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The aim of this paper is to present digital twin development of flexible assembly stations (FAS) and discuss it implementation and describe a real application. The FAS-200 of company system proposes training near to the industrial reality, including a real assembly process and digital twin technologies. This system configuration has five phases and cells as follow for: assembly, handling, quality classification, transfer and storage. It is a modular one, flexible equipment and in close to the automation reality. The main goal of this paper was to create a digital twin of two stations: lid classification station and lid rejecting and transferring station. The first item to attend was the creation of the three-dimensional model of the mechanical components, for what AutoSim (SMC) was used. The second-virtual system works like a physical system when it is connected to the PLC program. Finally, there are obtained good results of digital twin implementation with two of the real stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas turbines are essential devices used in nearly all fields, especially power generation. However, they are monitored without a man on duty in most cases. With technological advancement, the gas turbines can now be monitored remotely with the help of digital twin technology. However, an interface is required so that the monitoring process can be performed easily and is suitable for the various user backgrounds. The paper introduces a Graphical User Interface (GUI) using the 'Appdesigner' feature in MATLAB software to simulate the actual scenario or environment of monitoring the gas turbine for the digital twin application. The GUI is designed in an aspect that it can obtain input from an excel file or the existing data in MATLAB. The methodology consists of two steps which include design view and code view. The GUI application allows the user to load the input data, display the values and plot several output parameters such as fuel flow, turbine temperature, power, and speed. The output values are generated through Simulink, a solver used for modeling and simulating dynamic systems in MATLAB. The model is made compact and user-friendly by masking all the subsystems. The results displayed on the GUI were compared with the outputs from Simulink for validation. It shows that the call function on the interface works well and is accurate as the plot obtained was identical. The future scope of this study is that tripping predictions can also be performed for gas turbines by using this model in digital twin applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been several breakthroughs in new generation technologies such as edge computing, machine learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) which have broad applications in the smart grid. The smart grids are power networks that use modern monitoring, control, and communication technologies to deliver a dependable and secure power supply to consumers. In order to meet the reliability assurance concerns of complex systems, the digital twin technology, a hot topic in electrical and computer engineering, has been incorporated into the intelligent solution of the power grid system. It is hard to map the complicated system fully due to the lack of an operational application architectural model. Designers in the traditional method utilize computer-aided designs and tools to develop and forecast the life cycle as well as execute different physical testing processes. They optimize the design to enhance performance while lowering design costs. This paper elucidates the key concept of such virtual and digital systems concerning the smart grid. Moreover, the capabilities and applications of digital twinning are discussed in the paper. The paper also goes through the security concerns of implementing and the methodologies to tackle this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the trend of continuous digitalization of the modern world, which is certainly due to the undeniable effective work with virtual productions that allow you to train personnel, or to predict the flow of the technological process. To achieve these goals, taking into account the development of process automation tools, modern computer technologies are being introduced using predictive neural networks. In addition, there is a constant combination of new digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things, not only in everyday life, but also in industry. This is all a consequence of the transition of the old QMS to a newer CMC, which requires more modern approaches for conducting technological processes and monitoring the quality of the products received throughout the production cycle. One of such approaches is the creation of digital twins (DT) of products and production. In addition, the processes occurring in a number of hydrocarbon production devices (electrolyzers, crystallizers, distillation columns, separators) are quite complex and insufficiently studied. This creates certain difficulties in the calculation of processes, their mathematical modeling and optimization. The tasks are complicated by the non-stationarity, nonlinearity, and multidimensionality of the processes occurring in the objects, with their low informativeness. Based on all of the above, it is easy to note that such productions are dangerous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the prerequisites for the creation, technical solutions and implementation of an automated control system for the assembly of a small spacecraft. Both the hardware and software implementation of the system that provides control and logging of the assembly process of individual units at various workplaces are analyzed. The article presents solutions to reduce the requirements for equipment used to control the assembly technology, in particular, to use cameras with a lower resolution, through the use of special algorithms for the formation and processing of technological marks. A tool is presented that allows you to control the tightening torques of threaded connections and limit the tightening torque according to a given algorithm with wireless control. The developed system provides the functions of not only control, but also logging of the technological process, which can be useful in the future when creating a digital twin of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the industry of construction, architecture and engineering adopts the digital era, value-added sensor network monitoring, simulation, engineering system optimization, and semantic modelling impact the design, construction, and operation of constructed assets. Such information-intensive models not only increase the value chain's effectiveness but further reduce the effects on the life-cycle of buildings. The industry as a whole has a number of problems that stem from the use of outdated methods, such as pollution and wasteful energy consumption. The aim of this research is to evaluate the significance of automation in the building trade by utilising several cutting-edge technologies. The paper examines the various applications of BIM in construction industry and identifies its limitations and prerequisites, laying the groundwork for ideas like the Construction Digital Twin, automation in the construction sector, and the integration of AI with IoT. Then, an outline of this notion is provided in terms of the underlying issues of BIM, identification of the potential to integrate automation in construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article dwells upon analysis and collation of scientific-technical information for research of atmospheric boundary layer's (ABL) digital twin in the surroundings of wind farms. Factors affecting ABL's structure formation and approaches to modelling these factors were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, managing buildings and ensuring the safety of occupants has become increasingly challenging. To tackle these challenges, the concept of digital twins has emerged as a promising solution. This literature review explores the use of digital twins in building management during the pandemic. By analyzing previous studies, scientific research, and technical reports, we have identified key findings. Digital twins have proven effective in predicting and assessing airborne transmission risks in public buildings. Through simulating the internal environment, building operators can proactively optimize airflow, ventilation, humidity levels, and implement social distancing measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The results emphasize the crucial role of digital twins in predicting and assessing airborne transmission risks, enabling proactive measures to mitigate virus transmission. Furthermore, digital twins support safer management practices by monitoring passenger information and behavior, predicting infections, and preventing future issues in crowded spaces. The conclusions underscore the importance of embracing digitization concepts and digital twins in the architecture sector to create safe, healthy, and intelligent buildings that can diagnose problems and offer effective solutions. The study recommends further research and development in the field of digital twins to fully harness their potential to address current and future challenges in building management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses hardware-based methods for monitoring the operational parameters of marine diesel engines and online mathematical modeling techniques (digital twins) for calculating the emissions of CO2, NOx, soot, and other harmful pollutants. It is demonstrated that measuring and analyzing the engine's vibrational diagrams in parallel with gas pressure diagrams in the cylinders allows the evaluation of the actual fuel injection and gas distribution timings. The obtained data is used to refine the mathematical model of the engine's working process, which determines the engine's indicator parameters and power, as well as the emission of harmful substances that need to be monitored in compliance with current IMO requirements. The authors have accumulated experience in using the discussed hardware-based methods for diagnosing marine engines during operation. The discussed hardware and software methods are used in the educational process at the engineering faculty of the marine university, as they provide a detailed analysis of the main components of the engine's working process: the combustion process in the cylinder, the fuel injection process, and the gas distribution process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Twin infrastructure is an evolving phenomenon that has become the center of focus for industries and in more current institutions. The advances in industry 4.0 technologies have encouraged its development, especially in the automotive industry. The Digital Twin is characterized widely but is typically characterized as the flawless insight between a virtual and physical environment in any way. An analysis of literature relevant to Digital Twins is conducted, providing a declarative overview of previous research. Experts and contributors to technology are still not aware of which technologies and tools should be used. The challenges, implementations, and technology architecture for Digital Twins are presented. The paper includes an overview of the technological solutions, challenges and open Research for Digital Twins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies in the manufacturing industry are facing the challenges of both reducing energy costs as well as driving decarbonization. As a result, energy efficiency optimization of factory operations is gaining importance. Due to their high share in the energy consumption of a factory, industrial supply technology is of interest for these optimizations. Particularly cooling systems used in factories often offer considerable potential for energy efficiency improvements, some of which can be realized through optimized control strategies. Optimization based on control technology in particular requires a high level of energy consumption transparency in order to identify potentials and measure efficiency improvements. However, industrial supply systems are often complex and interconnected facilities composed of a combination of various individual assets. Consequently, the energy efficiency monitoring and analysis of such systems typically require a high manual effort. To reduce this effort, we propose the development of a modular system model which decomposes complex, interconnected energy systems to individual, recurring assets. The system model consists of a standardized data exchange format, a standardization of structural and behavioral models in the form of a model library for industrial supply systems at different hierarchy levels, and a standardized interface for using the data model on a target platform such as an energy management software. The data model of the data exchange format maps data points such as the control and media interfaces as well as energy performance indicators of the individual assets in a standardized and consistent way. Similar to the concept of digital twins, the knowledge of manufacturers and operators about the system is to be seamlessly combined and utilized. By connecting the interfaces of the individual asset models, an aggregate structural model of a factory supply system is built. The aggregate structural model enables the calculation of consistent and comparative energy performance indicators at equipment and system level. In this way, the implementation of energy efficiency monitoring and the assessment of energy efficiency potentials and improvements is facilitated. The system model concept is demonstrated using an industrial cooling system comprising individual assets such as a cooling tower, a chiller and pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the requirements and leading aspects to be considered in the design of virtual labs for engineering courses. We propose a framework to meet the requirements of virtual lab activities, integrating didactic and research purposes with the Digital Twin as enabling technology. The framework is the result of the analysis of the technical aspects of using immersive technologies as Extended Reality, together with the experiences collected from interviews and pilot testing in workshops with students, teachers, and lab managers of three institutions implementing the virtual lab concept. The results of this study are part of the Erasmus+ Virtual Labs for Digital Engineering Education (VirLaDEE) project, developing interconnected digital twins of physical engineering labs for quality and inclusive engineering education through state-of-the-art virtual technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of a digital twin on the example of a production line for the assembly of small spacecraft is considered in the article. The case of using digital twins for planning, controlling and maintaining the life cycle of production equipment presented in the article is of interest in the perspective of the active introduction of robotics into technological processes. In order to control the digital twin, proprietary software is used that provides not only visualization, but also collision control and geometry accuracy. The software platform is able to combine both several robots from different manufacturers, as well as equipment of its own production using a universal communication protocol. The use of a digital twin in a system of several robots allows one to design more versatile workplaces and assembly lines and adjust their workload depending on the range and the required quantity of manufactured products. The requirements for the functionality of the digital twin, technical aspects of implementation, including hardware and software, further possibilities for expanding the functionality and development of the proposed platform are analyzed in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Industry 4.0 concept, all business and technological processes are associated with the continuous collection and processing of large amounts of data. The data obtained in the course of collecting and analyzing the information obtained allows the creation of digital twins, which can be considered within the framework of the concept of information redundancy. The use of redundant information to ensure technical safety in critical infrastructure facilities is discussed. The issues of building multilevel risk management systems for distributed objects are considered. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed approach is based on the example of modeling the decision-making process during evacuation from infrastructure facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a method of technological justification for obtaining digital twins of the processes of energy supply for transportation work at railway ranges. The methodology is based on the principle of system analysis of business processes implemented in the course of the transportation process and methods of complex identification of the relationship between the actual values of indicators. As indicators of train work, the following was considered: cargo loading, freight turnover, sectional speed, and electric locomotive performance. As indicators of energy efficiency, indicators of the power supply economy the following was considered: power consumption, specific power consumption, power losses. The methodology provides for a number of successive stages of assessing the level of the relationship between indicators. When identifying indicators, methods of statistical data processing, regression and cluster analysis were used. A database of monthly actual values of production business processes for a long period from 2007 to 2018 was used. An example of a multifactorial model for estimating and predicting the consumption of electric energy spent on train traction and forecasting results with an error of 1.5 % is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operation and repair of locomotives is characterized by indicators that assess the quality of the repair and maintenance work performed. The article considers a new indicator that characterizes the quality of work of locomotive repair enterprises of service companies. The components of the equation are investigated and the procedure for calculating the coefficient of technical readiness is analyzed. It has been established that there is a time that is taken into account separately for the responsibility of the repair and maintenance company and is Administrative costs. In order to obtain a tool to increase the time spent by locomotives in working condition, it is offered to use simulation dynamic models. The main stages and results of constructing a simulation model of a typical technical inspection point for locomotives are considered. Dependent events were identified and the degree of influence was assessed. The conclusions are drawn that the current version of the simulation dynamic model can be considered a digital twin, because it is a digital copy of the existing physical process for loading the production section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conception of digitalization of railway transport and implementation of digital technologies provides the creation of "Digital railway" on the basis of "Digital twin" including a car "Digital twin" which organizes a range of informational and organizational activities aimed at the calculation of the current technical condition of a real car during its exploitation period; the reduce of expenses of a car life cycle; the increase of parts reliability (prolongation of an overhaul life); the reduce of the maintenance expenses; the creation of the system of freight cars service during their life cycle. To calculate the machinery economical effectiveness there is an indicator – life cycle cost (LCC) which includes both one-time expenses and the expenses which accompany it during the whole exploitation period. The calculation of a car LCC can be conducted at any period of its life cycle. LCC cost reduce can be achieved only due to the expenses reduce for the scheduled repair work (the reduce of their number) and keeping a car in the technically appropriate condition during its maintenance. To obtain the aim it is necessary to increase the life cycle of the parts using new durable materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital twins for smart city. In this work we propose a traffic monitoring and management system that will enable traffic engineers to study the city center traffic congestion and take fast and correct decisions about adaptations of the road network, to successfully relieve a traffic congestion. The designed digital twin consists of three tiers that deal with the sensory of the physical world, the processing of the raw data to provide valuable information, and the visualization of sensed data and the extracted information through real-time animated simulations. The designed system represents traffic volume, rules and regulations, and drivers' choices. The designed Digital Twin gives the ability to the traffic engineers to simulate virtual traffic scenarios and evaluate possible solutions that will eventually be forwarded to the physical world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing demand in Japan for efficient knowledge and technology transfer from veteran workers to younger workers and for improved productivity against the backdrop of labor shortages and aging populations in the nursing care and manufacturing industries. Conventional digital twin systems have focused on sensor data, and have been working to improve operational efficiency in digital space based on the collected sensor data. Therefore, we propose the concept of a Human Centric Digital Twin that captures human awareness and context in cyberspace, and utilizes human awareness and thought by machine sensors and human sensors. This knowledge generated by humans themselves contains a lot of contexts, which is difficult to incorporate in conventional DX methods. In many cases, the knowledge that workers in the field have is context-dependent and dynamic, unlike the formal knowledge described in manuals. Therefore, the cost of converting "Gen-Ba Knowledge" into formal knowledge as it is high, and has prevented its utilization. We have developed "kNowledge eXplication AugmenteR (kNeXaR)" and "Smart Voice Messaging System (SVMS)" as methods and tools to support structuring human awareness and thoughts. kNeXaR is a knowledge structuring method and tool for procedurally describing dynamic knowledge such as tasks in a goal-oriented manner while maintaining human readability and machine readability. SVMS is able to collect onsite knowledge in the form of spoken words, which is difficult to collect in the past. Using a smartphone, workers in the field can voice record what they notice and think about while working. In many cases, the messages obtained during the work are recorded with the purpose of the work, the content of the work, what they thought about what they observed in light of their own experience, and unusual situations. In this paper, while introducing the respective functions of kNeXaR and SVMS, we introduce the concept of implementing the Human Centric Digital Twin, which is a structured knowledge component based on messages from SVMS that collects work and observations in the field. We propose a method to dynamically create "Structured Knowledge Snippets", which are parts of structured knowledge, based on messages from SVMS, and to construct structured knowledge in a workshop using kNeXaR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of Industry 4.0, human resources are an indispensable part of the production process, so the human-machine relationship in intelligent production is a very important theme. Based on the classical theory of digital twin and ergonomics, this paper discusses the expansion and internal relationship of ergonomics theory under the digital twin system and puts forward a concept of human-machine interaction under the digital twin system(HMDT). According to the concept of HMDT, a universal digital twin system framework with the controller as the core is established and its parts are introduced. Finally, this paper tries to apply the digital twin system to industrial robots. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the human-machine interaction relationship in intelligent production and expect to propose a practical application to provide a reference for related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A digital twin is a representation of a physical object, process, structure, or equipment in virtual space. Bridging the real and digital worlds is one of Industry 4.0's challenges, but a digital doppelganger can help. Topological optimization, performance prediction over the life cycle, condition monitoring, and closed loop feedback with adaptive control are some common use cases for digital twins. In this study, a digital twin of a 5 Degree of Freedom industrial robot manipulator is created by replicating a miniaturized additively manufactured version that can accurately forecast its future performance. The arm's condition can also be monitored by integrating the Internet of Things with a cluster of sensors like accelerometer and rotary encoders, the Robotic Operating System (ROS), and MATLAB. With MATLAB serving as the interface, different control data will be flowing from ROS to Gazebo, Gazebo to Physical Version, and Physical Model to Twin Shadow. The overall architecture of the system has data feeding, manipulation, and the publishing section which makes the individual joint controls. A simple pick and place operation is simulated in this study to visualize the data flow between the physical model and its digital counterpart. The captured physical data from the real system is published in ROS using the digital twin and a control is provided to override the physical system's motion parameters via a remote control. The acquired data of the model is stored to provide a base for understanding the failure mechanism of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitalization of the global transportation and logistics sector, commonly referred to as Transportation Internet, is transforming how businesses and stakeholders in the value chains operate, perform, interact and compete. To meet market demands and regulations, transparency and interoperability are needed, especially in terms of cost, quality, planning, and environmental impact. As freight transportation has a major impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and EU aims to standardizing fuel consumption and emissions calculations at the vehicle level, we developed a cloud-based data hub able to handle a variety of big data streams focused on driving consistent semantics and smooth data flow, sharing and governance, in order to become a valuable tool for the decarbonization challenge. Fuel consumption and emissions are correlated to vehicle and driver activities providing thus accurate insights from global statistics overview to pallet-level detailed tracking and control, as well as for improving and optimizing fleet operations and maintenance. Our approach combines domain-specific experience and tools with widely accepting standards from the transportation sector and the Global Logistics Emissions Council (GLEC) framework as well as with state-of-the-art technologies of telematics platforms, used to enrich the quality and level of confidence of the acquired data, such as digital twins modeling, machine learning, NoSQL databases, elastic cloud services, business intelligence platforms, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the geotectonic aspects of the Far East region territory, which must be taken into account at the stage of designing and operating gas pipelines. It is shown that there are tectonic movements of the soil as a result of frost heaving, changes in the level of groundwater and other reasons. As a result of the studies performed, it has been shown that trouble-free operation of the main pipeline is possible in the result of the using an integrated geotechnical monitoring system built on various physical measurement principles. The use of a complex information measuring system based on the analysis of the state of the digital pipe twin is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solar seawater desalination plant with glass-covered compound parabolic (CPC) collectors, flash evaporation chamber and multiple-effect distillation (MED) with 8 stages, operating in Vallur, India, is modeled in the Ebsilon thermodynamic simulation software. Standard equations from literature for solar collectors and for saltwater heat exchangers are selected and implemented as scripts. Model results are a distillate/steam ratio of 7.0 and average temperature steps of 2.8 K between effects. With the simulations it has been possible to identify performance-relevant deviations of the mass flow in solar field loops and in a saltwater preheater during the trial operation period. It is shown that the implementation of current state-of-the-art equations into the proven modeling software already including physical properties of saltwater and calculation of solar plants with time series provides a viable basis for a digital twin of the commercial plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The civil engineering domain is going through changes that require the handling of increasingly complex processes. Still, more often, processes can no longer be handled intuitively without explicit description. Even the process description in a textual form very often no longer provides information of sufficient quality to deal with the process. For that reason, the process modeling methods that use graphical notation are more widely used also in the civil engineering domain. Using such process modeling methods brings many advantages. These advantages include that the knowledge of the process is easier to transfer, identified activities of the process can be easier to measure, it is easier to define data that are required or produced by activities, or possible decisions in the process are explicitly shown. The wider use of process modeling methods within the civil engineering domain began with the implementation of building information modeling principles in the civil engineering domain, especially in the AECO industry. The need to design the entire process of collecting, storing, transmitting, and processing BIM data requires to design and describe the entire BIM process. This paper presents an overview of commonly used process modeling methods and their applications in the civil engineering domain. The most commonly used standard for process modeling worldwide is the Business Process Model and Notation and this standard is also commonly used in the civil engineering domain. It can be expected that in connection with the development of the civil engineering domain towards the usage of digital twins and modeling of the built environment, processes will be more complex and will require more sophisticated process modeling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to bring new knowledge from ongoing specific university research. As part of this project, optical data collect locally and historically significant states of the chapel in Horní Nivy were collected using aerial and ground digital photogrammetry. The obtained data are subsequently analyzed for the needs of creating a virtual model. Data are generated from individual photographs as a point cloud. With regard to the parameters of the object, the data are captured partly from the ground using a camera and partly from the air using a camera mounted on a drone. By combining the exterior and interior model and removing unwanted points (noise), a model - a digital twin building - ai develop. The created model serves as a basis for the processing of construction technical and construction historical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital twins are becoming increasingly important in the civil infrastructure sector, as they can help to manage large and complex water networks more effectively. With the population growing and water demand increasing, digital twins can provide a valuable tool for developers and other stakeholders to ensure that infrastructure is designed and managed effectively. This paper reviews the current state of digital twins in the water sector, with a focus on their applications in water networks. It highlights the challenges and limitations of current DT technology and points to future research needs and directions. Several case studies are investigated in this research and compared to present a comprehensive view of the DT technology and its implementation advantages. The results of the literature review are summarized in this paper for the various applications of DTs in the water sector. The absence of data is one of the biggest obstacles to studying the employment of DTs in the water sector. This is because data has been not published by water utilities. However, a number of initiatives, such as the Global Omnium in Spain, Portsmouth Water and Anglian Water in the UK, and Halifax in Canada, are attempting to change this. The results of this research will be used for future work to integrate the digital twin modeling and simulation approaches in all applications in the water sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to bring new knowledge from ongoing specific university research. As part of this project, optical data collect locally and historically significant states of the chapel in Horní Nivy were collected using aerial and ground digital photogrammetry. The obtained data are subsequently analyzed for the needs of creating a virtual model. Data are generated from individual photographs as a point cloud. With regard to the parameters of the object, the data are captured partly from the ground using a camera and partly from the air using a camera mounted on a drone. By combining the exterior and interior model and removing unwanted points (noise), a model - a digital twin building - ai develop. The created model serves as a basis for the processing of construction technical and construction historical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The civil engineering domain is going through changes that require the handling of increasingly complex processes. Still, more often, processes can no longer be handled intuitively without explicit description. Even the process description in a textual form very often no longer provides information of sufficient quality to deal with the process. For that reason, the process modeling methods that use graphical notation are more widely used also in the civil engineering domain. Using such process modeling methods brings many advantages. These advantages include that the knowledge of the process is easier to transfer, identified activities of the process can be easier to measure, it is easier to define data that are required or produced by activities, or possible decisions in the process are explicitly shown. The wider use of process modeling methods within the civil engineering domain began with the implementation of building information modeling principles in the civil engineering domain, especially in the AECO industry. The need to design the entire process of collecting, storing, transmitting, and processing BIM data requires to design and describe the entire BIM process. This paper presents an overview of commonly used process modeling methods and their applications in the civil engineering domain. The most commonly used standard for process modeling worldwide is the Business Process Model and Notation and this standard is also commonly used in the civil engineering domain. It can be expected that in connection with the development of the civil engineering domain towards the usage of digital twins and modeling of the built environment, processes will be more complex and will require more sophisticated process modeling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital twins are becoming increasingly important in the civil infrastructure sector, as they can help to manage large and complex water networks more effectively. With the population growing and water demand increasing, digital twins can provide a valuable tool for developers and other stakeholders to ensure that infrastructure is designed and managed effectively. This paper reviews the current state of digital twins in the water sector, with a focus on their applications in water networks. It highlights the challenges and limitations of current DT technology and points to future research needs and directions. Several case studies are investigated in this research and compared to present a comprehensive view of the DT technology and its implementation advantages. The results of the literature review are summarized in this paper for the various applications of DTs in the water sector. The absence of data is one of the biggest obstacles to studying the employment of DTs in the water sector. This is because data has been not published by water utilities. However, a number of initiatives, such as the Global Omnium in Spain, Portsmouth Water and Anglian Water in the UK, and Halifax in Canada, are attempting to change this. The results of this research will be used for future work to integrate the digital twin modeling and simulation approaches in all applications in the water sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigated the use of digital twin (DT) technologies in the energy industry. It analyzed the available digital twin technology used in the energy industry using the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT) analysis method. The DT serves as the real-time presentation of the actual process or physical object with the Internet of Things (IoT). Typically, fabrication work productivity depends on the process flow and the human behaviors that contribute to delay or non-productive time (NPT)—digital technology to learn the overall process, human behavior, and machinery uptime. Visual learning was established to monitor the operation activity as well as the construction work and to capture the general behaviors of the human such as welding, resting, taking a break or even non-productive work such as break outside break hour, smoking, wrong sequence of the working process and other external interruptions. This study will explore all the available DT technology in the market and its function and capabilities and then identify five (5) DT technology applications that can improve performance in the energy industry. After that, to determine and summarize the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat of all five (5) applications of DT technologies already used in the energy industry using SWOT methodology. The SWOT analysis found that the benefit in terms of Strength and Opportunity is more significant than the threat and weakness of the Digital Twin technology. Then, it is clearly indicated that the DT technology can utilize in many other areas of business in objective to understanding the overall system efficiency and capable of providing information for accurate and precise decision making for the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several years, the digitalization of production systems and the usage of simulation tools have been growing. Digital Twins have become an important tool to improve and to optimize production. In this paper, we present the implementation of a digital twin of an educational production cell will be explained. Combining different simulation tools, the process times are analyzed to find the best possible production sequence. The Digital Twin includes the machine tools, a 6 degree of freedom industrial robot and conveyors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart manufacturing based on Digital Twin has provided solutions for several non-trivial problems such as detecting the time taken for product delivery, fault detection in materials, machines, delivery and many more real time problems. One of the most challenging problems is to identify the anomaly or fault in machines and materials, though identifying the faults is a tedious task once the fault or anomaly is identified. To detect the anomaly real-time and identifyor reason out the root cause behind the fault novel digital twin architecture comprising of several novel modules is proposed; improving the productivityof the outcome from manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type-IV pressure vessels are increasingly being applied for hydrogen storage purposes in mobile and stationary applications. Due to manufacturing defects in the wet filament winding process these pressure vessels currently have to be oversized beyond the legal safety factor of 2.25, which requires high avoidable costs. With the aim of reducing the costs and weight of type-IV pressure vessels, the Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) is developing a quality assurance system with location-resolved data visualisation in the form of a digital twin of pressure vessels, whereby process-induced defects can be detected. Against this background, this publication shows insights into the change of defects in the form of gaps and overlaps between neighbouring fibre bands after the curing process and quantifies their influence on the mechanical properties of ring test specimens. The extent of the defect is determined during the process by using the authors' optical measuring systems. Afterwards, the effect of defects on the tensile strength is analysed by using the split-disc-test-method. It is shown that all intentionally introduced defects can no longer be clearly distinguished by means of microscopical analysis from the rest of the laminate after the curing process. In the mechanical tests, the effect of gaps and overlaps on the tensile strength of ring test specimens varies in terms of direction and extend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The One of the important methods used in the design of rocketry is statistical modeling. An innovative approach to the study of the results of statistical modeling using wavelet analysis made it possible to analyze thousands of virtual launches of a projected rocket in an unusually efficient way to test its control system. This paper considers the question: is it possible to use statistical modeling and a powerful mathematical apparatus to analyze its results at other stages of the life cycle of rocket technology and what can this give? The solution should obviously be sought on the basis of modern concepts of computer support for the life cycle of missile technology and, first of all, this refers to the concept of digital twins. If for such stages of the life cycle as design and testing, the use of statistical modeling and tools for its analysis does not raise questions, then in the task of using missile technology, for example, for coastal defense, the need for statistical modeling does not seem so obvious. It is common practice to simulate the most likely scenarios, which leaves a lot of room for all sorts of accidents that may arise in a real combat situation. The use of statistical modeling will allow early identification of such threats or opportunities, which will provide a higher level of preparedness to repel an attack. Obviously, the more accurate models of digital twins of both offensive weapons and missile technology used for defense we have, the more reliable the result will be. However, statistical modeling does not require all the information about the digital twin, in particular, the visual one. Therefore, it will be important to outline those sets of data on digital twins that are necessary for statistical modeling at the stages of design, testing and application of rocket technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the organizational and methodological aspects of digital transformation of business processes in science-intensive industries for the case of the space industry. We reveal the role of digital models imitating various elements of manufacturing systems in making changes in the activities of industrial enterprises. We consider the principles of building digital twins of manufacturing companies based on analytical and simulation modeling, including discrete-event modeling, system dynamics, and agent-based modeling. Also, we show how the digital twin of a factory can be used for the digital transformation of business processes using an automated control system. Finally, we propose approaches to selecting the best arrangements of business processes to improve the efficiency of the operating science-intensive enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, development of diagnostic systems and digital twins is a promising direction in terms of Digital Railway development program of JSC "Russian Railways". In connection with providing the possibility rolling stock remote under all major assemblies, we can avoid motion safety-related accidents, and prevent coming-off. Development of diagnostic systems or just the use of advanced monitoring for diagnostics of any objects, even more, as complicated as modern electric multiple units, requires not only the skill of measuring and presenting the measurement results; the solution of this task requires deep knowledge of the object design, its integral properties and properties of individual assemblies and parts, nature of processes, operation and repair experience. Research Information and Analysis Center of JSC "All-Russian Institute of Railway Transport" has the experience in the field of diagnostic systems manufacture (АСКРСПС, БУК, ПАУК), that will be applied for developing the concept of methods of electric multiple units technical state control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the application of the technology of the digital twin of the person to solve the problem of tasks distribution of in modern production. The person is a cyber-physical system; therefore, it is possible to create his digital twin with characteristics and properties that are important for us. From the point of view of modern production, a person is a production resource that has certain characteristics and is capable of performing certain work. The task of the planner in production is to optimally distribute tasks among production resources whether is a robot or a person. It is necessary to take into account not only the cost of work, but also other important parameters, such as the probability of error, injury, etc. The complexity is also added by the fact that the characteristics of a person are not constant, depend on many factors and change even during the work shift. It is necessary to take into account all these parameters when distributing tasks, as well as to track them in dynamics in order to transfer the work performance to the resource that is optimal for this on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main elements of modern production automation are industrial robotic manipulators, which can significantly increase labor productivity. However, together with the increase in the pace of automation, modern industrial production needs to increase the level of digitalization and the formation of digital twins of individual robotic complexes in order to improve the integral indicators of technological processes. The digital twin of a robotic technological complex includes models of electromechanical blocks of mechatronic modules responsible for the movement of an industrial robot. This paper proposes a special hybrid approach to the synthesis of a control system for the electromechanical block of a mechatronic module, which combines the principles of subordinate regulation and modal control to improve the quality of functioning of the electromechanical subsystems of mechatronic modules. The proposed approach is implemented on the basis of a structural and vector-matrix representation of objects and systems. As an example, a block diagram of a direct current motor with current and speed loops as part of a position loop is considered. In the final section of the work, an example of calculation and evaluation of the functioning of the obtained model of the electromechanical block of the mechatronic module is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane is a climatic pollutant with a lifespan of only 12 years in the atmosphere. Methane makes for 57% of all oil and gas emissions, including vented and fugitive emissions. However, the oil and gas industry is critical to the global economy as well as many individual countries' economies. This study examines new technological innovations in the oil and gas business that are aimed at improving the environment. This technology will play a significant part in lowering pollution and gas emissions in the atmosphere, as well as assisting in maintaining a clean and safe environment. Technological breakthroughs have occurred in all three streams of oil and gas production, namely upstream, midstream, and downstream. The present study discusses about methods to reduce methane emissions from refineries using approaches like Methane Monitoring, Internet of Things-based monitoring etc. In addition, massive emissions from refinery can be decreased with Digital Twins. Drilling and extraction also produce a significant amount of pollutants, which can be reduced using the techniques outlined in this paper. The study discusses about crude transportation, which is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in the environment. Finally, case studies are presented that highlights the problems encountered in Indian basins and refineries, as well as how the solutions outlined above might be implemented in India to address these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the problem of extending the lifetime of wireless sensor network (WSN), which depends on the operation time of the power supply source embedded into the sensor node. The approaches to the energy conservation of the sensor node power supply source discussed in the Russian-language literature and their shortcomings are considered. It is proposed to use the system of recharging or replacing batteries of WSN sensor nodes with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). UAV with recharging signal transmitters allow covering all sensor nodes located at some distance one from another on terrains with any kind of accessibility. The servicing sequence of the sensor nodes is selected in the frameworks of "digital twins" concept. A digital model of the network power supply is used as the digital twin. The servicing process is optimized using the digital model, periodically entering the current parameters of the network status into it. The main parameters are described and main correlations determining the indicated parameters of the network digital model are introduced. The algorithm of recharging or replacing batteries of network nodes of the wireless sensor network using unmanned aerial vehicles is demonstrated and the result of its software implementation for the wireless sensor network with five sensor nodes and one servicing UAV is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of this research aims to highlight the analysis of the virtualization prerequisites in terms of the non-destructive testing training. The peculiarities of radiation control (RC), which significantly affect the organization of practical classes and the profitability of personnel training, are given. The main requirements for specialists in the course of practical training are listed. Methods of processing and visualizing information about the structure of dense three-dimensional bodies are considered and a simplified task-specified alternative is proposed. The results of the research underline the principle of image construction and processing through the use of digital twins of testing samples. This allows the user to get an image that is similar to shooting results of real metal samples in terms of training purposes. In order to deliver a more effective methodology, the main physical principles are taken into account for digital models of radiographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital twin is one of the approaches to transform classical and traditional manufacturing to smart manufacturing and Industry Revolution 4.0, which received much attention in the manufacturing domain. Digital twin in manufacturing offers many advantages and solutions include close-loop feedback system, continuous real-time monitoring, or data acquisition through establishing a cyber-physical integration. The low cost and flexibility implementation of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) enable the technology to become one of the most versatile tools and essential equipment for the automation industry today. However, PLC itself may not be suitable for real-time monitoring and control due to the characteristic of ladder diagram and normally it requires to work with extra devices to achieve the mentioned performance. The main objective of this paper is to develop a Graphic User Interface (GUI) as the cyber entity for real-monitoring and controlling towards the manufacturing process. The interaction between physical sensors, ladder diagram and GUI established cyber-physical integration system and provide engineers a real-time friendly approach to monitor and control the production. The ladder diagram and GUI control system are established by using CX-ONE (CX-Programmer and CX-Designer) together with OMRON PLC CP1L-E model training kits to prototyping the manufacturing cell. The result showed that the GUI allow operator to monitor as well as to control the real-time production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the initial version of an energy domain ontology intended to consistently describe active heating and electric distribution grids in the Industry 4.0 and energy transition context. The ontology applies as a semantic basis for digital twins of grid segments to reduce costs of integrating numerous disparate models that comprise the twin. Therefore, our ontology, unlike many others, is tailored for the convenience of modeling grid operation and management processes in all parts and aspects. Yet, top-level ontology concepts are made compatible with semantic models and ontologies existing in the energy domain, such as Common Information Model (CIM), Smart Appliances REFerence (SAREF), Domain Analysis-Based Global Energy Ontology (DABGEO). The taxonomy of processes to be twinned occupies a central place in our ontology. Taxonomies of other top-level concepts relate to them: events trigger processes, actors initiate processes and participate in them, equipment and other resources are used/affected, and models formally represent everything. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the approaches to create digital twins (DT) of the equipment when introducing innovative technologies to increase the efficiency, operational reliability and controllability of the electric power systems. The authors propose a 4-stage model of DT creation cycle: concept, development, test operation and implementation. The article provides the examples of the DT usage at the stages mentioned above in the course of the development process of the innovative electric power equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring guaranteed power supply to consumers in isolated and distributed energy systems is achieved either by connecting the system to the electrical grid, by introducing energy storage devices on the generation side or by creating conditions for managing the amount of consumption, also including the use of energy storage devices on the consumer side. The article discusses several ways to increase the reliability of power supply when using installations based on renewable energy sources (RES) to power consumers in a hybrid energy complex. The mathematical model and algorithm proposed for optimizing the operation of the hybrid energy complex are implemented in the form of a digital twin, taking into account the influence of numerous factors, such as weather conditions and specific consumer characteristics. The digital twin of the hybrid energy complex was tested through a series of calculations that confirmed its operability and adequacy. The proposed method and the results obtained can be used in solving design tasks to validate the parameters of power supply systems for consumers in isolated and hard-to-reach areas, as well as in nodes of distributed energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper points out a concept for a digital transformation of a shunt compensation control system to reduce underdamped power fluctuations in a high-voltage transmission line after and during transient processes. The authors proposed an algorithm to control a shut reactor, which decreases the time needed to end transient processes in a meshed power grid. The developed model and conducted experiments concluded that the proposed algorithm is highly effective and reduces power fluctuations up to 20%. This algorithm can become an integral part of a digital twin of a real power grid. Its integration can be performed without significant investments, which is one of the main advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, digital twin refers to a digital replica of physical process or systems. We have proposed the digital twin concept of a mother design for twin children (experiment and simulation) with a help of the additive manufacturing technology. Moreover, the digital triplet concept to derive the regressive and well-correlated design on the basis of knowledge and experiences with a help of machine learning and statistics. The paper addresses our developed technologies of powder production, powder metallurgy, three-dimensional modelling, additive manufacturing to expand material variations for broadening the application of additive manufacturing. Devised additive-manufacturing method is devoted for complex structures with scalable measurement and control systems, including wide variety of thermal-hydraulic applications together with computational multi-fluid dynamic simulations in terms of the nuclear safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors consider digital engineering and reengineering technologies for information support of the lifecycle of high- tech products. An integrated and systematic approach was used, the constant change in the conceptual apparatus associated with the lifecycle management system was considered. Examples of formation of models of a digital shipyard, ships and infocommunication platforms are given. It is concluded that development of digital engineering and reengineering allowed us to concentrate efforts to overcome the complexity of a new development and make the bulk of changes at the initial stages of design and development works. There has been a change in the model of R&D financing, there is a concentration of financing in the initial phase of the project. Digital support for the production of each sample of high-tech products makes it possible to form a "digital" one; at the operational stage, digital engineering provides accounting and control of the actual technical characteristics of a real sample and formation of a "digital twin of an operated sample of high-tech products". This ensures the continuity of the transformation of the "digital twin" from "design" at the research stage to "operational" one during operation, which creates opportunities for digital modeling and forecasting of the lifecycle of high-tech products. Introduction of modern technologies for information support of the lifecycle of high-tech products will significantly reduce the time of works and reduce costs for all stages of the product lifecycle, provide effective service, which will undoubtedly increase the competitive advantages of industrial enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the solution to the problem of developing a digital twin of a business process. The apparatus of GERT networks are used to predict the parameters. BPMS ELMA was used as a technological platform for the solution. The prototype allows you to forecast any additive indicator of the business process model - duration, cost, labor intensity. The parameters of the predictive GERT model were updated based on the data of the digital trace of the business process collected in ELMA BPMS databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]