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Dual The electricity demand has increased fast in most parts of the world. Traditional power plants of fossil fuel energy sources produce electricity combined with environmental pollution, which makes it a necessity to search for alternatives and energy-conservative solutions. The Electric Water Heater (EWH) was recorded as the second biggest household energy consumption. One effective alternative for energy saving is to use hybrid Electric/Solar Water Heaters (ESWHs) instead of EWHs. Many kinds of research have focused on the efficiency and optimization of various kinds of solar water heater technologies, and few other studies have discussed the hybrid Electric/Solar Water Heater (ESWH) systems. However, there is a lack of modeling behavior of such types of water heaters. This work formulates the ESWH system and compares the modeled outcomes with the corresponding experimental measurements. The results obtained showed a great meeting between the proposed model and the measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) has been used to restore the electricity system after a major outage. However, based on the research of recent blackouts, voltage collapse and voltage-related issues are also major challenges in preserving system stability. As a result, both frequency and voltage must be considered in load shedding methods. To calculate the quantity of load to be shed and its optimal location, the research considered both aspects when building a load shedding plan. Voltage sensitivity is used to identify the location and amount of load to be shed from each bus. Newton-Raphson load flow method is used considering ZIP load model to show the enhancement in voltage profile and total loss. To test the validity of recommended attitudes, the IEEE 39-bus is used. For accurate results, a gravitational binary search optimization technique (BGSA) is utilized, and comparisons are made to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed strategy. A BGSA optimization technique can help reduce the search space for the smallest amount of power shed and its location. The results show that the supplied techniques can employ the BGSA optimization algorithm to discover the optimal solution for a significant loss reduction and a better voltage profile and frequency. The planned disruptions include the loss of a generator for several buses and the loss of transmission lines in multiple situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a country that relies on its electricity consumption from the coal power plant, the production of fly ash as a coal power plant by-product in Indonesia is high. However, fly ash consumption in Indonesia was reported to be below. One promising attempt to increase fly ash consumption is introducing high amounts of fly ash as cement replacement in producing innovative mortar. However, this novel mortar's early age properties are still scarcely reported. Thus, this research tested the early age properties of high-volume fly ash mortar (HVA). Two compositions of HVA that used 50% and 75% cement replacement were produced. The workability, setting time, and seven days old compressive strength of mortar were tested. The result shows that increasing the amount of fly ash in the mortar mixture proved to increase the workability and delay the setting time of fresh mortar. The compressive strength of 7 days old mortar decreased with the increase of fly ash amount. In conclusion, the maximum recommended cement replacement in the mortar with fly ash was 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is focused on the optimal sizing of hybrid stand-alone photovoltaic–wind power systems from real hourly wind and solar irradiation data and electricity demand from a specific location. For optimization method photovoltaic panels, wind turbine and batteries specifications have been used. Using all these data and parameters in computer model HOMER, the minimization of the net present cost (NPC) or cost of unit of energy (COE) is obtained by selecting an appropriate hybrid stand-alone system configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract-As we all know that most of the electricity generated by fossil fuels. In view of increasing the demand of electricity in domestic, industrial, agriculture and commercial purposes. We are looking for alternate source, which is solar power generating by PV cells. Solar power generation depends on the availability of solar radiation and temperature throughout the day. MPPT method is used to generate more power and this technique is environmentally friendly. Various methods are there to control MPPT, which are AI, FLC, NN, Constant V/I and PO (Perturb and observe) methods. This paper explains modeling, simulation of MPPT algorithm for PV array using boost converter. At the end results obtained in MATLAB using Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present scenario, with increasing electricity demand and with large networks interconnection, it is very much essential to operate various generating units to work accordingly within its constraints. Otherwise generation cost of increases dramatically. Hence, it is essential to reduce procurement cost. In the present work, hybrid GA integrated OPF approach is proposed for optimal procurement of energy by System Operator (SO) under competitive environment by minimizing payment to the suppliers while considering network constraints. The proposed approach has been experienced on IEEE-30 modified bus system and it is observed that the approach provides pleasing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowering Covid-19 cases globally and nationally provides a positive indication of economic growth, especially in Batam City, Indonesia. This condition is also followed by increased electrical energy consumption, particularly in residential houses. This paper presents an electrical energy audit process of a residential house using the IKE (Energy Consumption Intensity) parameter. The audit was conducted in a home with a building area of 226 m2 and an electrical capacity of 4400 VA. The result shows that the total electricity consumption of such a house is 1,266.34 kWh per month, to which the air-conditioning system contributed the most prominent electricity consumption of the whole facilities in the house. Providentially, the score of IKE is less than 8.5, which means such a residential house is categorized as very efficient energy consumption. Furthermore, the self-evaluating checklist technique has carried out to find the main factor that affects the electricity consumption of the air-conditioning system. Regarding the highest rating score on the self-evaluating checklist of air conditioning systems, the ceiling has a score of 77.5%. This result means that the ceiling needs to be evaluated to reduce the heat load of the house, which in turn reduces the electrical energy consumption of the air conditioning system. Finally, this work can use as an initial audit framework for assessing electrical energy consumption in residential houses in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air temperature rise due to global warming can increase the demand for electricity, because of the more frequent and intensive use of air conditioners and fans. Based on this phenomenon, it is necessary to study the correlation between air temperatures and peak electric demands. This study aims to obtain a correlation between maximum air temperatures and peak demand and then estimate the peak demand of Padang city for the year 2030. The correlation between air temperatures to peak demand is identified by Pearson coefficient. The demand forecasts are calculated using a multivariable linear regression method. Correlation test results show a low correlation between maximum air temperature and peak demand but a strong correlation between population and peak demand. The results of the forecast for 2030 are 422 MW for case 0, where the independent variables are the population and daily maximum air temperature. The peak demand is 421.59 MW for case 1, where the independent variable is only the population. For case 2, where the independent variables are population and daily maximum air temperature according to Paris Agreement, the peak demand is 421.03 MW. The forecast result that excluded the air temperature resulted in 410 KW lower peak demand than the forecast that includes air temperature. The higher air temperatures result in higher peak demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity demand is a crucial indicator of a country's economic growth, but a change in environmental factors significantly impacts this factor. This, in turn, will cause barriers while integrating renewable energy supplies into the grid and decrease the power system's ability to operate the grid securely and dependably. Hence many research studies have been presented to determine energy consumption efficiency in urban cities, but the construction of a thermal energy map for an urban city based on energy consumption and land surface temperature (LST) has not been considered. Therefore, this research generates a thermal energy map of Vadodara city, Gujarat. The thermal map has been constructed based on energy consumption based on the data collected from the residents of Vadodara. The thermal energy mapping can be replicated in developing countries for any region of similar climatic regions. Hence with this mapping, heat pockets and energy consumption can be studied, and electrical load rescheduling techniques can be decided to minimize the energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work developed, an overview and analysis of different types of shapes of ball mill lifters are made. An analysis has been made of the factors and parameters that are important to monitor in its operation to obtain the least wear of the grinding medium and to obtain the least consumption of electricity. Based on the analysis, 3 types of lifters and sizes were selected for further experiments. All components of the mill - drum, lifter liner, and grinding bodies will be designed using a CAD program, then printed using a 3D printer and installed on the laboratory ball mill. The material used for the grinding media will be made of bioplastic PLA (polylactide or polylactic acid). By using different shapes of lifters and different charge of ball mill it will be proven whether it affects the speed, trajectory and wear of the lifters in a ball mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in information technology and computers in the Industrial Era 4.0 have been proven to improve organizational performance and organizational operational efficiency. One of the characteristics of the Industrial revolution 4.0 is the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) to obtain data in real time. The system for calculating electrical energy consumed still uses a token-based analog and digital KWH (Kilo Watt Hour) meter. In prepaid electricity, consumers have to spend money or pay first for the electrical energy that will be consumed. However, many people are still reluctant to use this type of electricity. Because one of the disadvantages of using prepaid electricity services is that the electricity will turn off automatically when the credit runs out, so consumers must often monitor the remaining balance. In postpaid electricity, consumers only need to pay for electricity for the amount used and pay the bill on the date that has been set by PLN. However, this postpaid electricity system has the opportunity to harm PLN because this analog system is easy to modify, so that the KWH meter rotates more slowly, even changing / doubling the existing electricity lines without going through the electricity meter. This study tries to propose a system for calculating electrical energy consumed automatically in a closed network by utilizing IoT technology so that it can be monitored in real time. This system will also be useful in anticipating illegal flow theft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a common problem around the world. At the end of 2019, the emergence of the covid-19 virus exacerbated the situation of the poor. So various efforts are made to deal with this. This paper proposes a Multidimensional scaling method to identify characteristics that affect poverty in each Regency/city in West Sumatra. The main advantage of this method is a two-dimensional perceptual map that facilitates the presentation of research results. Multidimensional scaling analysis is a multiple-variable technique that involves creating a map to describe the position of an object with other objects based on similarity values. The analysis involved regencies/cities in West Sumatra with poverty characteristic variables. To determine the validity of the research results, testing using Rstudio obtained a stress value of 6.4% and an R2 value of 0.996. The results obtained is Padang Kota, Pariaman Kota, Dhamasraya, Padang Panjang Kota, and Sawahlunto have proximity to the poverty characteristics based on the type of residential floor made of soil (X2), do not have defecation facilities/ together with other households (X4), source of household lighting does not use electricity (X5), have a residential floor area of less than 8 m2 (X1), and do not have defecation facilities / together with other households (X4). It is hoped that the results of this study will be able to assist in handling poverty in every Regency/city in the province of West Sumatra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the primary human needs in the era of technological and communication advancement. KWH Meter is an electrical energy counting device that works using the magnetic field induction method. With the process of manual calculation with the officer in the sense of time consumming. Research by Elly Mufidah and colleagues has created a reading and monitoring system for load usage and an overload reminder system that can be monitored through the User Interface which is considered better in terms of monitoring compared to LCD. To facilitate the recording process, Design a Home Pln Kwh Meter Reading System as a Report on The Use of IoT-Based Home Electricity (kWh Meter IoT) is needed. Research Procedure uses Analisis, design, testing and implementation. The kWh IoT meter design uses NodeMCU8266 as a controller, PZEM004Tv3 as an energy sensor and a 2x16 LCD as a display. This IoT kWh meter tool can record the use of home electricity in accordance with the recording of PLN kWh meter installed in the customer's home with an average difference of 0.021 kWh energy recording within 15 days, data can be monitored in real time through the Android Fullscreen Browser Application and or Desktop Web Browser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid system for generating and distributing electricity for a multi-speed autonomous underwater vehicle is considered. Due to the wide range of electricity consumption, the task of controlling the parameters of the power grid arises. The complexity of the task lies in the constant change in the composition of consumers and the current they consume. Due to the novelty of the development of a multi-speed apparatus and the use of a hybrid system for the generation and distribution of electricity, the problem was not considered earlier in this formulation. To solve the problem of connecting consumers to power sources, it was presented in the form of a weighted directed graph, and the problem of connecting consumers to conductors was formalized as finding the shortest path in the graph. The paper proposes algorithms for controlling the connection / disconnection of consumers from the elements of the electrical network and the dynamic switching of consumers between current conductors, depending on the speed mode of the apparatus, based on the use of an algorithm based on Dijkstra's algorithm. The results of numerical experiments made it possible to estimate the energy consumption in the most unstable, most energy-intensive parts of the trajectory. This made it possible, in turn, to test the developed power grid control algorithms and make sure that the algorithmic decisions made were correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities today are very dependent on the use of electricity ranging from simple activities to large activities. It has an impact on increasing electricity demand. At PLT EBT Baron Technopark Yogyakarta, electricity needs are generated by themselves. However, PLT EBT itself has a fluctuating level of electricity production depending on the natural phenomena around it. Therefore, it is necessary to plan for the supply of electricity to balance the electrical power generated, prevent blackouts, and better energy sources management to deal with fluctuating electrical energy production. One way to balance electric power with power demand in conditions of fluctuating electricity production is to perform accurate load forecasting in the future. This study uses the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method using data on the electricity load of PLT EBT Baron Technopark Yogyakarta from October to November 2021. In the training process, the best network model was obtained with input_width = 48, Train_size = 0.8, and build model = 64, 32, 32 where the MSE value is 0.001 and MAPE is 8.03%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for energy worldwide, it has become imperative to explore and adopt sustainable energy practices. In this regard, predicting household electricity consumption accurately is essential, as it can help optimize energy usage and reduce waste. This paper focuses on using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) shows the neural networks to prevent household electricity consumption in India. The LSTM model was implemented using the Keras library in Python. The model was trained using the training set and tested using the testing set. The study demonstrated that LSTM neural networks are a promising approach to predicting household electricity consumption in India. Further research can be conducted to recover the accuracy of the perfect by including more variables such as household size, income, and appliance usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discuss electric vehicle charging scheduling algorithms to minimize the peak load demand. The charging schedule makes use of a time-of-use system and an optimum method that adjusts the amount of electricity used to charge an electric car depending on its battery's state of charge. This study was implemented in a commercial-residential area and considered various constraints to ensure the study practicality. Three scenarios of electric vehicle charging were tested and analyzed. The outcome of the first scenario demonstrated that uncoordinated charging of electric vehicles would cause a new peak in the grid load. For the second scenario, time-of-use scheme was implemented for electric vehicle charging, which was able to reduce peak loads compared to uncoordinated electric vehicle charging. The final scenario demonstrated that the suggested coordinated electric vehicle charging scheduling algorithm successfully reduced uncoordinated charging load by 33% and increased off-peak load by 87.5% while maximizing the charging power of each electric vehicle battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the results of a study of the possibility of using alternative sources of electricity for a device using a high-voltage electrostatic field when sorting cotton fibers during the primary processing of raw cotton. Also, for this purpose, a solution is proposed for the use of APV film generators as a high-voltage power source. At the output of the device, a high voltage electrical current can be generated as a result of polarized light hitting the film in the generator, which is used as a source of electrical energy based on the film element APV. Solutions are proposed for using this energy to obtain a high-strength electrostatic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses Jawa-Sumatera interregional electricity system's long-term planning until 2050. The planning is determined based on least-cost optimization in the TIMES model. The model considers a high disparity between regions such as electricity demand, power generation infrastructure, and energy resources. There are twenty-seven technology power generations and three energy storage technologies competing in this model, the modeling also reviews the pattern of generating operations and the role of energy storage on an hourly for each region. A trading scenario was applied to plan power generation with interconnected transmission between Jawa-Sumatera by HVDC transmission. The results show power generation portfolio for BAU and the trading scenario in Jawa and Sumatra is dominated by a gas-based power plant. The trading scenario results in an increase of 70% installed capacity in Sumatera and a decrease of 23% installed capacity in Jawa, an average of 1.96 TWh of electricity is exported every hour to Jawa, a decrease in electricity production cost for Jawa from 10.69 cUSD/ kWh to 9.15 cUSD/kWh and Sumatera from 6.77 cUSD/kWh to 4.88 cUSD/kWh, an increase in renewable energy penetration especially utility-scale PV in Sumatera 19% and a reduction in emissions to 322 gCO2/kWh and required transmission capacity 43.6 GW in 2050 to distribute electricity from Sumatera to Jawa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unmatched construction increase happened in last decade and the domestic construction from late 80s can be labelled as inefficient energy units. Building sector consumes energy more than 54 % and residential sector around 24 % in north region. The rising cost of per unit energy is huge concern especially the cooling loads. The inefficient houses are raising the peak demand becomes a challenge to meet the demand versus generation. This issue must be addressed at micro level. The major energy loss happened through windows (being the crucial component of building services) and more heat inside the building than other components such as wall, roof etc. This paper investigates the possible reasons and gaps that why residential sector is not susceptible towards sustainable windows to lower their electricity bills. The research carried in two phases and questionnaire is framed to gather the data for analysis with aid of experts and literature reviews. It is concluded that awareness of occupant plays a pivotal role in advancement of sustainable windows besides other crucial factors such as orientation, make, glazing type etc. The collective efforts of architect, engineer, vendors and occupant can bridge the gap to reduce energy consumption. The initial cost of sustainable windows can be offset with savings and aid of government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the frontier, outermost, and underdeveloped area (3T) in Indonesia, one of the primary problems that must be addressed is the severely limited access to electricity. In order to fulfil the electricity demand in 3T areas, a simple, cheap, safe, and clean power generation system is required. Hydride microreactor is a conceptual micro nuclear reactor design proposed to address the issue. This research is aimed to analyze the neutronic properties of hydride microreactor fueled with a combination of uranium hydride (UH3) and thorium carbide (ThC) fuel rods. The analysis was performed for core criticality, temperature coefficient of reactivity, and control rod worth. The UH3 rods use low-enriched uranium whose enrichment was varied between 11-15%, while the number of ThC fuel rods were varied between 3 to 6 rods. The calculation was done using Serpent-2 code with ENDF/B-VII.0 library. The result shows that 13% LEU enrichment and 6 ThC rods allow the reactor to operate for more than 15 years while fulfilling the passive safety criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"How safe is safe enough?" is a common question in the risk-benefit analysis including for the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sitting selection. Prospective sites for nuclear power plants should be chosen in locations that are as safe as possible from external potential hazards such as seismic and tectonic disasters. Nevertheless, the areas that are considered to have a low-risk probability are located in remote areas and far away from the electricity demand, and vice versa. There must be a trade-off by considering acceptable risk levels with other factors such as economics to deal with such problems. The risk level caused by geological factors can be reduced by geotechnical engineering methods. However, the higher geological disaster likelihood should be engineered using more expensive geotechnical engineering costs to reach the same risk level. This article generally discusses Indonesia's geological aspects, especially from tectonic and volcanology views. By looking at several indicators such as economic & population growth and the existing electricity conditions, the future electricity demand projection is forecasted to be used as the mapping for the areas with good prospects for future NPP development. This study shows that the areas along the northern islands of Java and Sumatra, alongside Boni Bay in Sulawesi and the coast of East Kalimantan, are high potential areas that require further studies to determine detailed geological characteristics to determine the optimal geotechnical techniques for the NPP construction. A sample of the implementation of geoengineering techniques is also shown by referring to the Muria Peninsula sitting as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Kalimantan is one of provinces in Indonesia with population approximately 5.47 million people. Currently, most of the electricity demand is supplied by fossil energy and still importing the electricity from Malaysia. The large use of fossil energy causes a negative impact to the environment as they contribute to the spread of CO2 emission and other harmful pollutants into the environment. In order to decrease this emission, utilization of nuclear power plant will be a rational choice with its several advantages. In this study, West Kalimantan electricity system was modelled as an isolated system without grid interconnection to other regions and the system will consist of coal, gas, hydro, bio, solar, energy storage and 100MW nuclear power plant (NPP) as base load. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software was used to determine the techno-economic parameters of the electricity system under multi-scenario. The result shows NPP could help the government to meet the new and renewable energy (NRE) and emission reduction target effectively. Nuclear scenarios show that on 2030 there will be at least 6¢/kWh additional cost to generate electricity and more than 1.4 Billion USD as initial cost. In conclusion, government should give several attractive investment option especially on nuclear power plants as the highest capital cost technology to achieve the new and renewable energy (NRE) and emission targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indirect evaporative cooling is an efficient, sustainable, low-energy alternative for many refrigeration applications in dry climates. However, the indirect evaporative cooling performance deteriorates severely at high air humidity. To overcome these limitations, it investigates the process that binds the indirect evaporative cooling and vapor compression cycles together to overcome these limitations. Therefore, a new hybrid cooling system was designed and built that combines them because the hybrid system completely used outside fresh air. This hybrid process takes advantage of the high efficiency for indirect evaporative cooling and the vapor compression cycle capacity to control the temperature and humidity of the conditioned air while improving the total annual energy consumption. A theoretical study was conducted using the heat exchanger's fundamental principles of energy balancing. A created computer program was in (Fortran's 90) language to study the system performance and the system's appropriate environmental and design conditions. An experimental study was also conducted to test the hybrid system under different climatic conditions and then compare it with the theoretical study. The experimental study of the system was conducted at (the University of Tikrit). Which is located on the (34. 67N; 43.65 E), to determine the suitability of the weather conditions in the region for the operation of this system. The experiment was conducted at the beginning of (Jun/2022) for two consecutive days during (24) hours of reading. The experimental results showed that the best performance of the hybrid system was achieved when the amount of air supplied was (0.64 m3/s) for the dry channel and (0.54 m3/s) for the humid channel, as the length of the exchanger tube. (35 cm) and tube diameter (1.5 cm) show that the supplied air temperature decreases significantly. The outside fresh air temperature supplied to the air-conditioning space can be lowered by (20-26°C). The coefficient of performance for indirect evaporative cooling is in the range of (27.8-55.2) compared to the vapor pressure cycle in the range of (3.7-5.6), and the overall coefficient of performance of the hybrid system will be (15.8-23.7) so the reduction in electricity consumption in the range (25-50%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the issue of rising electricity demand in the building sector is one of the major challenges. Therefore, the Building Management System (BMS) inside the building. Since the PV, national grid, and diesel generators supplies building electrical power, so the Energy Management System (EMS) technologies are necessary to study the priority of PV to supply building power to save energy. This paper proposes a Smart Building Management System (SBMS) used with Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) in addition lighting systems. HVAC is controlled with occupancy sensors, temperature control, and load control. Lighting systems are controlled through occupancy sensors and daylight sensors to make them operate to minimize electricity consumption. Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) control of the EMS in this work, SBMS and EMS are created and simulated using two case studies to supply public buildings. The first situation is SBMS without EMS and the second situation is SBMS with EMS. Finally, the results showed the impact of SBMS on the reduction of energy consumption for HVAC systems and lighting (20% on summer day and 11% on winter day), as the energy consumption was reduced for both HVAC and lighting by about (54% on a summer day and 44% on a winter day) because we added the scenario of case two to the one scenario case in a public building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and development of a reliable tracking and recording system to monitor energy that has been consumed by electrical appliances. The electrical energy resources management is a major concern worldwide especially toward the waste of electricity. The current electrical energy monitoring system can only be viewed when attached to the device and it is more difficult to track all devices at one time. The energy production is depending on the energy management activities to minimize the environmental impacts. Therefore, we introduce the Electrical Energy Consumption Monitoring System over IoT, targeted to measure electrical energy for home appliances such as air conditioners, water heaters, fans, lighting and others. The monitoring system consists of an electrical current sensor and a Raspberry pi IV microcontroller as the main core. The system will measure energy based on the rate of current flowing through the cables of electrical equipment and subsequently the energy consumption can be calculated. The measured values can be accessed directly via computer or smartphone. These reading values are stored in a database for future reference and comparison. On the server, Node-Red, influxDB and Grafana were installed. The use of IoT technology allows the rate of electricity consumption to be monitored anywhere quickly and accurately even at a distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pump is a hydraulic device that makes the conversion of mechanical energy to hydraulic energy which is in actual the pressure energy. Pumps are used for various purposes from agriculture to industries. They are also used for various domestic purposes; in now days the pumps are integral part of life. The pumps can be electrically powered, hydraulically powered, solar powered, human powered etc. As the level of water is falling day by day. The manual hand pumps found to be failed in some areas, so there is need to design such a pump which is not easy to operate but also able to pump the water from deep levels. The Problem before us is to design a pump which can pump the water up to 200-220 feet (i.e. the expected drinkable water level in coming few years) by making the use human power. The target is to design a mechanism that have discharge of 7-8 litre per minute, low maintenance & sound engineering concepts. Since the amount of energy available to us at the time of designing the concept is 300-400 Watt, this is the amount of power by a healthy person of 70 kg weight can produce while cycling or other work out activities. The basic and major problem in the project was about the transmission of power which was not possible with the means of basic mechanical devices like shafts, gears etc. So the only decision left was to use electricity but the use of electricity was conflicting with the objectives of the pump. So the other possible solution was the use either the hydraulic or pneumatic source. But as to avoid the contamination of ground water the final decision was the use of pneumatics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report reviews the possibility of estimating the required quantity of electricity to be generated to meet the needs of single-family homes. The results of the implementation of two estimation variants are compared, based on the hourly percentage distribution of the average daily consumption for household loads and specific rates of electricity consumption, deduced to 1 urban inhabitant. The efficiency of the methodologies is evaluated, as well as the possibilities for their use for determining the power of storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of solar photovoltaic panel for generating power to contribute the power demand is presented in this paper. The system is installed at the rooftop of Islamic Senior High School Daarul Echsan Muhammadiyah Sragen (Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah DIMSA). The purpose of this project is beside to contribute the power demand of the school, is also to be the learning tool for the students to understand how the power may be generated using the extensively available resources for free. The power so far used in the school is from the government electric utility company. The installed capacity is 23 kVA three-phase system. The photovoltaic panels placed on the roof is 8 x 545 Wp. The output of the panels is connected to 15 kW inverter and the output of the inverter is synchronized with the electricity grid. The produced energy is expected to contribute the electricity demand of the school. A number of measurements have been carried out relating the input parameter and the output voltage of the panels. This relation is essential for detail planning of development and operation of the generating system. The developed system is expected to sustainably operate for years therefore becoming a role model of fulfillment of energy demand in such way that is economical and environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of a high growth in the cost of electricity, combined with a high level of its consumption in railway transport, Russian Railways JSC approved an energy strategy until 2020 and for the future until 2030, as well as an energy saving and energy efficiency program for 2016–2018. Therefore, the study is being performed to determine the most vulnerable to high consumption traction power supply units with their subsequent modernization. This article discusses one of the most important and at the same time highly predisposed node with high power losses – the traction network. The reasons for this phenomenon are determined. An analysis of the current methods for eliminating the above causes was carried out in order to determine the level of their effectiveness. A solution is offered to eliminate high losses of electrical energy in the traction network by compensating for electrical energy using an on-board energy storage device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans becomes dependent more and more on complex infrastructure systems. Given the enduring electricity problem in Iraq, this research is trying to explore the grid as a complex system making use of system thinking approach. The interaction between building cooling system and power outages and how that impact the grid demand and energy need estimation is the case study for system thinking approach. During summer, the Iraqi electricity grid only supplies citizens with electricity for 12 hours a day. Those 12 hours are comprised of a sequence of two hours of electricity supply, followed by two hours of outage, followed by two hours of supply (and so on). The high level of consumption during the limited hours when electricity is available can lead to the incorrect estimation of the amount of electricity needed to meet the demand for power. The Iraqi Ministry of Electricity estimates that electricity generation needs to be doubled to meet the country's electricity needs. To investigate this issue, an energy model for a residential unit in Iraq was developed to predict the energy consumption in two scenarios. In the first scenario, electricity is supplied for 12 hours. In the second, electricity is supplied continuously. The results of these two simulations are then compared with the assumption of the Iraqi Ministry of Electricity (MoE). The energy consumption in each scenario is reflected in the load on the national electricity grid. The scenarios are also investigated to determine the impacts of different building envelopes on energy consumption. The results showed that the electricity supply regime plays an important role for energy consumption within a building. Based on these results, the actual need for generation capacity to fulfill the demand for electricity in Iraq is less than what has been predicted by MoE, requiring only 57% more generation power when the load on the grid peaks. The results of study emphasis the importance of approaching power grid challenge nonlinearly with the hope of building more representative model for the gird using system thinking approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is among the highest consumers in terms of energy consumption and intensity per capita in Asia. In 2020, per capita energy consumption in Malaysia will be 2.7 toe. Where it turns out to be higher than the neighboring country. Per capita electricity consumption has increased from 3 900 kWh per capita in 2010 to 4 600 kWh in 2020. The objective of this paper is to study the energy scenario in Malaysia, especially after going through the Covid 19 pandemic phase which has crippled almost the entire economic sector of the country and see how the potential for renewable energyin Malaysia after going through the pandemic phase. Where Malaysia is focusing on sustainable and prudent energy use and efficient resource management under the 11th Malaysia Plan (2016–2020) through introduction of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) (2016–2025). NEEAP provide instruments for the successful implementation ofenergy efficiency strategies in country through well-coordinated and cost-effective energy implementation efficiency measures in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors. Realize need to improve energy efficiency and conservationinitiatives, Malaysia is developing a comprehensive new Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act (EECA) in an effort to reach its country aspirations, as well as the effective use of energy across key sectors. EECA will outline the comprehensive measures necessary to promote the efficient use of energy, including goal setting, communication, and education. It will also initiate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a regulatory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main problem of gas generating units that operate in the simple cycle system is their relatively low thermal efficiency, which results in a large waste of heat energy resulting from the fuel combustion process. The current research is aimed to study the economic evaluation of the different types of fuel in the Qayyarah gas power plant. Gas turbine unit field data for the year 2021, with the months of January in winter, April in spring, July in summer, and October in autumn, were used for this research. Study results showed that, light fuel is more expensive by 90% than natural gas and 94% than crude oil, and therefore it cannot be used for the permanent operation of the gas turbine because of its high cost and the lack of local product from it. The production cost of (KWH) for the three types of fuel is variable in the four seasonal months, where the month of July is a high cost due to the demand for electricity due to the high air temperature in that month, while the month of April was less expensive due to the mild conditions, low SPICIFIC fuel consumption and the low demand for electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers the creation of a low-speed, three-phase knock-down radial generator with poles in the form of permanent magnets. Making this generator answers the challenges of developing water extraction devices at the micro- scale with the availability of generators for small-scale plants that can work at very low turns. The resulting generator is the result of preliminary research, which will be further developed to produce generators ready to be fabricated. Laboratory experimental results show that this generator has a very significant performance with an AC voltage for no-load of 4.5 V to 65 V, while with a load of 4.5 V to 33 V. The power generated by the generator at 100 rpm turns the output power to around 3W, while at 320 rpm, the output power can reach 25 W. The results of making this three-phase knock down radial generator in the future will be developed for household electricity use in remote areas, which can be assembled and repaired by themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of timely expanded load profiles for individual municipalities in the Republic of Bulgaria for the consumption of gas and electricity is of great importance in the optimal management of energy sources in the country. Power-to-Gas (PtG) technology could be used to convert electricity into hydrogen or methane in times of negative residual load. Such load profiles of some regions in the Republic of Bulgaria are made in the present study. There are used the big data and data mining for statistical follow-up analysis for combined energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is at present a major global concern. Internal combustion engines toxic emissions are one of the primary air pollutants. To reduce the effects of fossil fuel emissions and address environmental issues, electric vehicles (EVs) are being aggressively promoted around the world. To estimate electric mobility as a good solution, almost 31% of India's population lives in cities. This number is projected to increase to 40% in 2030 and 50% in 2050. Electric-powered trains can help reduce urban air pollution, reduce emissions and improve fuel safety. In this paper, the impact of electric vehicles on grid and battery requirements in India's potential EV adoption scenario is analyzed. The government is motivating people to adopt electric vehicles. Studies suggest that high cost of electric cars, unavailability of charging infrastructure, myths related to electrical vehicles may serve as barriers to customer acceptance. On road EVs by 2030 has been called by Government of India. In this paper, the estimation has been done for number of EVs that will be sold in 2030 and the requirements of battery pack for EVs accordingly, and the electrical power required from grid for charging EVs. EV sales and other relevant details has been estimated to promote EVs. The future forecast evaluation predicted shows that by 2030, 5 to 7 percent of total electricity demand will be used to charge EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors that affect the quality indices of a semi-finished leather product after squeezing out excess moisture are discussed. The results of the influence of changes in monshon (moisture-permeable technical cloth) properties on the squeezing process of a leather semi-finished product are given. It is shown that with an increase in time of operation, to maintain the required residual moisture, the pressing force of the working rolls must be increased as compared to the initial force. The thickness of monshons made of LASH cloth at the beginning of operation sharply decreases; in monshons made of the BM cloth, the residual strain is insignificant. The BM cloth is not much deformed as it is a denser fabric woven from wool, and its length along the perimeter is greater than the length of the LASH cloth coatings. It was stated that an increase in specific pressure after reaching a certain value slightly reduces the moisture content of the pressed material and the operation under high pressures is not advisable, because the substantial reduction in moisture content that can be obtained will not compensate for deflections, accelerated wear of the roll coating and an increase in the power consumption of electric motors. In addition, an increase in pressure between the squeezing rollers in the materials to be pressed (such as semi-finished leather) leads to an increase in the number of folds and wrinkles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are the results of the electrical energy consumption research in a residential apartment building which is located in the Moscow region. Authors have given the information of the apartment electricity consumption with two people living. Research period is 2018 - 2022. Researchers have considered the main sources of electrical energy consumption in a typical apartment and in common property in this paper. It has been determinated the part of the considered apartment electrical energy consumption in the total consumption of electrical energy in an apartment building by authors of this paper. Researchers presented the information of the electric energy cost changes for the research period in the territory where were built considered building. It has been described the view and technical characteristics of the building by authors in this paper. There is the information of energy consumption in the cold, warm and transitional periods of the year. This work could be useful for companies which are in the field of managing common property, specialists from various areas of the municipal service complex, as well as developers who plan investments to residential construction in the Moscow region and other regions of the Russian Federation with similar climatic characteristics. This article is also could be used for the urban planning policy development in the field of providing electrical energy to settlements with a population less than 100 000 people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air compressor is one of the most essential utility machines for the pharmaceutical industry. Ensuring the engineering parameters of the industrial compressor as well as maintaining the hygiene standard of the air at the same time is a complex task. This often creates a decision-making challenge while selecting an air compressor for a pharmaceutical factory. Therefore, this study discusses the most important selection criteria of an air compressor to be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Among all the criteria, 7 measurable criteria have been sorted out to be utilized in a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique, the Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. In this study, electricity consumption, free air delivery, maximum working pressure, noise level, installation surface area, oil content in the air, and solid particulate filter have been taken as criteria in the case study of selecting the best compressor. Among the 5 alternatives, compressor A4 has obtained the most performance score by the TOPSIS method, thereby finally selected in this study. The discussion about the selection criteria of air compressors for pharmaceuticals and the selection framework presented by utilizing the TOPSIS method is expected to help the industrial managers of pharmaceuticals to overcome their decision-making challenges of compressor selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The net zero emission commitment under Paris Agreement has fostered the clean energy transition agenda. ASEAN becomes the home of untapped renewable energy resources due to its geographic condition. However, the distribution of renewable energy is far from it has expected. It is not only limited extent due to the country spread, but also the high capital investment costs that caused sluggish progression. It is believed that the interconnection grid and integration energy market across region becomes a prominent key to broaden energy access and bolster the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well. Hence, it is essential to study and analyze the scheme to foster the energy security across border through clean electricity that produced from renewable energy, particularly in ASEAN. The qualitative method through desk review approach was adopted for the paper work. There are two study objectives for this paper: (1) Renewable energy as export commodity in ASEAN which in line with ASEAN Power Grid (APG) agenda and (2) Indonesian future potential as renewable energy exporter. It is found that untapped renewable energy across ASEAN possibly meet the regional electricity demand through interconnected grid and electricity market integration. Such condition also supports the on-going APG project. Electricity trades are regulated through bilateral and multilateral agreement between countries with certain tariff. In this case, a comparison between Indonesia and Singapore about renewables export issue has been analyzed and studied. For attaining the status of renewable energy exporter in the future, it is suggested that Indonesia should deal with policy & regulation certainty (including its harmonization) and renewable energy infrastructure readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power to heat to power storage units, also known as Carnot batteries, are nowadays some of the most outstanding solutions for ensuring the response to the electricity demand in an energetic scenario based on non-dispatchable renewable sources like wind or photovoltaic technologies. One of the main challenges of this concept is how to store the electricity as heat in the most efficient way. In this paper the use of microwaves for converting electricity into thermal energy stored in molten salt is proposed. This paper explores the possibility of using microwaves for heating three different materials commonly considered as storage media in CSP applications: NaNO3, KNO3 and the solar salt mixture. The study focuses on permittivity measurements since this parameter allows distinguishing whether a material can be heated by microwaves or not. Further studies comparing both microwave and Joule heating methods will be presented in a future work at a later stage. The preliminary results of the feasibility of this CIEMAT's proposal are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of hydrogen from urine as an electrolyte is about 6 to 9times faster than water as electrolyte measured at constant voltage 10V, 15V, 19V, 23V, 27V, and 30V per minute. The power consumption for urine electrolytes is higher than water-electrolyte was observed. Such a rate producesan increase in the efficiency of hydrogen production which is future energy. The utilization of urine rather than water as an electrolyte control soil and water pollution. Urine electrolyte has more beneficial than water because water-electrolyte needed chemical (acid or base) to increase the efficiency of hydrogen production, have to buy and transport while but urine electrolyte has no such problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution of fossil fuels and the increase in the electricity demand made the world take a step forward by employing renewable energy sources (RESs). The RESs show promising avenues for generating electricity because these sources have non-polluting, emissions and, have low maintenance, with easy installation. The photovoltaic (PV) systems have nonlinearity performance which makes tracking maximum power point (MPP) difficult under various weather and environmental conditions. To boost the output power of the PV system maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is used. This work presents a modified perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT Algorithm Based Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) for PV System Under various climatic conditions to address the issues of existing P&O and GWO in terms of tracking efficiency, tracking accuracy, tracking speed, complexity, reliability, ripple, and oscillations. To verify the efficacy of the proposed controller, The modelling of the system is implemented with the help of A MATLAB (R 2021a) -SIMULINK, the simulation results show the proposed method is robust after being subjected to EN50530 the European standard test for measuring the performance of the PV system under various weather and environmental conditions, the proposed system passed it successfully with high efficiency of more than 99.97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study to investigate the feasibility of a hybrid or integrated energy system for UTM Ecopark facilities by HOMER Pro optimization is presented in this paper. The renewable energy investigated are solar PV, wind, pico hydro, and biogas which their sources are found to be significantly available in the eco-park. Data collection for renewable energy sources is gathered either from meteorological data (solar irradiation, wind), literature (UTM river flow rate), and interviewing UTM Ecopark's facilities users (feedstock for biogas, electricity demand). Simulation is done by optimizing the renewable energy system by minimizing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) that can fully supply the electricity demand, for two combinations of energy types: 1) PV, wind, hydro (PV-W-H) and 2) PV, wind, hydro, biogas (PV-W-H-B). The PV-W-H represents a zero emission energy system but at a higher LCOE (RM 0.919/kWh), while PV-W-H-B has the lowest LCOE (RM 0.52/kWh) but produces 62 kg CO2e/year. PV-W-H-B configuration's net present cost is RM 130k and PV-W-H's higher at RM 231k. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed plan aims to aid and encourage efficient use of electricity and, as a result, minimize power consumption to the barest minimum. The key feature of the proposed system is the ability to remotely monitor and manage electrical and electronic appliances to reduce peak load to the barest minimum. The plan has both efficiency and accuracy advantages also financial advantages. Analytical Method (Am) is employed to optimize the load consumption of a typical residential building. Dwelling based on accurate data. Smart plugs capture the consumption data because they were created and supplied to work with innovative home products. Based on the modeling findings, the energy consumption expense bill reduces by 24.31 percent to minimize peak load by 32.02 percent. Analytical process, Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and other optimization approaches are all put up against the proposed way (AM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses Jawa-Sumatra interregional electricity system's long-term planning until 2050. The planning is determined based on least-cost optimization in the TIMES model. The model considers a high disparity between electricity demand, power generation infrastructure, and energy resources. Twenty-seven technology power generations and three energy storage technologies competed in this model. The model also reviews the pattern of generating operations and the role of energy storage on an hourly for each region. A Trading scenario was applied to plan power generation with interconnected transmission between Jawa-Sumatra by HVDC transmission. The results show a power generation portfolio for BAU, and gas-based power plants dominate the trading scenario in Jawa and Sumatra. The trading scenario results from an increase of 70% installed capacity in Sumatra and a decrease of 23% installed capacity in Jawa; an average of 1.96 TWh of electricity is exported every hour to Jawa. The cost of producing electricity in Jawa will decrease from 10.69 cents USD/ kWh to 9.15 cents USD/ kWh and Sumatra from 6.77 cents USD/ kWh to 4.88 cents USD/ kWh. Penetration of renewable energy, especially utility-scale solar PV in Sumatra, will increase 19% and reduce emissions to 322 gCO2/kWh. To export electricity from Sumatera to Jawa required needed 43.6 GW transmission capacity in 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a rule-based energy management (EM) scheme for a hybrid grid-independent microgrid. The microgrid incorporate a wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV) panels, battery (BT) bank and diesel generator (Dgen). The rule-based algorithms had been widely applied in electric vehicle research because they are preferable for real-time EM and are computationally efficient. Based on this motivation, the application of the rule-based algorithm is applied to the design microgrid in this paper. The features EM scheme includes uninterrupted electricity supply to demand, minimize fuel consumption and minimize BT bank degradation. To simulate the microgrid, models for the state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of the BT bank, WT, PV and Dgen is developed. The uninterrupted supply is realized by managing the energy flow of the microgrid energy sources and setting the minimum SOC of the BT bank at 30%. The resiliency of the scheme is validated under fluctuating demand and weather conditions, considering cold, hot and rainy seasons. Simulation results have demonstrated the capability of the rule-based EM scheme in achieving high feasibility and effectiveness despite the intermittent sources and fluctuating demand. Additionally, the proposed EM scheme has significantly minimized CO2 emission from 56.3 tons/year to 4.3 tons/year and the cost of energy from $1.8/kWh to $0.43/kWh. This led to a reduction of the CO2 emission by 92.4% and the COE is minimize by 76.11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolithic construction has now become widespread in our country and around the world. In countries with a cold climate, monolithic construction has a serious drawback – it is the need to ensure the hardening of freshly laid concrete at low and negative temperatures. In Russia, there is a practice of using heating wires to solve this problem. This method of heat treatment has a number of serious drawbacks, which requires the search for new and more efficient organizational and technological solutions for the implementation of heat treatment of elements of a monolithic structure. First of all, this applies to monolithic floors with large dimensions, which makes it difficult to carry out such processing. As preliminary experimental studies have shown, a very promising solution to this problem is the use of electric heating of concrete by induction method with currents of increased frequency of 10-20 kHz. Methods of solving the problem are considered. The article presents a variant of the application of this method of electrothermal treatment of concrete mix after laying in the formwork. The basic relations describing the electrothermal effect of the variable electromagnetic field of the inductor on the concrete mixture are obtained. A map of technological operations has been developed to describe the organization of the technological process of manufacturing a monolithic floor with the use of electric thermal treatment by induction method. It is shown that, in contrast to the case of using electric thermal treatment with heating wires, the use of the induction method allows you to start electric thermal treatment as soon as the next part of the concrete mixture is delivered, unloaded and laid, without waiting for the concrete mixture to be laid within the entire gripper. The resulting graph of changes in the time of electric power consumption indicates a more uniform load of power supply networks and a decrease in the maximum power consumption. The results presented in the article give grounds to conclude that the electrothermal treatment of a concrete mixture of monolithic floors by induction method has undoubted organizational and technological advantages compared with the use of heating wires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comparative analysis of the consumption of fuel and energy resources in the construction of large-panel residential buildings of different storeys, as well as proposed tools for calculating emissions of harmful substances from the operation of machines, mechanisms and facilities for the production of electricity consumed (thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, etc.). The structure of energy costs is determined by the energy consumers of the construction site, which were divided into two main groups: machines and mechanisms, infrastructure of the construction site. The main costs of energy resources fall on liquid fuel and electricity, as a result of the use and production of which various harmful chemicals are released that pollute the biosphere. The proposed tools for determining the amount of emissions of harmful substances will allow at the design stage of construction to choose the most eco-energy construction options and reduce the negative impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is evident that photovoltaic installations are becoming more and more widespread globally, demand for them in the Russian market remains low. Considering recent changes in the legal framework, which are beneficial for households with renewable energy, it is crucial to evaluate photovoltaic installation's economic feasibility for the Russian context, which is evaluated in this article. First, the authors created an hourly electricity consumption profile for a typical Russian multifamily house. Then a PV installation was designed and scaled to reach annual net-zero balance and net-zero balance in July for different ways of installing PV modules. After that, a monthly energy balance, considering underproduction and overproduction of electrical energy, was calculated. Finally the costs of PV electricity were calculated including purchased equipment, costs for installation as well as cost for buying electricity not covered by the PV modules and sold electricity during hours of overproduction. The economical evaluation was performed assuming a 30 year lifetime for the PV installation. It is concluded in this paper that PV installations can be profitable in the Russian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]