and mass exchanges for dry air heating by a binary mixture evaporation of water and glycol (ethylene or propylene) liquid film streaming along one plate of insulated vertical channel. The governing equations in both phases coupled to boundary conditions are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. Parametric analysis has been performed on the evaporation of two mixtures taking into account the effect of the input parameters and their effectiveness on the direct air heating. The obtained results display that, the ethylene glycol-based mixture was able to heat the air better compared to propylene glycol-based mixture. The glycol content in the liquid mixture has an effective enhancement in the mass and heat exchanges between the air flow and liquid film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy is a thermoset material with excellent mechanical performance, dimensional stability, as well as thermal and chemical stability. This performance is influenced by the cross-linked structure of epoxy. Usually, the cross-linker used for epoxy is amine and anhydride-based material. Other materials such as poly(carboxylic acid) can also be used as a cross-linker. In this study, the use of combinations of amine-based and poly(carboxylic acid) cross-linker is reported. A modified citric acid (CA) was synthesized in this study by reacting CA with ethylene glycol (EG) at various molar ratios. This modified CA was then mixed with the epoxy with multiple weight ratios. Thermal analyses such as differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) show that the curing and decomposition temperatures of epoxy are influenced by the type of cross-linker used. Curing temperature of epoxy with modified CA is 164.44°C while with amine based cross-linker is 57.43°C. The thermal stability of epoxy cross-linked with modified CA is higher compared to the one with amine-based cross-linker. Increasing the EG content in modified CA can decrease the decomposition temperature of the epoxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Density and Ultrasonic Velocity of biotin with glycols (Ethylene, Diethylene, and Triethylene) have been measured at different range of temperatures (288.15 K to 318.15 K) and for different concentrations. Ultrasonic and volumetric data has been used to calculate various parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance, available volume, molar volume, intermolecular free length, Rao's constant, Van Der Waal Constant, Wada's constant, relative intensity, and effective molecular weight. The calculated various parameters suggest solute-solvent interactions occurring in the liquid mixtures. Some other parameters suggest dipole-dipole interactions or formation of complex or charge transfer interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the heat transfer enhancement of various nanofluids in a two-dimensional pipe are numerically studied. For nanofluid simulations, Eulerian–Eulerian, two-phase model is utilized, and the governing equations are solved using the finite volume method. Three distinct nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2) and three base fluids (water, ethylene glycol, and turbine oil) has been investigated with 1% volume concentration. All nanofluids mixture have a constant inlet velocity. The heat transfer and the distribution of the wall temperature are presented in the comparison. The results report that Al2O3 −water nanofluid has the highest heat transfer enhancement performance among all the mixtures, then EG-Al2O3 and turbine oil-Al2O3, respectively. The temperature distribution on the pipe wall also reported the same finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straight pipe tube in tube heat exchanger is used in a various industries, including air conditioning, power generation, microelectronics, chemical manufacturing, transportation, and many more. Water, ethylene glycol, and mineral oil are the most common fluids used for heat transmission. This research focuses on an experimental examination of a with variable volume fractions of nano particles in the base fluids water and nanofluids as the working fluid, For water-to-nanofluid heat transfer, a concentric tube heat exchanger can be employed. Using experimental methods, the entire heat transfer coefficient was calculated. Different volume fractions of nanoparticles in base fluids were compared to pure water for a particular heat transfer surface area. In terms of the heat transfer coefficient overall, it was revealed that 3% of nanofluids outperformed pure water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene Glycol-Water mixtures are a very convenient model system, firstly, due to its simplicity, and secondly, it allows you to adjust the viscosity in a fairly wide range of values. In addition, ethylene glycol-water mixtures can be considered as a prototype of systems containing molecules with several hydroxyl groups. In this work, we measured the dynamic viscosity of the Ethylene Glycol-Water mixtures over the entire range of concentrations. The viscosity activation energy dependence versus ethylene glycol mole fraction was determined and discussed. A novel equation for modeling the activation energy and viscosity concentration dependences was proposed. The theory based on the assumption that the nonlinear characteristics can be associated with some structural changes of the mixtures, and that the reaction kinetics can be applied to this breakdown. The possible change in the complex varieties for different concentrations was discussed. Correlation between the viscosity activation energy of the Ethylene Glycol-Water mixture and pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius type equation for viscosity was performed. Three concentration regions are determined, where the structure of water-ethylene glycol complexes changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluid is a novel industrial fluid that has the potential to improve heat exchanger performance. This paper presents an experimental study on the forced convective heat transfer of a graphene oxide nanofluid composed of water/Ethylene glycol and various volume percentages of GO nanofluid (0.5–2) percent passing in a cylindrical shell and tube heat exchanger with various baffle angles. Counter flow is investigated in turbulent flow conditions. The influence of heat transfer rate, entropy development, and overall heat transfer coefficient in heat exchangers with various baffle angles. The above-stated factors of the heat exchanger were governed by conventional correlations using nanofluids. Among the different reformed baffle angles, cylindrical shape nanoparticles performed best in factors of heat transfer rate and overall heat transfer coefficient. The overall heat transfer coefficient of cylindrical shape particles with 120 baffle angle is found to be 15%, 24%, and 30% higher than 240, 360baffle angles, in consistent to 1.5 vol. percent of GO nanofluid. Heat transfer is also found to be greater for cylindrical shapes at 120baffle angle than for other baffle angles. Entropy development, on the other hand, decreases with increasing volume percentage for all baffle angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids can improve heat transfer characteristics compared to base fluids. The increase in heat transfer is influenced by the thermal properties of the nanofluid. The nanofluid used is a mixture of ethylene glycol/water added with TiO2 nanoparticles. Nanofluid at a temperature of 27 °C was applied to a shell and tube heat exchanger to determine the characteristics of heat transfer. In the process of synthesis of nanofluids prepared, such as (1) water; (2) ethylene glycol; (3) ethylene glycol-water with volume ratios of 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20; (4) PVP surfactant; and (5) TiO2 nanoparticles with a concentration of 0.05%. The method used in the synthesis of nanofluids is a two-step method. The effect of ethylene glycol-water mixture ratio and water flow on the heat exchanger studied in this study. The nanofluid (cold fluid) used in the heat exchanger is 0.3. 0.6 and 0.9 L/min, while the water flow rate (hot fluid) used was 0.7 L/min at 60 °C. The results of this study indicate that the highest heat transfer efficiency value is nanofluid with ethylene glycol-water 40:60 at a water flow of 0.9 L/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluid is a basic fluid which is dispersed by nanoparticles to improve heat transfer characteristics. Thermal properties of nanofluids such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat and density, affect the heat transfer characteristics in the heat exchanger. The nanofluid applied to the heat exchanger was TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in a mixture of ethylene glycol/water. The type of heat exchanger used in this study is double pipe with counter flow. Variations in the base fluid ratio of ethylene glycol and water (20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20) and the flow rate of nanofuid (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 L/min) were used in this study. Tests are carried out experimentally and simulations to provide valid test results. This study gave significant results in the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles to the increase in thermophysical properties followed by a decrease in the concentration of ethylene glycol. The heat transfer characteristics show good results in nanofluids when compared to base fluids. The computational study also gives the same result with a deviation of 5.55%, the analysis on the heat exchanger can be done by simulation to save costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper soap is currently in great demand by the public because it is easy to carry everywhere. In the process, solid soap is printed as thin as paper. This paper soap will dissolve and produce foam when exposed to water. This study aims to synthesize the paper soap product against the effect of variations in the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA serves as an adhesive and forms a thin layer (film). The raw material for making soap is virgin coconut oil and NaOH as a basic soap. Basic soap is mixed with glycerin, ethylene glycol, silicone oil, olive oil, aloe vera, and perfume. After that, the mixture was added with polyvinyl alcohol with various concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent solution. The processed soap material is then poured into a flat mold with a thickness of 0.5 mm and 1 mm. The paper soap produced was tested for water content, free fatty acids, pH and antibacterial activity test. The test results showed that the best paper soap was obtained when using a 5 percent PVA solution. The results are in accordance with the requirements of SNI 3532:2016 solid soap with a moisture content of 12%, free fatty acids 1.5%, pH 9.6 and the value of inhibition diameter on the antibacterial activity test 18.7 mm, the value stability of foam of 94% with a thickness of 0.5 mm soap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing(AM) (or) 3d printing is used to develop the three dimensional model form the cad model. The model is developed by adding the material in layer by layer. The most important advantages of AM are to print the complex geometry with high quality without any tooling. The most commonly used filament materials are poly lactic acid, anti-bacterial poly lactic acid, poly ethylene terephthalate, poly ethylene terephthalate glycol, acryl butadiene styrene and poly propylene. The mechanical properties, quality and dimensional accuracy are most important for any manufacturing process and that are decided by the printing parameters of the additive manufacturing process. The printing parameters are infill density, layer thickness, in-fill pattern, print speed, build orientation, raster angle, raster width, number of contours, air gap and extrusion temperature. The design of experiments is adopted to find the amalgamation of printing constraints and the different optimization process employed to optimize the process parameters to maximize the mechanical properties, quality and dimensional error and minimize the surface roughness and material. The temperature of extrusion, infill density, layer thickness, printing speed, part orientation and in-fill pattern are the most significant parameters on the on mechanical properties, dimensional accuracy and surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To extract gas from the production well, Gas Processing Plant needed to purify gas from dangerous compositions, such as CO2, H2S, and H2O. Gas Processing Plant divided into two plants, Gas Sweetening Plant to remove CO2 and H2S by amine liquid and Gas Dehydrating Plant to remove H2O by triethylene glycol (TEG) liquid. Because it's a crucial and complex process, control design must be implemented optimally. Learn more about gas extracting from production well, although, the control design has been installed in this plant, the uncertain gas mass flow rate from the production well can disturb the process. Amine and TEG liquid can be the outset of the desired setpoint, consequently the gas purifying does not run optimally. The uncertain gas mass flow rate as disturbance of process must be detected. It can be information for the actuator to adjust the liquids to minimize the disturbance effect. When the model of disturbance can be predicted, so the signal for the actuator will can be predicted too. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) design as supervisory control in the Plantwide Control (PWC) Method will be proposed in this research to optimize the control design of the Gas Processing Plant. PWC method consists of eight steps, wherein this method there is two layers of control, such as regulatory and supervisory control. PWC design gives the stability response, proven by maximum overshoot, steady-state error, settling time, and Integral Absolute Error (IAE). In economic calculation, the PWC design of the Gas Processing Plant can increase the profit 688.19 U$ per day. From the result, the control design optimization of Gas Processing Plant based on the PWC method has been applied successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, scientists have focused on improving the thermo-physical properties of a single component nanofluid. Hybrid or composite nanofluids are being developed to improve heat transfer performance. At various volume concentrations, the thermo-physical properties of Al2O3−TiO2−SiO2 nanoparticles suspended in water (W) and ethylene glycol (EG) blends with a volume ratio of 60:40 are investigated. The experiment was conducted at temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C with volume concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% from Al2O3−TiO2−SiO2 nanofluids. The KD2 Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer is used to measure thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity at temperatures ranging from 30 to 70 °Celsius of 0.3%, the increased thermal conductivity results in optimal conditions with more advantages for heat transfer than other concentrations. The highest thermal conductivity was obtained for tri-hybrid nanofluids at 0.3%, with a maximum increase of up to 9 percent over the base fluid (EG/W) mixture. Al2O3−TiO2−SiO2 nanofluids at 0.05% concentration have the lowest effective thermal conductivity of 4.8% at 70 C. At a concentration of 0.3%, the increased thermal conductivity results in optimal conditions, which have more advantages for heat transfer than other concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When lithium-ion battery is operating under high charge and discharge rates, there will be a rapid rise in the temperature of the battery. This high temperature of the battery will cause safety issues like thermal runaway and also will reduce the efficiency of the battery. In order to maintain the temperature of the battery within permissible limit, it is important to adopt thermal management system for batteries. There are several thermal management systems like air cooling, liquid cooling etc. But compared to all existing systems, liquid cooling system has greater efficiency in cooling the battery. In liquid cooling system, selecting right kind of coolant is important in order to cool the battery efficiently. In this paper, liquid cooling system of lithium ion battery is designed using "COMSOL Multiphysics Software" and simulated with two most commonly used coolants which are water and water-Glycol using "CFD ANALYSIS" in "ANSYS" and their heat transfer rates are calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the electrochemical performance of sodium titanate nanorods for sodium-ion battery anode applications was analyzed. Sodium titanate has been successfully prepared from the titanium (IV) Isopropoxide (TTIP) and sodium chloride (NaCl) precursor assisted by organic templates (ethylene glycol and citric acid) through a simple and hydrothermal template method, sodium titanate has been used to function in sodium-ion battery anodes. Manufacture of sodium titanate which is more environmentally friendly without the use of peroxides. Sodium titanate was initially prepared by mixing a solution of sodium precursor with a solution of titanium precursor at a stoichiometric mole ratio of 1.6: 1. Then, it was preheated through the hydrothermal method at 150°C for 6 hours, then calcined at 800°C for 1 hour in two burning situations which are different, namely reduction and oxidation. The same process is carried out in the synthesis of other samples without preheating treatment. Performance tests were carried out on sodium-ion batteries with calcined sodium titanate as the base ingredient. Preheating and combustion treatments in a reduced atmosphere are the optimum conditions for the formation of sodium titanate which produces sodium titanate type Na2Ti6O13. Galvanostatic charge/discharge performance produces a capacity of 43 mAh after 10 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three distinct polymers were used as model polymers in this study: poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAM), and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG). These polymers were employed to make nanocomposites films utilizing solution and dry casting techniques with varied loading ratios of Silver nanopowders (AgNPs) of (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 wt. percent). The films were of varying thicknesses (950 nm). The diffusion of NPs among the gaps of polymer mix particles was determined using optical microscopy (OM). The polymers and Silver nanopowders (AgNPs) created an important interfacial contact, as evidenced by Fourier-transform infrared spectra. In nanocomposites, the most functional group of polymer and nanoparticle. Using the ultrasound technique (U/S), the mechanical characteristics of each film were measured and estimated. The velocity of the U/S wave was calculated using the frequency (40 kHz) of the film thickness (950 nm). Except for compressibility, mechanical characteristics improved as the number of Ag NPs increased. Doping with AgNPs had a considerable impact on the U/S coefficients. The resulting blend gels demonstrate these new nanocomposites as potential materials for a wide range of applications, and they were used in medical applications instead of U/S sonar and echo gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids are playing an important role in industry and multiple solar applications as an excellent heat carrier. In this study, a nanofluid consisting of an additive, multi walls carbon nanotube (MWCNT), is examined to the base fluid consisting of a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (EG) at a ratio of 75% to 25%, respectively. MWCNTs were added in four different volume ratios (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2%). To obtain a good mixing of the nanoparticles with water/EG, ultrasonic shaking was used. The produced samples were examined and analyzed for their thermophysical properties in addition to their stability. The high thermal conductivity of MWCNT caused a significant increase in the thermal conductivity of the resulted nanofluids, which reached 140% compared to water. The effect of adding MWCNT on the density of the nanofluid was limited and did not exceed 0.075% when adding 2% of it. The viscosity of the nanofluid is affected by the addition of MWCNT, as the suspension viscosity reached 2.8% for adding 2% of the nanoparticles. The stability of the prepared nanofluids was measured using zeta potential. The results of this examination showed that the studied nanofluids have high stability. The nanofluids with 0,1% and 0,5% were the most stable. While the nanofluid with 2% MWCNT was the least stable, yet its stability was high, reaching 48 mV. This stability was confirmed by the camera images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance of Graphite and Al2O3 nanofluids mixed in the base fluid - Ethylene Glycol: Water (60:40) as radiator working fluid in a three-dimensional flat-tube taken from Chrysler minivan is compared through computational analysis. Properties are calculated from mathematical correlations developed from experiments on nanofluids and used for numerical analysis. The model is validated for average heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number under Laminar regime for Reynolds number 1000, 1500, and 2000 using Al2O3 for 1% and 10% concentrations with the result in the available literature. Then, the average heat transfer coefficient and average Nusselt number of Al2O3 and Graphite are compared for 1% and 10% volumetric concentrations, and the results are presented. The average heat transfer coefficient of Graphite is higher than Al2O3 with a percentage increase of 3.29% for 1% concentration and 5.17% for 10% concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One effective and efficient selection method to obtain initial information on drought-tolerant genotypes is to observe growth in the germination phase using PEG (Poly Ethylene Glycol). The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological response of Lampung local rice, Lumbung Sewu Cantik variety under PEG-induced drought stress in the germination stage. The concentrations of PEG given were 0%, 10%, and 20%. The research design was a completely randomized design with three replications. Observational data were analyzed for variance at the level a test = 0.05 and further analysis used Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Observation of morphological responses showed that PEG induced water stress which affected the growth of Lumbung Sewu Cantik rice varieties during germination. Plumulae growth was inhibited because the concentration of PEG increased. However, the radicle root grew longer at 20% PEG. In addition, Lumbung Sewu Cantik can maintain the dry weight of the radicle and seminal root at increased PEG concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process Automation Systems are widely known to be a crucial element in processing plants worldwide. In an environment that is ever-changing, process automation is applied in industries when possible to mitigate complexities with advance process control (APC) systems specifically leading to higher efficiency, less operator interaction and increased profits. APC is a proven control and optimization technology delivering measurable and sustainable improvements in production yield, coupled with the added value of energy savings. Many researches focused on modelling the Ethylene glycol (EG) production process each with distinct reactors and reactions. On the other hand, the advances on its control system were poor. Thus, this research fills the gap on the implementation of APC for the EG reactor. In this work, a linear based model predictive control (LMPC) is developed and implemented in EG reactor. The aim of LMPC is to control the production rate and reactor temperature for an optimized hydrogenation reactor. The optimal set point used is based on multi-objective optimization approach using £-constraint method. A state-space model is used in the prediction control is constructed with the best fit of 91.51% and 83.34% for EG production rate and reactor temperature, respectively. The LMPC is developed in Simulink and tuned via the MPC design toolbox in Matlab. The LMPC performance was evaluated based on the analyses results obtained from set point tracking, disturbance rejection and robustness test. The results showed that the LMPC can operate efficiently under tight boundary constraint. This sums up that the LMPC can control both control variables under strict boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation process of chitosan consists of three steps, namely deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation. Furthermore, chitosan modification was carried out using vanillin to produce good interactions in the membrane composite structure. Chitosan-Vanillin/Polyethylene glycol (CS-V/PEG) membranes were successfully fabricated by phase inversion technique for variations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 (wt. %). Analysis of membrane performance was carried out by testing water and methanol uptake, ion exchange capacity and methanol permeability. The results of water uptake analysis showed the highest value in CS-V/PEG 20 (47.90%), while the lowest methanol uptake was 17.80% showed by CS-V/PEG 5. In addition, the best value of ion exchange capacity and methanol permeability was obtained in CS-V/PEG 10 and CS-V/PEG 20 with values of 2.60 mmol/gram and 0.32 x 10−5 cm2/s, respectively. All membrane test results obtained indicate that the chitosan-vanillin/polyethylene glycol composite membrane has a promising potential for direct methanol fuel cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pH-responsive micelle nanoparticles were constructed by amphiphilic polyethylene glycol acetal-doxorubicin (ethylene glycol acetal-dox) precursor drugs, which can assemble by itself. The free DOX can be packed in the non-hydrophilic core of the nanoparticles, which exhibit decompose rapidly in weakly acidic environments, but can keep excellent storage stability under normal conditions. Due to the differences in drug release mechanisms and rates between packed DOX and linked DOX, programmed drug release progress could be seen, which may lead to higher drug concentrations and longer period of action. These nanomedicines based on precursor drugs have great potential for the development of transformational DOX agents for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to develop a minimally invasive gel system for long-term local administration of bisphosphonates, which has practical significance for clinical treatment of tumors. Here, the biohydrogel based on uniform tetraethylene glycol network carries polyethylene glycol modified doxorubicin prodrug for injection to patients, and doxorubicin reduces the long-term release of toxin and doxorubicin. The obtained nanocomposite hydrogel has rapid gel formation and good injectability, thus making the hydrogel easy to inject and then adapt to different types of tumors. The tetraethylene glycol hydrogel for promoting the optimal connection of adriamycin has the capability of controlling the release of adriamycin drugs as required, and achieves the effect of reducing adriamycin toxicity. The results show that these injectable hydrogels mediate the optimal release of therapeutic drugs, which will help to further develop smarter materials with customized structure and ideal functional alliance for clinical treatment of tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron doped nanostructured titanium dioxide, which is used as a photocatalyst for the process of decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen, was prepared. The synthesis was carried out by anodizing titanium in the electrolyte containing boric acid (H3BO3) as the boron source. Undoped nanostructured TiO2 used as the reference sample was obtained in the same organic electrolyte based on ethylene glycol containing ammonium fluoride without additional additives. The obtained samples were investigated using SEM, XRD and photoelectrochemical methods. It was found that the highest photocatalytic characteristics are achieved with an anodizing time of 120 minutes and a boric acid concentration in the electrolyte of 0.1 M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal properties of heat transferring apparatuswas increased by utilization of various nano fluids. In this investigation examines the rate of heat transfer in aluminum oxide nan fluid with water and ethylene glycol usinga plate heat exchanger. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles are made by Sol-Gel technique. The rate of heat transfer rises with reducing particle size. Now this research Alumina nanoparticle approximately 30 nm size used. Aluminumoxide nano fluids are equipped by changed Alumina particles concentrations in ethylene glycol and water as base liquid by using ultra-sonicator setup. The prepared nan fluid involved 2% nanoparticle content. The solubility of nanoparticles were increased by adding the surfactants to the equipped Nano fluid in level of 0.25% of an absolute concentration. Tests were executed in different operational circumstances and variations in flow rates and temperatures. The attained consequences indicated nanofluid practice as an operational fluid improved the rate of transferring heat in a plate heat exchanger and evaluated consequences developed from tests accompanied through water. Enhancement rate of heat transfer coefficient was succeeded about 14.5 % while Al2O3 in water ethylene glycol fluid was used by means of an operational liquid in the plate heat exchanger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to intercede and understand the synergism between xylitol and glycols at varied temperature from 288.18 to 318.15 K, in (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) mol·kg−1, the volumetric and acoustical parameters are being calculated from the experimental speed of sound and density. Using different values of the velocity of sound and glycol's denseness in an aqueous solution of xylitol at different values of temperature has been considered. Using the values of the velocity of sound, and density the adiabatic compression (β) and acoustic impedance(Z) were determined. The intermolecular free length (Lf), Wada's constant (W), Rao's constant (R), Vander Waal's constant (b) was determined using the experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this preliminary study, we investigated the effect of calcination temperatures on the mineral phases and the microstructures of sodium iron oxide. The experiment was conducted by mixing sodium carbonate as the Na precursor and iron hydroxide extracted from ilmenite sand as the Fe precursor through a wet-milling method in ethylene glycol. Then, the mixture was calcined at 600 and 800 °C in air atmosphere conditions. The mineral phases and the morphology of the final products were then analyzed by XRD and SEM methods. The XRD results show that the calcined materials at those temperatures comprise of five different mineral phases such as NaFeTiO4, α-NaFeO2, Na0.75Fe0.75Ti0.25O2, Na0.75Fe0.75Ti1.25O2, and Fe1.35Ti0.65O3. As the calcination temperature increases, the alpha NaFeO2 and NaFeTiO4, phases grow into more dominant, but others phase decreases. At 600 °C, the calcined product consists of rod-like particles and growing fine particles. Meanwhile, the calcined product at 800 °C exhibits unique microstructures, showing larger rod-like and two-dimensional particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in various fields of science because of their unique optical and chemical properties which depend on their size and shape. Synthesis methods are continuously being developed to control their size and shape. Synthesis using the polyol method allows to modification and control of the shape and size of AgNPs in a simple way and with readily available materials. In this research, AgNPs were synthesized using the polyol method using ethylene glycol (EG) as a reaction medium and reducing agent poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, Mw: 55,000) as a capping agent, and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor with the addition of Natrium Bromide (NaBr) as an additive. Here the concentration of AgNO3 and NaBr was varied to control either size or morphology of AgNPs. The resulted AgNPs were characterized using UV-vis spectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The UV-vis spectra data show that the concentration of NaBr affected the reduction rate of Ag+ to Ag0. As the concentration of NaBr increases, its reduction rate was also found to increase which was ascribed due to the formation of the nucleus through the heterogeneous nucleation process of AgBr. That observation also was supported by the XRD data showing the formation of AgNPs and AgBr crystal structures. Meanwhile, the TEM results indicate the formation of AgNPs with varying size and morphology depending on the concentration of NaBr and AgNO3 precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely developed because of their unique optical, electrical, and photochemical properties. In the nanoparticle synthesis reaction, optimum conditions are needed to obtain desired nanoparticles with a certain shape and size. In this study, the synthesis reaction of nanoparticles was carried out using the polyol method with a modification, i.e by changing the temperature reaction to below than the normal temperature method in a polyol synthesis (140°C to 100°C). In this study, the synthesis of AgNPs was carried out using ethylene glycol (EG) as a reaction medium and also reducing agent poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, Mw: 55,000) as a capping agent, and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor with the addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as an additive. Here the concentration of AgNO3 dan HCl was varied to control either size or shape of AgNPs. The resulted AgNPs were characterized using UV-vis spectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The UV-vis spectra data show that the concentration of HCl decreased the reduction rate of Ag+ ions to Ag atoms which were due to the etching process conducted by the Cl-/O2 pair in the solution. The XRD data show the formation of AgNPs together with the presence of AgCl crystal structure. The TEM results indicate the formation of AgNPs with varying sizes depending on the concentration of HCl and AgNO3 precursor, while that for shape remains unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted (MIP) and blank polymers with afinity for nonylphenol were synthesized by a bulk method using methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker (EGDMA), benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator, nonylphenol (NP) as template molecules, and acetonitrile as porogen. The performance of imprinted material was characterized by SEM, FTIR, and TGA. The result indicated that this material had not only binding properties but also high selectivity to the template molecule and having high afinity of imprinted polymers (MIP-NP) towards the template nonylphenol as compared with blank polymers (NIP), which had good application prospects in the selective enrichment and separation of NP for analysis of complex environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of silver nanostructures varies with its shape and size. In the present work silver nanoparticles, nanowires and nanocubes were synthesized by solvothermal method by reducing AgNO3 with ethylene glycol using PVP as the absorption agent and adding different amounts of NaCl to the solution. The size and shape of the nanostructures can be controlled by varying the concentration of NaCl and solvothermal growth duration. These nanostructures exhibiting different SPR properties are evaluated as SERS substrates using R6G molecules. The Raman signals are found to be enhanced in the presence of nanostructure SERS substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]