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This manuscript explores the impact of calcined attapulgite cold-bonded lightweight aggregates (CATLWAs) on the long-term strength, electrical resistivity, and freeze-thaw properties of concrete blends containing fly ash (FA) and microsilica (MS). Beginning with the transformation of attapulgite rocks into a pozzolanic material through crushing, grinding, and calcination. 20% Portland cement (PC) with 80% calcined attapulgite (CAT) mixture was pelletized into CATLWAs via a cold bonding process. Twelve distinct concrete mixtures were created, incorporating CATLWAs by replacing conventional aggregates up to 100%. Varying percentages of PC, MS, and FA were also explored in the cementitious blends. The study spanned examining long term-strength up to 360 days, as well as electrical resistivity, and freeze-thaw performance. The results revealed a 32.8% reduction in strength and a 54% decrease in resistivity when fine and coarse CATLWAs were introduced, compared to the control mix. However, the incorporation of CATLWAs in concrete significantly improved its freeze-thaw resistance, outperforming traditional aggregates. All the concretes have a durability factor ranging from 89-92%, demonstrating complete resistance to freeze-thaw cycles. This research underscores the potential benefits of lightweight aggregates in enhancing concrete durability, especially in challenging freeze-thaw conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lateral cyclic behavior of composite concrete and double-skin steel tube columns was used as an experimental study in this paper. Six section columns three of them were square sections which had a side length of (100) mm from the outside, an inner side length of (50) mm and the other were circular which had a diameter of (115) mm from the outside, an inner diameter of (61) mm, all specimens have a length (800) mm, with high-strength concrete about 60 MPa were subjected to lateral cyclic loading. Different parameters, including the axial force level and tube shape, were discussed. The dynamic responses, including failure modes, the histories of lateral deflection–displacement, and the histories of cyclic force with time, were investigated. The effect of lateral force resistance of composite columns with an applied axial force of approximately 70 kN can be compared with an applied axial force of about 40 kN and those without any axial force the result of this comparison in circular sections is,12.96%,19.35%, and 5.65% respectively and for square is 6.64%,16.63%, and 9.36% consecutively. The experimental study also compared the effect of the shape to resist the lateral load. The test results prove that the circular sections resisted the effect of the lateral load with 12.55 %, 6.25%, and 10% respectively more than the resistance of specimens with a square section under the same conditions of projecting Axial loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research project aims to investigate composite castellated beams, a lightweight structural element with advantages such as lightweight construction, simplified assembly process, optimal material utilization, and robust structural integrity. The production process involves engraving a distinctive zigzag pattern into solid I-beams and reconnection through welding procedures, resulting in a substantial increase in the vertical dimension of the structural elements. The study focuses on the influence of various aperture shapes (circular, square, and hexagonal) and shear stud spacing on the overall performance of the beams. The researchers use finite element analysis using Abaqus software to assess the structural responses of six distinct beam models. The Von Mises criterion is used to evaluate the performance of beams under external loads, facilitating the estimation of loads at which failure may occur. The relationship of the experimental works and numerical applications is aimed to demonstrate the detailed analysis of the corresponding behavior of the solid composite castellated beams. Statistical analysis presented in drawing the following results, the numerical model possesses a high accuracy in estimating the ultimate load, ultimate deflection, and the slip as the cracking load and the ultimate load of beams made of the composites are reached. Nevertheless, some cases are reported of the disparity crossing the level of threshold by more than 10% due to the properties of the materials used, the dimensions of the mesh laid and the complex boundary conditions implemented. The study will entail impact measurement of load, deflection, and displacement of these factors. The test will be conducted on several different beam samples. The percentage errors calculated are a representation of the deviation of the actual experimental outcome and the corresponding numerical value with percentage deviations ranging between -5.79% and +8.85% The paper highlights that the assessment of composite study is always crucial and therefore this study also considers the effect which slab slippage has on steel beam flexural stiffness. This article, as a result, has a huge contribution to the gaining of knowledge of the structural behavior of beams with composite cross- sections and shells and offers practical recommendations for their design and analysis solutions in practical cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of pure TiO2 and Ag/TiO2 nanostructures (NSs) was accomplished by the use of a solvothermal approach in an environment that was both gentle and conducive to efficient development, with a low temperature of 120 °C and a relatively short reaction time of 2-4 hours. Analyzed were the samples using a variety of characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. For the anatase or rutile phases of TiO2 to develop, the XRD data show that pH fluctuation between 5 and 10 possesses a critical role. In the Ag/TiO2 NSs samples, XRD measurements verified the existence of Ag NPs. The FESEM images demonstrated that the morphology of TiO2 NSs transformed from rather homogeneous nanoparticles to cauliflower-like formations as a result of changes in nutrient pH and growing period. The energy gap value shifted from 3.38 to 3.5 eV in the Ag/TiO2 NSs, according to the UV-Vis spectra. Several gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms were examined for the antibacterial efficacy of the TiO2 and Ag/TiO2 NSs. With inhibition zones ranging from 0 to 12 mm depending on bacterium type, the results demonstrated that Ag/TiO2 NSs exhibited enhanced antibacterial efficacy against both strains. In addition, gram-positive bacteria were more effectively targeted by the Ag/TiO2 NSs than gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the study concludes that Ag/TiO2 NSs have greater potential as antibacterial agents compared to pure TiO2 NSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cold extrusion procedure for a 13 mm solid rod of aluminum alloy AA 2024 T3 was carried out in this study, employing three molds to generate rods of different diameters (12, 11, and 10 mm), and three passes. Before and after the extrusion process, XRD inspection, microstructure, hardness, and wear tests were evaluated. The adhesion wear specification was investigated using the equipment type a pin on disk was utilized to conduct the wear test with various parameters: sliding times of (5-15 min), applied loads of (0.5 to 2 kg) and sliding distances of (8.6, 12.5 and 16.4 cm) under dry conditions. The results reveal that as the number of extrusion passes increases, the strain hardening increases. Also, as the number of passes increases, the wear rate lowers because of an increase in plastic deformations caused by extrusion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the precipitation phases (AlCu and Al2Cu) that contributed to improving the wear resistance. The results demonstrate that three passes have a higher hardness and wear resistance than the other passes, which impacts wear response. The extrusion procedure aided in decreasing the wear rate. The best wear resistance result was achieved after three extrusion passes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To As an effort to overcome traffic jams in the city of Bogor, the Bogor City Government together with the Ministry of BUMN is planning to build Bogor Inner City Tram so that it can connect connectivity between other modes of transportation. One of them can be connected to the Electric Rail Train (KRL) at the Bogor KRL Station. However, this also has the potential to create new problems caused by the increasing volume of prospective passengers. This study aims to analyze the modeling of movement plans and pedestrian facilities at the Bogor KRL Station as a result of the Bogor Tram Construction and find the best solution to improve service levels. Researchers use the PTV Vissim software application to facilitate model creation in the direction of research. So that the results become validation to compare the actual conditions in the field with the results of the model that has been made. So that the level of service for Pedestrians will become the reference standard for determining eligibility. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the LOS due to the Bogor Tram ranges from LOS A to LOS C which shows that it is still feasible even though there are few obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe and economical traffic is one of the important functions of flexible pavement, and with the continuity of traffic, and with the presence of failure caused represented by temperature, asphalt mixture properties, and the quality of the subgrade, permanent deformation (rutting) occurs. Rutting is longitudinal depression in the track of the tires, which causes many traffic problems. The research shows the definition of rutting, its causes and types, knowledge of the characteristics that need to be studied, the necessary laboratory experiments to avoid failure, And simulation methods to take advantage of the pavement design and reduce the time and effort to study this failure, as there is finite element method using simulation programs such as Abaqus to predict the occurrence of rutting according to the pavement characteristics. It aims to find the properties of the subgrade soil in easier ways and using equations based on previous scientific research by the dynamic cone penetration test, where it is easy to find the values of the California bearing ratio, elastic modulus, and density without resorting to laboratory tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a low-cost D-shape optical fiber sensor was fabricated using a multi-mode optical fiber, which means that light can pass through it in several different paths. A D-shape optical fiber sensor based on intensity modulation was used to show how well it can detect the concentration of a substance by measuring its refractive index. The D-shaped fiber sensor is a particular type of optical fiber polished on one side to remove the outer layer. The sensor has different lengths, and the polishing can be done at different depths. Experimental results confirm that this sensor is expected to be helpful in materials with low refractive index (RI) and tiny amounts of those materials. So, the best D-shape fiber sensor was used to find the smallest part of sodium chloride (NaCl) in a liquid with a low refractive index, and it was found that a minor amount concentration that could be detected was 0.012% with a high sensitivity of 327.32 a.u./ RIU. A fiber sensor, shaped like the letter D, is expected to be useful for materials with a very low concentration and low refractive index (RI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding is one of the most frequent natural disasters that result in human casualties, economic disruption, and material ruin. Flash floods are often regarded as devastating natural disasters. This research aims to examine existing literature on flood detection, flood hazard, susceptibility, vulnerability, and risk assessment to draw conclusions and recommendations by reviewing 85 recent articles related to this topic. The risk of floods results from the interplay of two factors: exposure to potential danger and exposure to potential flood damage. Assessment of flood risk requires careful examination of several morphometric characteristics related to river basins. However, this article discusses how Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used to identify and forecast flash floods. Compared to conventional methods and numerical methods, deep learning models of flood detection, hazard and vulnerability exhibited improved accuracy and speed, respectively. The results show that Deep Learning models are often more accurate because of the applied inductive biases to process the spatial features of flood actions extra efficiently. Global flood disaster risk is rising due to demographic, socioeconomic, unplanned settlement, environmental degradation, pressure on natural resources, and climatic factors. Decisions, policies, and management of floods all benefit from thorough risk analysis. This analysis aims to aid modellers and practitioners to choose the best flood hazard assessment approach for a given case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, expired cement cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregates(ECFLA), silica fume (SF) and fly ash(FA) were incorporated into self-compacting concrete (SCC) as eco-friendly replacements for self-consolidating lightweight concrete (SCLC). A tilted pan was used to make ECFLA by cold bonding EC and fly ash 20% and 80%, respectively. In the control group, partial and complete ECFLA mixed aggregates substituted natural coarse aggregates at 0%, 50%, and 100% reference self-compaction concrete SCC, FA was replaced with cement to a binary blend at 20% in the second group. The third group used a binary blend of Portland cement and 10% fixed SF, whereas the fourth group used a ternary blend of the same admixtures. The study examined compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, permeability test, and sorptivity test, at 28 and 90 days curing ages. SCC with ECFLA has harmful mechanical characteristics and higher permeability. Mineral admixtures significantly improved the permeability of SCLC. The compressive strength was reduced by approximately 16.3% and 23.3% respectively, by 50% and 100% ECFLA substitution at 28 days. The SF is the most important mineral admixture factor, with improvements in compressive, splitting, and flexural strengths of 29%, 10.8%, and 14.4%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is considered to be one of the most basic molecules found in nature, consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded with one oxygen atom. Throughout history, water has played a pivotal role in shaping several aspects of human existence, including livelihood, success, economy, and community dynamics across different geographical locations. The issues of climate change, population expansion, and pollution stemming from residential, industrial, and agricultural activities have led to a significant decrease in the availability of fresh water, hence presenting considerable difficulties to its sources. The city of Baghdad utilizes nine water treatment facilities located along the Tigris River to process and purify the untreated surface water sourced from the river. These treatment plants are responsible for providing the city with potable water for consumption purposes. In this study, quality indicators known as WQI (Water Quality indicators) were utilized to assess, compare, and determine the appropriateness of the Tigris River as a drinking water source in Baghdad city, specifically through the Al-Wahda treatment plant. Multiple parameters of various aqueous treatments, including hydrogen ion concentration, nitrate, nitrite, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, iron, sulfate, chloride, orthophosphate, ammonia, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, and electrical conductivity, are employed to assess compliance with the drinking water standards outlined in the Iraqi specifications. The parameters were documented in the terminal of the unit to assess the impact of the pollutants transported by the river. The study duration spanned from November 2022 to January 2023. The findings indicate that all parameters measured were found to be within the permitted limits as defined by the Iraqi Standard Specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are functional systems with several treatment procedures to mitigate pollutants and toxins in wastewater. The monitoring of the influent raw wastewater and the effluent processed wastewater has been conducted throughout the years 2022 and 2023 to assess the performance of the wastewater treatment plant. The chosen metrics for assessing the operational effectiveness of the Al-Rustumiya WWTP in Iraq are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphorus (PO4), and the quantitative measurement of acidity or alkalinity (pH). The calculation and comparison of the removal effectiveness of each parameter in the influent and effluent wastewater are conducted concerning the Iraqi standards. The findings from the operational performance evaluation conducted on the Al-Rutumiya Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) indicated that the quantities of all pollutants present in the effluent wastewater were found to comply with the established requirements set by the Iraqi regulatory authorities. The study revealed that the mean monthly levels of the parameters BOD, COD, TSS, and PO4 over 2022 and 2023 were determined to be 21 ppm, 44 ppm, 25 ppm, and 2.8 ppm, respectively. The parameters' concentrations adhere to the Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS) 2017. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and phosphate (PO4) were found to be 91%, 83.4%, 96%, and 34%, correspondingly. The removal efficiency values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) can be deemed satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent decades, concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns have begun to be publically used in the construction industry. To understand the behavior and predicting capacity of this type of columns, different researches have tried to find a new formula for estimating the confining pressure on the concrete core from outer steel tube of CFST stub columns. The present study has used a database for experimentally tested column specimens of wide range values of geometric properties represented by the ratio of diameter to tube thickness and material properties represented by the ratio of concrete compressive strength to steel yield strength from previous studies. Depending on test results of 317 column specimens collected from literature, and studying different approaches proposed by many researchers, a new formula is proposed here to determine the axial capacity and it was compared with previous studies. Also, approaches of different specifications and standards currently in use to design concrete-filled steel tube columns have been compared. The confining pressure was taken into account in the formula and it is adopted to create a new material model of nonlinear finite element method and used here and verified using experimental results. It is found that the new formula and material models agree quite well with the experimental test results. The mean value is giving 0.9995 which is the closest to the unity while both standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (COV) are 0.0799 which shows the reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research studies the nano particles influence on the strength of the bond between the reinforcing bar and self-compacting concrete through experimental work. Twenty-one push-out specimens were examined in experimental program. Such investigation evaluates the nano silica influence in three percentages (3%, 4.5%, and 6%) by weight of cement. The age of concrete, embedded length of steel bar, percentage of nano silica, concrete cover and size of rebar, are the main variables in experimental work. The modes of failure, namely the behavior of bond-slip and ultimate bond strength, were discussed. Analysis of test results indicate that compared with conventional concrete the bond strength in concrete is increased by 9.2%, 13.1%, and 12.4% when adding nano-silica by (3, 4.5 and 6%), respectively. As in conventional concrete, the bonding strength increases with the age of the concrete. In addition, the increase of concrete cover increases the bond strength. On the other hand, the increase of the embedded length, and size of rebar decreases the bond strength in self- compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating nano-silica. Modes of failure in reinforcing bar embedded in self-compacting concrete incorporating nano-silica were the push-out and splitting failure. This was similar to the case in conventional concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fact, piles foundations are usually used to supproducesfshore and inshore huge structures that often subjected to cyclic load from any load condition and sometimes produce a torque caused by eccentric transitions of load. Therefore, to find out how pile group would behave under eccentric one-way cyclic loading with static axial load, a model test of 2×2 was carried out in sandy soil. The pile group consisted of aluminum piles and were set up in a sandy soil with a three-pile spacing of (i.e., 3D, 5D and 7D). The cyclic load is applied with three eccentric distances, at center of piles group, at 0.25S, and 0.5S. It can be concluded that, when the distance of eccentricity increases the lateral displacement increases and reaches 54%. The results also show that the increase in piles group spacing can reduce the lateral displacement up to 26%. As well as, the twist angle increases and reaches to about 17° with increasing the eccentricity and reduce pile cap spacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various choices for designing and constructing earth retaining structures (ERSs). The engineer has to select the appropriate choice of these structures taking into account important factors that impact the right decision. Some of these factors are related to the cost of the selected structures, the function of ERS, the time of working of ERs, the constructability, and the material of ERS itself, as was presented in this systematic review. This paper showed the importance of considering both the direct and indirect costs in the selection of a suitable ERS. It presented the different functions of the ERSs and how these systems can serve more than one function at the same time. Furthermore, it discussed the temporary and permanent service of the ERSs and the properties of the ERSs that affect their work. The factors that influence the construction method and their effects on the selection of the ERSs are also stated. Finally, the materials of ERS itself and their effects on the temporary or permanent use of ERS were also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the population growth in human worldwide, it is noticed a diverse industry are as well growing. The necessity for extra resource of water and the yield of great quality effluent upon technologies as appropriate treatment has Come to be an essential. These 2 vital necessities are able to be accomplished by assist of membrane bio-reactor (MBR) which was confirmed to be influence in eliminating inorganic and OM being a unit as biological for treating waste-water (WT). plants of MBR have been produced through integration the biology course along membrane filtration (MF) that has has diverse advanteges when comparing with methods being conventional i.e., sludge being activated (AS); MBR is utilized broadly for industrial and municipal WT. Diverse hydraulics and configurations of MBR are exciting, with a given attention to the fouling strategies and phenomenon for minimizing it. As well, the great MBR quality effluent is conversed, while when compared with CAS of (OM), P, NH3, solids eleminations, virutilizes and bacteria are improved signifiable totly. Advanced technology OF MBR WT is being influenceively implemented at an ever-Elevating locations number worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the pulsed laser deposition method, thin films of zinc oxide doped with copper were deposited in three proportions (3, 5, 7%), in addition to the change in the substrate temperature (200, 300, 400°C) and the laser energy used to extract atoms from the target (600, 700, 800 MJ). The focus of this research is on the mechanical properties represented by the hardness of the prepared films and the extent to which they are affected by these variables because of their great importance in knowing the preservation of the thin film on its durability during manufacture and use, as it was measured using the nanoindentation tests. In addition to the surface roughness, which was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and knowing the nature of the crystallization of the films and the size of the crystals using X-ray diffraction (XRD), in addition to field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to know the shape and homogeneity of the thin film particle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most well-known and commonly used medications is aspirin, also known as salicylic acid. In the past century, Aspirin Cardio100 mg has been used to treat fever and rheumatic pain, and reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. The current study aims to learn about the side effects of Aspirin Cardio100 mg on different body organs because we did not find a study in Iraq that explained the adverse effects of Aspirin Cardio 100 mg. The ongoing review included a diagnosis and questionnaire for 240 people who took Aspirin Cardio 100 mg according to the doctor's instructions their ages ranged from 15 to 90. Some patients had an endoscopic examination of their stomach ulcers because a number of tests were done to look for digestive problems, like finding Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) by looking at b1ood, stoo1, and exha1ation. Echo and ECG for detection heart activity were also carried out. In order to determine the severity of asthma or breathing problems, a spirometer was used. Our results showed that most of the patients (59%) and of different ages (15-70 years) did not appear to have health complications, although most of them continued to take Aspirin Cardio 100 mg. On the other hand, 41% of patients suffer from complications and side effects represented by GIT disorders, Haemophilia, Palpitations, Hypotension, Weight loss, Headache, RT disorders by 13%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 2%, 6% respectively so the average age of people with these diseases, 52.33, 23.9, 33.72, 46.35, 69.90, 62.14, 57.52 years respectively. The difference in the distribution of health problems resulting from the use of aspirin according to the duration of treatment showed statistical differences represented by P = 0.0011, X2 = 22.73, DF = 21. In conclusion, aspirin is a treatment that assumes a critical part in bringing down the gamble of numerous illnesses, especially heart sicknesses. Nonetheless, Aspirin Cardio should be taken by the specialist's guidelines to screen the beginning or improvement of aftereffects that could endanger the patient's life, like stomach ulcers, hemophilia, asthma, sinusitis and palpitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and its nanocomposites with Ni2O3 nanoparticles in solvent solution have been electrospun into nanofibers using the electrospinning technique at 23kV. The polymer systems' functional groups were verified by the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of Ni2O3 NPs present of semi-spherical in shape with an average diameter of 37.897 nm, and the surfaces of PVP/Ni2O3 nanofibers containing beads on the chain morphology with linear and branched nanofibers. The absorption of PVP/Ni2O3 nanofibers increased with increasing Ni2O3 NPs wt.% and the presence of an absorption band appears in the UV region at around 360 nm. The ASF approach's calculation of the optical energy gap is roughly consistent with the Tauc calculations. The inhibition zone nanocomposites were greater in gram-negative (Escherichia coli) compared to gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) compounds where its maximum value reaches 21mm observed at 9 wt.%, where this allows it to be used as an alternative to some traditional antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gupta has created the Gupta transform, an integral transform. Numerous integral transforms have been used in the literature to solve integral and integro-differential equations. Some notable features of such integral transform are debated. For the first time, we compute the solution of the given equations in this article using the Gupta transform. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach, we provide a test problem along with thorough solutions. The outcomes reveal that the Gupta transform is an extremely helpful for resolving such equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to classify projective MDS [n,k]_q-codes over the Galois field of order 32 for 4≤n≤17. The proof's technique which is used was extending (puncturing) the generator matrix by adding columns to the right side of the generator matrix such that any two columns are linearly independent. The dual codes of all such codes are considered and the parity-check matrix of the dual codes are constructed. Finally, the covering radius and weight distribution are founded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper is new types of maximal submodules (namely TZ – maximal submodules) and radical of module (namely TZ – radical of a modules) are introduced. Many properties of these classes of submodules are given. Some of these properties' analogues to the properties of maximal submodules and radical of module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For polymer composites modified polypropylene, polymer poor conduction is evaluated as the most significant parameter and a drawback. To increase its electrical and thermal conductivity, MWCNT is being developed. One of the most effective reinforcing materials for improved electrical and thermal properties is still carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This study examined the effects of fillers made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the structural, electrical, thermal, and physical properties of polypropylene PP/MWCNTs composites. Solution casting was used to create the PP/MWCNTs composites, which had different MWCNT concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 weight percent. According to the electrical conductivity data, the best ratio of electrical conductivity at 3% was 7.8×10-4 with Ea = 0.92ev, and the addition of MWCNT increased electrical conductivity. Investigations into the thermal conduction of PP/MWCNT nanocomposites with varying MWNT concentrations revealed. Modified materials including high correlation between the TC value and the MWCNT content, kind, and structure in the composite. TC value between 0.12 and 0.33 W/m.K. The inclusion of MWCNT results in a rise in the onset (Tc,o) and peak endset (Tc,e) tem. of crystallization. The addition of 3 weight percent of MWCNT resulted in an increase of 36.9◦C to the Tc,o of PP nanocomposites and 52.8◦C to the endset crystallization temperature Tc,e. The Tm of PP and its nanocomposites was found to be between 112.1◦C and 168.1◦C. As the weight fraction of MWCNT grew, so did the contact angle, roughness, and hardness; the optimal ratio was 3% Wt., the contact angle was 76.40, the roughness ranged from 3.22 to 4.6 µm, and the hardness ranged from 60 to 77. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During work hours in all workstations such as (industrial facilities, office rooms... etc.), it is not possible to avoid the impact of change in the interior air environment in terms of relative humidity, velocity, temperature,...etc., resulting from turning on or off the different heat sources, which can often cause a danger threat to human health. In this research, a numerical study of an office room with a mixed ventilation system under an Iraqi hot and dry climate in the summer season for Hilla City was presented using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and using the AIRPAK3.0.16 software to know the effects resulting from adding a secondary heat source and changing its location to know its effects on the indoor air parameters. In the research papers that study the effect of adding a heat source and changing its location, observed that most types of ventilation systems used were displacement and natural ventilation systems. Also, some researchers studied these effects using a mixing ventilation system with exhaust vents located at the same level as the supply diffuser at the top of the wall. Therefore, the current study used a mixed ventilation system with exhaust vents located under the supply diffuser in the same wall. The 3D steady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations are solved in conjunction with the energy equation and the turbulence (RNG k-Ɛ) model. The computational fluid dynamics were confirmed firstly using experimental data from the previous studies, and the results were acceptable. The results of the tests found that the indicators of thermal comfort predicted percentage dissatisfaction and the predicted mean vote was better before the secondary heat source was turned on. The results also showed that the optimal location for the secondary heat source at the position (x=0.3, z= 0.8 m) and (y=0.4 m) height from the floor according to the indicators of thermal comfort and indoor air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a laboratory model for the response of machine foundations under seismic loads in sandy soil. The soil was prepared to attain a relative density of 70% in a steel container with a dimension of (50*50*55) cm using the rain technique. To simulate this case, a shake table is used. Tests were conducted under the dynamic response with three frequencies (i.e.,10,20,30) Hz. It is exposed to the Halabja earthquake with an intensity of (0.1 g). In addition, three directions of the machine with respect to the axis of an applied load (0°,45°,90°) are selected. The value of the displacement (lateral and vertical) increases when the operation frequency of the machine increases. It can obtain a high displacement when the direction of the machine foundation is parallel to the direction of the earthquake, while reduced when the angle is 90°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary issue for constructing an emotional recognition system is the extraction of an appropriate range of features capable of working effectively regardless of some of challenges. In this paper, we suggest a multimodal emotion recognition system to recognize the emotions based on visual and audio data. For the visual path, the appropriate number of key-frames are selected from each video in sequence. Three pretrained convolution neural network (CNN) models have been trained by changing their classifiers with a proposed new classifier and selecting the best one. This model extracts the appropriate features from visual data and classifies them according to seven emotion classes with two cases of training by using two databases namely, AffectNet and The Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS) databases. In the audio path, different features from the audio parts are selected to classify them by the proposed multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model into seven emotion classes. The results of the proposed system depend on the decision-level-fusion method to obtain the output result of both visual and audio modalities. The ensample decision method is utilized in the fusion level to achieve the last prediction from the output values of several predictors. The experiments results were carried out using two databases AffectNet and RAVDESS. The final result of our proposed system become 99% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, introducing inset-fed powered microstrip patch microstrip patch antenna, for dual-band applications. The antenna is printed with εr equal to 4.3 on a 1.5 mm thick FR4 substrate. The proposed antenna's total size is found equal to 60 x 50 mm2. The inset-fed with 50-ohm is used to feed the proposed antenna. The slots technique is applied in the antenna design to add the parasitic capacitance effect. The antenna is analyzed and it is found to have two frequency bands. the first resonant frequency is found at 2.45 GHz while the other is at 3.54 GHz, for Wi-Fi and middle-band 5G Applications. Design and analysis of the proposed antenna is accommodated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). The suggested antenna is constructed and tested for the aimed frequency bands. At last, the simulation and the measurement result match perfectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The swift development of artificial intelligence has revolutionized the world of self-driving cars by integrating intricate models and algorithms Autonomous vehicles are regarded as significant developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence. Using sophisticated and powerful algorithms in these vehicles will effectively address a range of driving obstacles, especially for those with disabilities or advanced age. The objective of our study is to make self-driving automobiles travel from point A to point B on the first track without deviating from it and to move on the second track without having to undergo any training on it. The current study introduces a computer vision method that extracts information from a dataset. Study tasks involve processes including behavioral cloning, data augmentation, image processing, and the improvement of the CNN model. The proposed model attained a mean square error of 0.0250 for the validation value and 0.0281 for the training value, which was deemed an outstanding outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data mining plays a role, in decision support systems by uncovering valuable patterns and knowledge from large datasets. The selection of parameters for data mining algorithms greatly impacts the quality of insights extracted and decision making procedures. Our study introduces a method that leverages Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to fine tune parameters for enhancing decision support within the Random Forest algorithm. Taking cues from the way birds flock and fish school the PSO algorithm effectively navigates through the parameter space of the Random Forest algorithm. By integrating PSO with Random Forest we can automatically determine the parameter settings to improve accuracy and efficiency, in data mining tasks thereby enhancing decision making support. Our methods performance across datasets is showcased through experiments and analysis illustrating how PSO can optimize data mining by leveraging Random Forest to enrich decision making processes with insights. This study underscores the potential of PSO and Random Forest, in data mining applications emphasizing their ability to elevate decision making systems and empower both organizations and individuals in their decision making endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the electrical and optical characteristics of adsorbed SO2, CO, and CO2 molecules on ZnSe monolayer, first-principles calculations were performed. Our results show that adsorption affects the energy gap of ZnSe monolayer (1.74 eV) between 0.760 and 1.741 eV. The physisorption of SO2 molecules is also thought to occur. Thus, ZnSe monolayer cannot detect these compounds. The reduced adsorption energy of CO and CO2 molecules on ZnSe monolayer makes it unsuitable as a gas sensor. ZnSe monolayer is better suitable for SO2 sensors due to its strong SO2 binding. We also hypothesise that ZnSe monolayer can sensitively monitor SO2 sensors with moderate adsorption energy. In the UV, adsorbed CO and CO2 on ZnSe monolayer have greater loss function and reflectivity than other molecules. The light absorption of gas adsorbed on ZnSe monolayer has been greatly improved. Adsorption of molecules can change the electrical and optical characteristics of ZnSe monolayer, according to this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disorders of the thyroid gland have grown in increasing rates at the last decades, making the awareness of their disorders very critical worldwide. Oxidative stress plays important role in the pathophysiology of wide spectrum of disorders including thyroiditis. In this study, papillary thyroid cancer (ThC), Hashimoto's disease (HD), and Grave's disease (GD) were considered as subjects for the investigation of advance glycation end products (AGEs) and its relationship to oxidative stress by evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol levels. The study included 90 subjects, 62 of which were suffering from thyroid disorders (19 HD, 19 GD, and 24 ThC). Serum of each subject was analyzed for AGEs, MDA, and thiol. Serum AGEs level was increased significantly in ThC patients (1217.73±473.32 ng/mL), HD patients (791.29±329.48 ng/mL), and GD patients (829.29±348.85 ng/mL). ThC patients have shown significant higher levels of AGEs compared to HD and GD patients, while no significant differences observed between the last two groups. Moreover, MDA level was increased in all of the thyroid patients, most significantly in ThC patients which was significantly higher than GD patients, but non-significantly higher than GD patients. Thiol level was decreased significantly in ThC, HD, and GD patients with no significant differences among the patients. ThC patients have shown positive correlation between AGEs and MDA (r=0.791). Also, AGEs biomarker was excellent in the prognosis of thyroid disorders, especially ThC. Elevated levels of AGEs in thyroiditis patients can cause a shift in the redox balance by increasing the production of cellular ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal pyrolysis of vegetable waste was one of the early tests that was conducted in order to demonstrate the potential of this method for the production of biofuel. Temperatures ranging from 400 to 600 LC were used to carry out the pyrolysis, which was carried out in a semi-batch reactor with a nitrogen flow rate of 30 mL/min and a steady heating rate of 20 LC/min. Methodologies and instruments for research: The leftovers of vegetables were purchased at the vegetable market in Chennai, which is located in India. The chemical analysis was carried out with the assistance of high-quality chemicals that were obtained from Paris and Chennai. These chemicals included KCl, chloroform-d, and n-hexane. The experiment group consisted of twenty samples of plant waste, while the control group had twenty samples of vegetable waste. The overall size of the sample is forty, with a G power of eighty percent and an α value of 0.05 per set for the computation of the sample size. Using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), we are able to ascertain the thermal degradation profile of vegetable waste, which establishes a connection between the reduction in weight of vegetable waste and the temperature. As indicated by the p-value of 0.001 (p<0.05), the findings of the study indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. A semi-batch reactor was able to pyrolyze vegetable waste with a bio-oil production of up to 49 percent at 525 LC and 20 LC/min heating charge, all while maintaining a sweep fuel waft fee that was below 30 cm3/min. In conclusion, this was accomplished. According to the findings of the GC-MS analysis, the bio-oil has a greater quantity of aromatic compounds, aliphatic chemicals, and oxygenated molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyse the conversion of vegetable waste into value-added biofuel using pyrolysis under different pyrosis settings. Procedures and materials: The following chemicals were utilised without further purification: hydrochloric acid, methylene blue, silver nitrate, zinc chloride, sodium hydroxide, and lead chloride. It was common practise to dissolve the crucial reagents in analytical grade acetone and de-ionized distilled water. A total of twelve samples were collected: twelve from the control group consisting of plant waste and twelve from the experimental group consisting of vegetable trash. The total number of samples is 24, the G power utilised in the procedure is 80 percent, and the significance level (α) is set at.05 per set. In this case, we assume that the G power is 80%. Results: This study's findings validate the feasibility of producing activated carbons with large surface areas from vegetable waste by direct chemical activation with ZnCl2. In particular, the FT-IR analysis revealed a diffractogram similar to commercial charcoal. The findings indicated that the two groups were significantly different from each other, with a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The inquiry was carried out satisfactorily and the outcome was accurately yielded with the limited study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the surface morphological patterns of the nitrogen and carbon percentage in the activated carbon produced from vegetable waste through pyrolysis. Research tools and techniques: No additional treatments were applied to the waste biomass EFB sample, which consisted of bamboo stems and coconut shells. Hydroxides of potassium (KOH) (about 85 percent alkaline). The investigation only made use of analytical grade substances. with ten samples of plant waste serving as a control group and ten samples of vegetable waste serving as an experimental group. With a total size of 20, a G power of 80%, and an α value of.05 per set, the sample size was calculated. Activated carbon samples obtained from oil palm fruit bunches, bamboo stems, and coconut shells were analysed. This study examines the activating chemicals utilised in AC training, namely potassium hydroxides. Thus, we shortened the oil palm activated carbon samples, accordingly. The findings demonstrated a statistically significant distinction between the two categories, with a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, whereas AC-BS had the lowest carbon content (percent), coconut shells had the greatest carbon concentration among the three samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce the class of submodules namely small second submodules, where a submodule A of an R -module C is named small second submodule if for each r∈R, either rA=A or rA is a small submodule of A. A module C is called small second if it a small second submodule of C. Moreover we present the concept of endo small second modules which is a proper subclass of small second modules. Many properties and examples such classes of submodules, modules are given. Also, we clarify some their properties in certain classes of modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scholarly investigation delves into the degradation rates of photovoltaic (PV) systems within Iraq's distinctive climate, concentrating on three unique PV systems, each with a different age group and module technology focus. These systems have been worked under diverse outdoor environmental conditions in the country, of Iraq. The result from this study points to the differences in power degradation among the several technologies for PV modules and it also estimated the rates of their deterioration, as well as comparisons of their estimated lifetimes. A key finding is that many PV modules in Iraq may not attain their 25-year warranty period due to decreased power output and abbreviated operational lifespan. This highlights the necessity of advanced research and stringent quality testing tailored to specific climatic conditions to bolster the reliability and longevity of PV modules, potentially enhancing their acceptance and large-scale implementation in the region. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of PV system performance and longevity, fostering progress toward a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing this technique enables the induction motor (IM) to overcome the high ripples in the torque and flux as well as variable switching frequency resulting from using the conventional direct torque control (C-DTC) algorithm. The design and implementation details of the direct torque control space vector modulation (DTC-SVM) algorithm have been explained in this paper. A MATLAB program is used to examine the performance comparison between the C-DTC and the proposed DTC-SVM algorithms, The performed simulation results show a significant reduction in the torque and flux ripples with excellent speed tracking when the DTC-SVM is used compared with the C-DTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications for sensor networks are many and have a broad range of possibilities. But for sensor network systems to function well in practical applications, some problems must be solved. Energy saving is a major issue for sensor networks because most sensors lack rechargeable batteries, which have a limited lifespan. Dynamically scheduling sensors' work and sleep cycles is a frequent strategy for extending the lifespan of a sensor network (or duty cycles). Additionally, cluster heads in cluster-based networks may rotate among the sensors to maintain an even distribution of energy use and are often chosen to reduce overall energy usage. In general, these energy-saving topology configuration methods (also called scheduling mechanisms) need to meet certain application needs while saving energy. In this article, we give a summary of energy-efficient scheduling techniques for sensor networks with distinct design specifications from those of conventional wireless networks. We classify these techniques based on their priority traffic sensitivity, clustering, and Time division. In addition to having the same goal of maximizing network longevity, each mechanism may also have unique design goals based on the applications it is intended to serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper finely analyzes eye-to-text communication and explores the development and evaluation of an advanced eye-controlled communication system. The study focuses on the algorithms for eye tracking and gaze estimation, the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and the training process for converting eye movements into textual output. The article highlights Computer Vision (CV) algorithms utilized for real-time eye tracking and gaze estimation, emphasizing the robustness and accuracy of the algorithms. The authors detail the techniques employed, including pupil detection, iris segmentation, and gaze estimation, highlighting their effectiveness in capturing and analyzing eye movements. Moreover, the article discusses challenges faced during training that provide insights into potential improvements for future work. The review paper presents comprehensive experimental results, including ANN comparisons with existing methods such as gaze estimation error and user satisfaction, thoroughly assessing the system's capabilities. The system enables users to express themselves and interact with digital devices more independently, enhancing the Quality of Life (QoL) for individuals with limited motor abilities. This review aims to pinpoint the deficiencies left unaddressed by researchers, including issues such as head motion, low illumination, low-resolution cameras, and user fatigue. These identified shortcomings emphasize the pressing demand for eye-to-text communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault detection is a critical stage in power systems, requiring swift and accurate identification. This paper introduces an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) tailored for fault identification, utilizing a deep learning approach. The proposed model marks a pioneering effort, employing ANN for fault identification using raw and sampled data from three-phase current and voltage signals collected through simulation from a 14-bus system across various fault and no-fault classes. Performance evaluation metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1 score are employed to assess the model's efficacy. Results demonstrate that the ANN model achieves exceptional accuracy and efficiency in fault detection, showcasing its potential as a pivotal tool for enhancing the reliability and performance of electrical power systems. Notably, the suggested model attains a remarkable 99% accuracy across all tested fault scenarios, F1Score 0.99 for fault and non-fault detection with closely matched testing and training loss curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects billions of lives around the world and has a significant impact on public healthcare. Due to rising skepticism towards the sensitivity of RT-PCR as a screening method, medical imaging like computed tomography offers great potential as an alternative. For this reason, automated image segmentation is highly desired as clinical decision support for quantitative assessment and disease monitoring; however, publicly available COVID-19 imaging data is limited, which leads to the overfitting of traditional approaches. To address this problem, we propose a semi-automatic segmentation and three-dimensional visualization pipeline for COVID-19-infected regions, which is able to handle small datasets. The proposed method advances the state of the art for COVID-19 segmentation and improves medical image analysis with limited data. 3D visualization has a significant role in diagnosing and managing COVID-19 patients, and the quality and reliability of 3D visualization allow the clinician to make a quick and efficient diagnosis and avoid an eventual false negative (produced by the RT-PCR test). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of the urinary tract system are important, which is an indication of the health of organs in this system. Early detection of any urinary track problems is very important for successful treatment. Uroflowmetry (UF) is a common clinic-based non-invasive test to diagnose Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (LUTD). To examine the actual state of urination, there was a need for accurate home-based uroflowmetry methods to conveniently conduct repeated uroflowmetry when patients are physiologically ready to urinate. This study proposes an initial portable system for urine flow rate estimation accuracy and home monitoring of urological conditions. This prototype collects urine in real-time from a patient and then analyses the results to find out whether or not the patient suffers from any urinary tract disorders. This intelligent prototype is low-cost and composed of a weight-measuring load cell and a microcontroller. The results from the uroflow graph illustrate the rate of change of the urine flow. This system is capable of indicating whether or not the patient suffers from any urinary track problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper studies the possibilities of measuring urine flow and volume for the purpose of making these factors a monitoring tool by developing a portable and uncomplicated device without any difficulty or glitches in learning how to use it. Traditional urine flow measurement, often performed in clinical settings, hospitals, or medical centers, can be considered a worrying experience for patients and noisy to their comfort and privacy. This study explores the concept of a urine flow at home by analyzing its advantages in terms of patient comfort and not transgression in any way on their psychological factor. In this paper, we explain the design of our proposed device and its functions by focusing on its portability and simple affordability to suit all class categories worldwide. In addition, by making urine flow measurements available in the familiar environment of patients' homes, our proposed innovative design aims to enable individuals to monitor their urinary health. So that there are no problems with the urinary system as the earlier the patient discovers his illness, the less it worsens. It should also be recalled that the potential benefits go beyond convenience, which may reduce the burden of the healthcare system and promote a sense of self-management among patients. This study contributes to the development of home urology instruments by paving the way for further research and probably near-future clinical applications. This systematic review examines the variability in uroflowmetry readings across different studies, and the best result sensor that could used for accurate measurement is the load cell sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, experimental and analysis temperature distribution during Nd: YAG laser surface interaction with biomaterial implant type stainless steel type 316 L. Experimentally, the specifications of laser beam conditions were energy 3, 6 and 9 J pulses duration 2.85, 3.55 and 9.76 ms, wavelength 1604nm, and laser spot diameter 0.1065, 0.1077 and 0.1092 mm. The numerical analysis applied the enthalpy method to predict the heating and cooling cycles during laser interaction with biomaterial stainless steel type 316 L. (SEM) scanning electron microscope and (OM) Optical microscopy tests, respectively, study the molted area depth and size and study the change of microstructures. Also, the hardness test was done by Microhardness (HV) Kg/mm2 to evaluate the metal surface hardening after laser surface treatment. The result showed that theoretical analysis highly matched the experimental result, an increase in the depth and size of the fusion zone of biomaterial due to an increase in laser energy. The mathematical models of laser heating and cooling cycles estimated the cooling rate in the laser spot area. Also, there is an increase in microhardness with an increase in laser Pulse duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood cell count is crucial to medical diagnosis. Numerous disorders in the human body are caused by changes in the blood cell count. There are several methods for counting blood cells, including automatic and conventional methods. Under a microscope, the traditional hand-counting method takes a lot of time and produces unreliable findings. Even with hardware solutions like the Automated Hematology Counter, developing nations are unable to set up such prohibitively expensive equipment in each hospital laboratory nationwide. In order to address this issue and offer a software-based, affordable, and efficient replacement for blood cell identification and assessment, this research offers a preliminary analysis of digital image processing-based automated blood cell counting. The patient's diagnosis and the identification of abnormalities, such as leukemia, can subsequently be made using the RBC (red blood cell) and WBC (white blood cell) counts of blood cells. A few methods for pre- and post-processing have been applied to the blood cell picture for this reason arranged to provide a considerably fresher and clearer image. Lastly, picture processing includes cell counting algorithms as well as image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, and post-processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological materials treat many cases of amputation that some people are exposed to, and not only cases of amputation and cutting of limbs but also cases of dental implants, the heart, blood vessels, and osteoporosis. This study deals with the biological failure that may occur to implants and the reasons for this deterioration as well, in addition to the types of implanted biological materials that may be made of titanium, high-strength steel, or chromium and cobalt alloys, and the causes of their corrosion and failure of implantation, as these materials remain in constant contact with the body's environment. It also discusses methods for improving and developing the surface of these vital materials to have high mechanical properties. It also discusses recent developments in coating techniques that take advantage of the properties. Superiority of nanomaterials to produce better mechanical and biocompatible properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of computerized Medical Image Processing (MIP) in Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) is essential. Where finding effective treatment solutions to pressing medical issues is one of the many areas in which ML techniques have lately had a lot of success. Recently, Deep Learning (DL) came as a prevalent machine learning methodology, especially computer vision, to the world of MIP (microsatellite imaging technology) with great attention. This article is aimed at offering insight into deep learning's intensity of ramification within the MIP ramp. The problem of MIP, the first challenge, implies a thorough work on the shapes of clinical evidence that frames the understanding of different subtypes of "WBCs" that lead to dangerous diseases of different natures. The applicability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in DL-based MIP may also raise certain limitations that must be explored. The objective of this review article is to carry out a close investigation into the advances in DL by highlighting the specific uses of CNNs in different MIPs. The article elaborates on the neural net structures, mechanisms, and modeling approaches for imaging microscopes of specific cases. Moreover, it intends to go through the significant CNN accomplishments in the field of MIP including the task of classification, detection, and segmentation. Besides that, the research aims to pinpoint and expound on current restraints that CNNs have used in DL for MIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure the smoothness and safety of road vehicular traffic, road signs are essential in guiding vehicles along streets and through junctions smoothly and safely. Therefore, understanding traffic signs is vital since they can only serve their intended purpose when drivers are aware of what they imply. Many socioeconomic and driving-related factors can affect drivers' understanding for traffic signs. The current paper attempts to examine how the drivers' comprehension of signs is influenced by several personal attributes, including age, gender, residence, driving experience, vehicle type, and driving license status. A questionnaire-based survey has been conducted whereby 450 drivers were randomly recruited and interviewed. Thirty traffic signs that are common in the governorates' streets have been selected, including, four information, nine warning, and 17 regulatory signs. The analysis of survey's results revealed that drivers correctly comprehend 56.5% of signs. Information signs were with the highest (65%) comprehension level. Driver's characteristics can affect their comprehension level. The obtained findings can aid in developing effective measures and scenarios to raise driver's recognition and understanding for road signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every single day, a sizeable portion of the ceramic that is manufactured all around the world is thrown away. Given that they contain aluminium, silica, and iron oxide, ceramic wastes (CW) that are disposed of in landfills have a detrimental impact on the ecosystem, including the soil, water, and the environment as a whole. The insoluble specific matter or heavy metals that are present in the waste water that leaches into the soil have the potential to cause damage to the plants. Not only does the process of dumping ceramic waste produce a significant amount of air emissions, but it also has a detrimental impact on both the environment and human health due to the spread of dust. The utilization of waste ceramic in the process of soil stabilization may result in improved disposal of such material. Both the utilization of natural resources and the prevention of additional environmental burdens and emissions can be reduced to a more manageable level. One of the technical methods that can be utilized in order to increase the structural capacity of the layers that lie beneath the pavement is the stabilization of the subbase course that is utilized in the development of the subbase course pavement highway surface. When it comes to soil stabilization, there are numerous approaches that may be broken down into two categories: mechanical and chemical. Recent years have seen a rise in the level of social concern regarding the problem of waste management, namely in relation to the disposal of garbage and the generation of industrial waste. To achieve this objective, a local soil sample was collected from Najaf, Iraq, and the effects of the addition of (CW) on the strength of the subbase course that was utilized in the construction of the subbase course were investigated. In increments of five percent, the subbase that was collected locally was combined with CW at a range of zero percent to twenty percent by weight of dry soil. Due to the fact that waste is frequently utilized as infill and reinforcement, the California Bearing Ratio test (CBR) was carried out in order to investigate the strength of CW of subbase material. The purpose of this study is to make it obvious that waste is frequently used. A comprehensive examination of their findings reveals that it is frequently utilized in the fields as a material for reinforcing purposes, and that its utilization is both effective and affordable. Based on the CBR measurements taken on soil with and without CW reinforcements, it was discovered that the soil received a significant increase in strength when the reinforcement was applied. fifteen percent was the best percentage of CW, which resulted in a greater percentage of CBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]