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Recently, support has been provided for the investigation of novel materials derived from discarded candlenut shells, serving as a source for activated carbon. The study aimed to determine the optimal reflux duration using an H3PO4 activator by assessing the properties of the resulting activated carbon. This involved identifying its functional groups and calculating the ideal surface area. The activation process involved refluxing carbon in candlenut shells within a 5% H3PO4 solution for varying durations (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes). The characterization of the activated carbon included assessing its moisture content, ash content, volatile content, fixed carbon content, iodine number, and methylene blue absorption, following the standards set by SNI 06-3730-1995. To determine the best properties of the activated carbon, functional groups were analyzed using FT-IR, and the surface area was determined using the BET method. The optimal reflux time for producing activated carbon was identified as 60 minutes. The characteristics of the highest-quality activated carbon produced were as follows: moisture content 1.04%, ash content 3.42%, volatile content 17.05%, fixed carbon content 79.53%, iodine number 874.94 mg/g, methylene blue absorption 4968.76 mg/L. The activated carbon exhibited various functional groups (C-H, C-O, C-C, C=C, C=O, O-H) and had a surface area of 85.279 m2/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key to animal biodiversity conservation are the local communities that live in and around these sites as their livelihoods depend on the natural resources these sites provide. SSWP (Sub Satuan Wilayah Pembangunan) IV Sidoarjo covers Krian, Balongbendo, Tarik, Prambon, and Wonoayu subdistrict with the main function as technical agricultural, industrial zones supported by the low density of settlement activity. Development in this region which tend not balanced between technical agricultural and industrial activities, it is necessary to study in depth so that rapid industrial development can still pay attention to the environment because there is a trend change in agricultural land use and settlements for industrial activities. Take a look at the projections of potential future threats and potential huge biodiversity in SSWP IV is necessary to do a program with a strategic approach to community support efforts to efficiently manage potential biodiversity. As well as the development and diversification of food security program in the region is an abundant source of food. The purpose of this study was to determine the biodiversity of animals in SSWP IV Sidoarjo and knowing how the knowledge and participation of local communities on biodiversity of animals in the region. The study was conducted in August-September 2016 through direct field surveys for collecting animal biodiversity primary data. It also conducted a structured interview to determine how much knowledge and participation of local communities towards the conservation of biodiversity of animals in SSWP IV Sidoarjo. The results of field studies obtained 28 Aves species, 48 species of Insect, 14 species of Pisces, 4 species of Reptiles, 6 species of Mammals. It was known that there were a bird species with protected status in accordance with UU No. 5 1990 and least concern status in accordance with IUCN. While the results of the interview obtained 63% of 19 respondents did not know about the definition of biodiversity, however, 62% of respondents knew that the conservation of biodiversity is the protection of biodiversity. Based on the results of the study can be recommended to empowering knowledge and participation of local communities and suggest that a scheme of stakeholderled no-take zones may be an effective strategy conservation for animal biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]