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In this experimental research, the intelligent control heater is designed as an advanced model of solar heating devices. The device provides about 15 to 20 amperes, that is, 3300 to 4400 watts of electrical power if an electric heater is used. The electronic control system is programmed to set the highest temperature of hot water for winter to 65 degrees Celsius, and in summer, it does not exceed 40 degrees Celsius. To improve the thermal performance of the heater. Two proposals were made and then compared. The first is to sheathe the inner walls and the base of the solar collector with aluminum foil; the second option is to paint the base of the collector and its inner walls with a selective dye of chromium trioxide. According to the results, the highest efficiency obtained for the first proposal is 90%, while the highest efficiency obtained from the second proposal is 81%. From an economic point of view, aluminum foil is very cheap compared to Chromium trioxide dye. In addition, in the complex coated with aluminum foil, the water in it heats up much faster than in the complex dyed with chromium trioxide dye. However, the Chromium trioxide dye does not deteriorate quickly compared to aluminum foil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is synthesized from extract of pineapple peel and Acetobacter xylinum as fermentation bacteria. This study aims to investigate the influence of graphene concentration on the morphology and crystalinity in bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) nanocomposites. To obtain bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), the previously manufactured pellicle BC was homogenized using a high-speed blender and a high-pressure homogenizer (HPH). Bacterial nanocellulose was combined with different concentrations of graphene (0.25, 0.5, and 1%), and then put into an ultrasonic homogenizer. Then, BNC-graphene solution was poured into a glass mold laminated with aluminium foil, and it was dried in an oven for 14 hours, 80°C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of nanocomposites membrane. X-Ray Diffraction is used to investigate the crystallinity of nanocomposites membrane. The structure of BNC-graphene nanocomposites membrane become more compact, according to the synthesized results. A few peaks at 2θ of 14.5°, 16.6°, 22.7° are seen in the XRD analysis, as well as a graphene diffraction pattern peak at 2θ of 13.7°. Nanocomposites membrane's crystallinity was reduced after graphene was added when compared to nanocomposites membrane without graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Desalination is a method which utilises the solar energy from the sun to remove salt from the water by making use of specially designed stills. This paper focuses on the manufacturing of a low cost single basin solar still and testing various parameters for checking the quality of the water output. The basin area of the solar still is 0.5625 m2. The experiments were carried out for various water inputs ranging from 3 litres to 9 litres and values for Total Dissolved Solids, pH and Electrical Conductivity tested. The efficiency of the solar still was found to be 20.7% which has been improved with the installation of solar reflectors made from household Aluminum foils. It was found out that as the basin water depth increases the efficiency of the still decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper aims to remodel the quarantine box by using a remote control to sterilize goods from viruses. And this research will produce a prototype that utilizes ultraviolet (UV) radiation to damage DNA or RNA in viruses to inhibit the reproduction of microorganisms and kill them. In addition, the remote control also requires a power supply (to make the output DC so that the voltage is strong against UV rays) and an inverter (to make the output AC so that the UV rays turn on). The UV light used is UVC with a wavelength of 200 to 280 nm because it has the greatest energy from UVA and UVB and can sterilize microorganisms with an irradiation time of 5 to 10 minutes. This prototype will be in the form of a rectangular box with dimensions (0.67 x 0.51 x 0.47) m covered with Aluminum Foil as a UV reflector at the corner of the box with a reflectivity coefficient of 0.97, so that each side of the box has the same energy. Using a remote control can save time and electricity performance, while when turning off the quarantine box, not using the remote control will prolong time performance. So the addition of a remote control will be more effective in the quarantine box. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of high temperature annealing on changes in the roughness and the surface wettability of aluminum foil was studied. Long-term annealing in a muffle furnace led to a decrease in the average roughness (Ra) and root-mean-square roughness (Rq) of the foil surface. Annealing the foil led to a change in the droplet diameter by a factor of 6.0–6.2 and a decrease in the contact angle by a factor of 175. Further changes in diameter and contact angle are associated with the adsorption of hydrocarbon impurities adsorbed onto the surface of the foil from the ambient air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, an electronic curtain made of one reflective material was used, while in this study, the two electronic curtains made of two various reflective materials were utilized: acrylic mirrors and aluminum foil; this is to compare any electronic curtain of any reflective material that has the ability to reflect more solar radiation and thus increase the temperature of the fluid located inner the tube and thus improve the efficiency of the evacuated tube solar collector clearly. Copper oxide was used and adding it to distilled water as a basic working fluid with a diameter of (50nm) with three flow rates (6,12,18 L/min) and three volumetric concentrations (1%, 3 %, 5 %) to increase the heat gain and thus increasing the efficiency of the collector as well. Reflective electronic curtains were placed over the collector tubes to protect the tubes from weather conditions. The findings showed that the utilize of an electronic curtain made of acrylic mirrors had a more significant impact on the performance of the solar collector compared to the electronic curtain made of aluminum foil, Where the uttermost efficiency of the solar collector was 55% in the case of using an electronic curtain made of acrylic mirrors in the presence of nanofluid copper oxide at a flow rate of 18 L/minute and a volumetric concentration of 5%. While the maximum efficiency of an evacuated tubular solar collector in the case of using an electronic curtain made of aluminum foil was 47.68%, at the same flow rate and volumetric concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the world's largest producer and exporter of nutmeg (Myristica fragans Houtt). Unfortunately, the export volume has been declining due to aflatoxin contamination. Fungus Aspergillus flavus grows on nutmeg seeds and produces aflatoxins, and the storage condition influences the growth rate. The study aims to determine the packaging and storage temperature effective in reducing aflatoxin. Seed sample handling included sun-drying, shell-breaking, sortation, sun-drying, packaging, and storing. A Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors was applied, i.e., type of packaging (polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), aluminum foil (AF)), and storage temperature (20⁰C, 25⁰C, 30⁰C), with two replications. Storage duration was four months, and quality analysis was conducted monthly on moisture content, oil content, oleoresin yield, and aflatoxin. The moisture content of dry peeled seeds before storage was 7.91%, and after three months of storage at 20⁰C decreased to 7.09%, 7.05%, and 6.30%, using PP, PE, and AF packaging, respectively. The highest oil content was 7.99% in PE and 7.51% in PP at 20-25⁰C, while the lowest was 2.25% in AF at 30⁰C. The storage duration was negatively correlated to moisture content and seed oil and positively to oleoresin yield. The highest oleoresin yield was 18.00% after storage for three months in PP at 25⁰C, and the lowest was 15.00% in AF. The total aflatoxin before and after storage at various storage temperatures and types of packaging did not differ. The study concluded that PE and PP were suitable for nutmeg seed storage at a maximum temperature of 25⁰C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air foil bearings which operate without an external supply of air are called hydrodynamically operated bearings. These bearings are used in high speed and low load applications. The lubricating medium used as air. These bearings can be used in place of oil bearings. As the need for this type of bearings, where there is a problem with environmental conditions like high temperature, dust and need for food processing machines. But these bearings are unable carry high load at lower speeds, due to which it is very difficult use such bearings in high load applications. The present paper focus on the ability to carry load by air foil thrust bearing, which can be used for different applications by the use of different foil materials. Basically the properties of materials like stiffness and damping characteristics will have effect on load carrying capabilities to understand this effect different foil materials on load carrying capabilities has considered. The various foil materials like brass, steel and bronze has been selected. The important parameter considered to study the performance of foil bearing is load carrying capacity and also stiffness has been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curing mortar is the process of keeping a consistent moisture content in the early stages of its development in order to achieve the necessary qualities. The use of sap in mortar has been shown to have a number of beneficial impacts on the characteristics of both fresh and hardened mortar. The study looks at how much sodium poly acrylate should be used as a super absorbent polymer (SAP) in OPC-based cement mortar. The suitability and quantability of sap as self-curing agent, the preliminary work is carried by varying dosage of SAP. The dosage for the preliminary study is 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% is incorporated in conventional mortar mixes for different water cement ratio. The mean compressive strength is obtained for varying dosage of SAP. The workability and strength are observed for 3 day and 7 days for aluminum foil, water ponding and sundry curing regimes. Along with SAP, natural absorbents such as sponge and cotton were used as additives, and the compressive strength and plastic characteristics of the mortar were compared to those of the SAP-added mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste foil aluminium from water glass covers is one of the most common non-biodegradable solid wastes generated by human water consumption. An important issue that has a negative impact on ecosystems is solid waste generation due to its difficulty in recycling and the limitations of reusing. It's important to note that aluminium foil trash has a negative environmental impact. This study aims to assess the effects of partially substituting waste foil aluminium from water glass covers as fine aggregate in mortar. The influence of this substance on concrete's fresh, mechanical, and thermal conductivity qualities was examined. A total of six mortar mixtures were prepared to utilize waste foil aluminium as a partial replacement of river sand at various percentages of 0%, 1.50%, 2.50%, 3.50%, 4.50%, and 5%. The parameters of fresh and hardened concrete's slump, dry and fresh unit weight, thermal conductivity and compressive strength were measured. A drop in unit weight and compressive strength was observed as the replacement amount increased in the studies. The mix's thermal conductivity was reduced by 28.45 % due to the inclusion of 4.5% waste foil aluminium, which met the structural lower strength requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources that is used in thermal applications and photovoltaic applications. Iraq is one of the countries that suffers from problems in generating electricity and seeks to exploit solar energy. Solar radiation reaches to this region at 2000 kWh/m2/year. In this work, the power of photovoltaic cells was improved by using two types of V-trough solar concentrators. The first type is a concentrator with stainless steel reflectors, and the second type is with an aluminum foil reflector. The experiment was conducted in the city of Baghdad on February 21. The results showed that the solar concentrating system increases the intensity of solar radiation and thus increases the output power of the solar cells and that the solar concentrating system with aluminum foil reflectors is better than the solar concentrating system with stainless steel reflectors, where the average improvement in the output power value of the photovoltaic panel with an aluminum foil reflector is 29%, while the photovoltaic with a stainless steel reflector is only 13%. The average improvement in solar radiation is 27% when using CPV2, while it is only 16% when using CPV1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitor is able to provide fast charging rate, environmentally friendly and relatively abundant material availability. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has a high potential to use as a supercapacitor electrode material because of its significant advantages compared to other metal oxides such as high specific capacitance due to the reversible redox reaction and affordable prices. Briefly, the experiment begins with the preparation of a composite solution with a variety of compositions that was deposited on the aluminum foil substrate as electrodes using the doctor blade method. The supercapacitor was packed in a coin cell with 1 M Et4NBF4. The symmetric supercapacitor cycled in the cell potential window of 0-2 V, exhibited excellent specific capacitance of 52.87 F g−1, with power density of 344.94 Wh kg−1 and maximum energy density of 21.84 Wh kg−1 with 82.23 % capacity retention for 100 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removal of metal films from the surface of polymers is a promising direction in the field of both the electronic and space industries. The work is consecrated to the study of the features of the removal of metal films from polymers. The main features and specificity of cleaning are established depending on the wavelengths and exposure technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packaging can assist in preventing damage, protect materials from contamination and physical damage, and affect a material's shelf life. This study aimed to determine the shelf life of bakasang paste packaged using two types of packaging and evaluated using the accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) method. Bakasang paste (terasi) was made from the innards of skipjack or cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis). The parameters evaluated in this study were water content, free fatty acid (FFA), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA). Bakasang paste was packaged using aluminum foil and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and stored at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C for 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 days. The results indicated that Bakasang paste packaged in aluminum foil and stored at a temperature of 30°C had a shelf life of 758 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of LiMn2O4 cathode was began by manufactured a slurry with consisting of 90% LiMn2O4, 5% Acetylene Black (AB) and 5% PVDF. The sample was dissolved in 3 ml of NMP solution that had been mixed with 5% PVDF, then stirred with a vacuum mixer for 15 minutes until the sample become a slurry. The slurry is placed on top of aluminum foil to be used as a cathode using a dactor blade. Characterization was done using XRD, PSA, SEM and LCR meter. It was found that the diffraction peaks were the strongest in the LiMn2O4 powder sample. The average particle size of LiMn2O4 is in the range between 214.64 nm - 318.18nm. The LiMn2O4 cathode is seen if there are nets that bind between the particles which is caused by the addition of PVDF polymer. So that PVDF causes one particle to bind to another, which will create gaps in the LiMn2O4 cathode. The conductivity of LiMn2O4 was obtained of about 3.00 x 10-5 S.cm-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn getas is a popular traditional fried maize snack widely consumed among society. The high content of fat present in corn getas makes it susceptible to quality degradation during storage period. Quality degradation of corn getas occurs due to oxidation and hydrolysis reaction of fat which can cause rancidity in the product. Therefore, this product requires the appropriate of packaging and storage temperature to prevent corn getas from quality degradation. The purposes of this research are: 1) to study the appropriate packaging to the chemical and sensory characteristic of corn getas during storage period; 2) to study the appropriate of storage temperature to the chemical and sensory characteristic of corn getas during storage; 3) to determine the best treatment combination of packaging and storage temperature during storage. The method used in this research is a split plot design with complete randomized design as its basic design that arranged in a factorial with the 16 combinations of treatment and repeated 2 times to obtain 32 unit's experiments. Factors tested in this research are storage period (S) as main plot, consists of 1 month (S1), 2 month (S2), 3 month (S3) and 4 month (S4), types of packaging (K) as sub plot, consists of aluminum foil (K1) and nylon plastic (K2) also storage temperature as sub plot (T) consists of 27– 30°C (T1) and 38– 40°C (T2). Chemical characteristics were tested on corn getas are moisture content, free fatty acid, and peroxide value, while the sensory characteristics were tested are color, odor, texture, flavor and preference. The results showed that aluminum foil packaging is better packaging material compared with nylon plastic packaging to preserve chemical and sensory quality of corn getas. Corn getas stored at 27– 30°C had better chemical and sensory quality compared with corn getas that stored at temperature 38 – 40°C. The best treatment combination in this research is corn getas using aluminum foil packaging and stored at temperature 27– 30°C on 1 month storage period (S1K1T1) have moisture content 4.5 %; free fatty acid value 0.2 %; peroxide value 18.403 meqO2/kg and sensory characteristics of corn getas are light brown color (3.85); rancid smell slightly (4.73); crispy texture slightly (4.133); tasty flavor slightly (4.6); and like slightly (4.56). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shelf-life prediction of salted-roasted peanut produced by one of Smart-Medium Enterprise (SME) in Gunungkidul, Bimaram, through fast, scientific, and efficient methods is essential to be conducted. It was because the determining of shelf-life by actual observation took a long time, although the method was accurate. One of the methods of shelf-life prediction is accelerated testing with moisture content as a critical parameter. Therefore, the research aimed to determine the shelf-life of the product packaged by some types of packaging using the moisture sorption isotherm approach. Initially, moisture sorption isotherm (MSI) of salted-roasted peanut was analyzed by gravimetric method and further characterized using several models including GAB, BET, Oswin, Caurie, Smith, Hasley, Kuhn, Peleg, Henderson, and Chung-Pfost. The GAB model gave the best fitting of the moisture sorption profile. Furthermore, the GAB model was utilized to determine equilibrium moisture content and slope of sorption isotherm. Those parameters were used in the Labuza formula for predicting shelf-life. The research found that the shelf-life of salted-roasted peanut packaged in polypropylene was 4.37 months. It agreed with the actual observation by which shelf-life of salted-roasted peanut was 5 months in the same condition. Polyethylene gave a lower predicted shelf-life (3.32 months) with the same packaging thickness as polypropylene. Based on the prediction method, packaging with metalized plastic and aluminum foil can prolong shelf-life until 22.41 months and 79.64 months respectively. Nevertheless, the result must be confirmed to other critical parameters besides moisture content, such as rancidity and pH. Based on the findings, polypropylene has been still chosen as the packaging of salted-roasted peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed to study the changes of corn-egg roll quality during storage, and to determine its shelf life. Corn-egg roll was packaged in aluminum foil and polypropylene, then stored in incubator at 30, 40 and 50°C. The analysis of egg roll was done every month for 4 months. The determination of shelf life was done using Accelerated Shelf-Life Test method using Arrhenius approach. During storage, there is an increase in free fatty acid and moisture content, as well as a decrease in texture and aroma. The free fatty acid as the critical point of corn egg roll, which is packed by polypropylene, while, the egg roll which is packaged by aluminum foil has aroma as a critical point. Corn egg-roll packed in aluminum foil has a longer shelf life than polypropylene packaging. The shelf life of corn egg roll packed in aluminum foil at the storage temperature of 25, 28 and 30°C is 19.3; 18.5 and 18.1 months, while in polypropylene is 15.9; 15.5 and 15.2 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, Merbau iron wood (Instia sp.) waste material is used to create a thin flexible battery (TFB) that can be folded and slightly stretched to control the voltage of battery. Cathode material in the TFB was composed of thin copper wire. Anode material was made by thin aluminum foil paper. Battery packaging was fabricated using transparent laminating plastic for the whole TFB. The battery material was treated by burning the used Instia sp. wood to be charcoal and then followed by a fine powder process of it. The manufactured TFB has thin volume of (22.1 x 17.7 x 0.394) x 10-6 m3. Based on voltage measurement of the as fabricated TFB using an ordinary bending method, the voltage can be controlled from 0.0 to ∼0.33 V. Furthermore, the total measured energy using such bending method was ∼1.382 Joule. As a matter of fact, the flexible battery has a capacity 51.5 mAh. This simple prototype of TFB with such garbage material suggests a wide range of applications, particularly in a mobile energy storage device connected to a moving TFB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for cost-effective and highly efficient solar cells is increased by the need to shift energy production to renewables. The FoilMet-Connect technology offers a way to meet this demand by achieving higher cell efficiencies while utilizing low-cost aluminum foil for large parts of the rear electrode. This is realized by the reduction of the screen-printed area to small disks, which are electrically connected to the aluminum foil via laser welding. The necessary adhesion is achieved by additionally bonding the foil to the rear passivation of the cell. The FoilMet-Connect cells presented in this work achieve an efficiency of more than 22% in IV measurements, 0.25%abs more than the purely screen-printed reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carcass and organoleptic quality of chicken meat are important factors that consumers consider when purchasing chicken. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of carcass and organoleptic quality (color, aroma, tenderness, and taste) of Unila-1 superior chickens compared to broilers and native chickens. The research material used was Unila-1 superior chickens aged 2 months, broiler chickens aged 1 month, and native chickens aged 7 months with ten chickens each. The quality of physical properties of the meat was analyzed by the Kruskal Wallis test with twenty panelists who performed organoleptic tests on the color, aroma, texture, and taste of each chicken, while the carcass percentage was analyzed for variance using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments of chicken species and 6 replicates for each treatment. Thigh and breast meat samples from each treatment were used for the organoleptic test. Samples of thigh meat and breast meat were cut into pieces with a size of 4 x 4 cm. The thigh meat and breast meat were wrapped in aluminum foil, steamed for 35 minutes, and drained for 5 minutes. A total of 20 people aged 20-55 years served as panelists for the organoleptic test. Each panelist received a serving of meat samples for all treatments, one glass of water, and a list of questions (questionnaire). The questionnaire contains the observed variables, namely the physical properties of the meat which included the color, aroma, tenderness, and taste of the meat. The results showed that the carcass percentage and organoleptic quality (color, aroma, tenderness, and taste) of superior chicken of Unila-1 were relatively the same as broiler and native chickens. This study suggested that Unila-1 superior chicken could be an alternative to fulfill the demand of native chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study has been conducted on the influence of high-temperature annealing in air and in vacuum on the photoluminescent (PL) properties of anodic alumina (AA). The AA samples 40 µm thick were prepared by electrochemical oxidation of aluminum foil (99.99%) in an oxalic acid-based electrolyte (0.3 M) in the galvanostatic mode at a current density of 7 mA/cm2 and electrolyte temperature of 15 °C. The samples were annealed at temperatures Ta = 900 and 1000 °C with holding at a constant temperature for 30 min. Analysis of the obtained PL spectra and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra showed a significant change in the intensity and shape of the PL spectra of the annealed samples as compared to the original ones. Shifting of the spectral maxima is observed with a simultaneous significant decrease in the PL intensity. A distinctive feature of the spectra of the samples annealed in vacuum is the shift of their maxima at 515 - 575 nm, which is characteristic of the F2−type centers. For the samples annealed in air, the PL maximum is located in the 420 nm region and is due to single vacancies. Photoluminescent properties of the annealed AA are determined by a decrease in the number of F- and F2−type centers in the structural transition from amorphous to polycrystalline Al2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ejecta production upon the breakout of a shock wave at a rough surface has been the subject of extensive research work for about six decades. For a few years, we have investigated how laser-driven shocks could provide original, complementary data on this issue, over specific ranges of very high loading pressures, very short pulse durations (ns-order), small dimensions (tens of µm) and extremely high strain rates. Here, selected results are presented in two metals (Cu and Sn), with either single triangular grooves of controlled depths and sharp angles or periodic, quasi-sinusoidal perturbations of different amplitudes. Experimental data combine measurements of jet velocities, using both optical shadowgraphy and Photonic Doppler Velocimetry, with ultra-fast laser based X-ray radiography to estimate mass ejection. Results are briefly compared with the predictions of analytical models and data obtained by other teams from explosive-based experiments, at lower pressure and over much larger temporal and spatial scales. Thus, both interest and limitations of laser shocks for this particular field of shock physics are illustrated and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine metallic fragments in the millimeter and submillimeter size ranges may result from high-velocity impact with an obstacle or from explosive dispersal of particles. The size, velocity, and spatial distribution of the fine fast-flying particles are difficult to determine with available diagnostic systems. A novel particle impact detector based on a high-sensitivity tribolumi- nescent (TL) screen that is described in this paper can, in principle, fill this niche. The light-generating impact screen utilizes a TL manganese-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Mn) powder. The polycrystalline bulk TL material is synthesized in-house using the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction between sulfur and zinc. The multilayered sensor screen is comprised of aluminum foil, a layer of coarse polycrystalline particles, and transparent plastic backing. The sensor is optically coupled to a photomultiplier via a fiber optic taper. The operation of the system is demonstrated by impacting the screen with particles in the 0.1–0.6 mm size range accelerated by a helium-driven light-gas gun to speeds in the 0.3–0.8 kms−1 range. The sensor is shown to resolve particle impacts even in dense flows, allowing correlation of the signal amplitude with particle kinetic energy, and can resolve the bow shock as a precursor signature prior to particle impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blending of inorganic nanomaterials possessing high surface area with polymer systems to form hybrid materials is a promising category with abundant budding applications due to its exceptional mechanical, thermal and chemical stability. Herein, TiO2−Poly vinylpyrrolidone and TiO2−ZrO2−Poly vinylpyrrolidone composites are synthesized using sol-gel method and are allowed for electrospraying technique on aluminum foil and glass plates to get uniform film. FTIR spectroscopy and Elemental Mapping together confirm the constituents of the composite. FESEM and AFM revealed smoothness nature of the film. Contact angle measurements were carried out to assess self cleaning nature of the film. Antibacterial activity and oleophobic nature of the surface were also studied. The addition of ZrO2 prevents electron-hole recombination and enhances photocatalytic nature of the film. These works conclude that synthesized TiO2− ZrO2−PVP composite film shows excellent photoinduced self cleaning nature with better antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unhealthy lifestyle could trigger increased levels of cholesterol, hypertension, and obesity, even atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is hardening and tightening of the arteries that cause the blocking of blood circulation. Anti-atherosclerosis herbs consist of tanjung leaf (Mimusops elengi L.), starfruit leaf (Averrhoa carambola L.), and temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza R.) are empirically believed has antioxidant, anti-cholesterol, antiplatelets, and anti-hyperglycemic activity. Since anti-atherosclerosis herbs are going to be mass-produced, packaging and herbs stability must be considered carefully to preserve flavonoid content within. Therefore, the expired date information on food packaging is mandatory according to UU No.18/2012 about food and PP No. 69/1999 about food labeling and advertising. The shelf life of anti-atherosclerosis herbs was estimated by accelerated shelf-life test (ASLT) method based on the critical water content approach and sorption isotherms model (Labuza equation). In the study, the organoleptic test and mold test were carried out as well to determine critical condition. Packaging permeability was a parameter in the Labuza equation and was measured by the gravimetric method. The results of this study, the shelf life of anti-atherosclerosis herbs was predicted to be 233 days in filter bag and aluminum foil packaging when it stored at a temperature of 30°C and relative humidity (RH) of 75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anodizing of aluminum foil with cerium (0.01 at. %) and europium (0.01, 0.05, 0.8 at. %) additives carried out in a multi-component electrolyte (a mixture of oxalic, citric, boric acids and isopropyl alcohol) resulted in formation of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO). Their microstructure and photoluminescent properties of AAO were investigated. Doping of aluminum with 0.01 at. % Ce and Eu resulted in increasing intensity of the main luminescence band (380–700 nm) of the obtained oxides compare with that of undoped alumina. This was due to increase in the number of bonds of rare-earths-O-Al, and, accordingly, structural defects (F-centers) in aluminum oxide. The shift of the peaks of the main band, observed at different excitation wavelengths (330, 366, 394 nm), is explained by the different lengths of these bonds causing different energy gaps of the indicated defects. The effect of europium as activator on the luminescent properties of AAO is most pronounced in comparison with cerium. A comparison of the spectra of oxides obtained from Al alloys with different amounts of Eu (0.01, 0.05, 0.8 at. %) showed a decrease in the intensity of their luminescence. A detailed analysis of the emission spectra showed that luminescence of the AAO matrix and the intracenter f–f transitions of rare-earths ions overlap each other. This phenomenon was especially strongly observed on the AAO of the alloy with 0.8 % Eu at excitation wavelength of 250 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution the novel aluminum foil based rear metallization technology FoilMet® - Connect is introduced. With this technology, we combine the optical advantages of a foil metallized rear, known from FoilMet® - Classic and the high voltages of screen printed and furnace fired contacts usually applied in industrial PERC. The applied paste volume is reduced in the FoilMet® - Connect technology which we show to come with benefits in contacts formation during the firing process in a standard belt furnace. With this technology, we report an improvement in cell efficiency by ∆η = (0.25 ± 0.15) %abs over a mono facial screen printed PERC. Therefore it is a high efficiency upgrade for most monofacial cell concepts based on screen printed metallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin sheet components are increasingly used in several advanced industries, such as aerospace and automotive. In these sectors, improved mechanical and surface properties are highly demanded meeting, in several cases, also weight and aesthetical requirements. The industrial routes typically involved in the manufacturing of this kind of components are based on the combination of joining, forming and cutting technologies, whereas efficient production strategies are planned adopting modelling and simulations based on an integrated approach. The present work deals with the development of an integrated numerical model able to simulate the manufacturing route for formed thin sheets, rolled, welded by friction stir welding (FSW) technology and finally shaped by means of a single point incremental forming (SPIF) process. In concept, the approach is based on the link between two submodels simulating the two consecutive processes. The first submodel, taking as input the geometry and the mechanical properties of the anisotropic rolled aluminum foil, simulates in the ABAQUS environment, the FSW process. Tool geometry and path, rotational velocity, advancing speed, and other material parameters are defined as input values, providing, as output, the mechanical properties of the welded sheet, the affected zones, and the residual stress-strain fields. This output feeds the SPIF sub-model that evaluates the deformation of the sheet according to a defined process planning, allowing for the simulation of the entire manufacturing chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of self-forming of porous membranes with a system of ordered nanoscale (pore diameter of 20 nm and more) aluminum oxide-based capillaries electrochemical anodizing of aluminum foil tens of microns in thickness is proposed. It is established that the most important element of the technological process of forming a system of ordered through capillary membranes of nanoporous AOA is an artificial creation on the foil surface of a topological relief by mechanical phaseting of the surface, while the dominant technological, determining the diameter of aluminum nanoporphide, is the electrolyte composition. It has been established that optical spectroscopy of nanoporous membranes in a wide wavelength range (from 200 nm to 15 μm) provides their express distribution over basic geometric parameters, including the membrane thickness, average pore size and size distribution. IR radiation in the range from 8 to 14 μm, which corresponds to the spectral region of the infrared radiation of biological objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over driven double shock experiments provide a measurement of the properties of the reaction product states of the insensitive high explosive LX-17 (92.5% TATB and 7.5% Kel-F by weight). These experiments used two flyer materials mounted on the end of a projectile to send an initial shock through the LX-17, followed by a second shock of a higher magnitude into the detonation products. In the experiments, the explosive was initially driven by the flyer plate to pressures above the Chapman- Jouguet state. The particle velocity history was recorded by Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) probes pointing at an aluminum foil coated LiF window. The PDV data shows a sharp initial shock and decay, followed by a rounded second shock. Here, the experimental results are compared to 2D Cheetah reactive flow modeling. Our default Cheetah reactive flow model fails to accurately reproduce the decay of the first shock or the curvature or strength of the second shock. A new model is proposed in which the carbon condensate produced in the reaction zone is controlled by a kinetic rate. This allows the carbon condensate to be initially out of chemical equilibrium with the product gas. This new model reproduces the initial detonation peak and decay, and matches the curvature of the second shock, however, it still over-predicts the strength of the second shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-driven shock loading is a versatile, low destructive method to study material dynamic behaviors with an effcient repetitive rate. In these experiments, compared with the more conventional high-explosive or impact-based techniques, all the scales are reduced (few ns shock duration, a few mm planar loaded area) while the shock pressure may reach several tens of GPa. This configuration makes possible the use of many diagnostics with limited exposition to generated fragments. We present recent experiments of material ejection under laser-driven shock loading. The target is a thin plate of Tin with periodical grooves of few tens of µm in its rear surface, in order to induce solid or liquid micro-jetting. These jets turn into a cloud of µm-sized particles. Depending on surface roughness, the velocity and the density of the cloud vary. The density of the cloud is estimated thanks to a new high-resolution X-ray imaging with a laser-driven source; while optical shadowgraphy observes the displacement of the fastest particles. Thus, µm-structures in the particles cloud and in the target can be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on polymer-based nanocomposite polystyrene (PS) and nanocrystalline celluloses (NCCs) using antistatic agent of glycerol monostearate (GMS) for materials engineering has been done. The research was carried out in several stages. First, the matrix was made by mixing PS with BPO into laboplastomil at room temperature for three minutes at 50 rpm, followed by the addition of MA at the same time. Second, the above mixture was dissolved in toluene over a magnetic stirrer for three hours at room temperature until a viscous liquid was formed. A variety of concentrations of NCCs and GMS were added into the above mixture at a temperature of 60°C with rotational speed of 700 rpm. Third, the viscous liquid mixture was poured into the watch glass coated with aluminum foil. After hardened, the nanocomposite was pressed at a temperature of 90oC with a pressure of 1800 kgf. Subsequently, the samples were prepared for further characterization, namely tensile, structural, morphological, and Volume resistivity tests. Because of its high surface area, the addition of NCCs is able to improve the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. IR spectra showed that there is physic interaction between PS, NCCs, and GMS. The result of nanocomposite tensile test with the addition of 1-5% GMS showed the highest value was obtained by the addition of 3% GMS with Young's modulus of 910.70 MPa and Volume resistivity of 48.81 × 109ohm cm. Meanwhile, the addition of 1-5% NCC showed the highest value was obtained by the addition of 3% NCC with Young's modulus of 1090.60 MPa and Volume resistivity of 4.278 × 109ohm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the hypothesis that introducing distribution of mechanical properties is beneficial for modeling all kinds of mechanical behavior, even of ordinary metallic materials. To bring proof of its admissibility, it has to be first shown that modeling based on this assertion is able to efficiently describe standard mechanical behavior of materials. Searching for typical study case, it has been assessed that at a low scale, yield stresses could be strongly distributed in ultrathin aluminum foils used in packaging industry, offering opportunities to identifying their distribution and showing its role on the mechanical properties. Considering initially reduced modeling allow to establish a valuable connection between the hardening curve and the distribution of local yield stresses. This serves for finding initial value of distribution parameters in a more sophisticated identification procedure. With finally limited number of representative classes of local yield stresses, concretely 3 is enough, it is shown that a 3D finite element simulation involving limited numbers of elements returns realistic behavior of an ultrathin aluminum foil exerted to tensile test, in reference to experimental results. This gives way to large possibilities in modeling in order to give back complex experimental evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, a microstructure based procedure is used for a numerical prediction of strength properties for Al-Mg-Sc thin foils during a hot rolling process. For this purpose, the following techniques were developed and implemented. At first, a toolkit for a numerical analysis of experimental stress-strain curves obtained during a hot compression testing by a deformation dilatometer was developed. The implemented techniques allow for the correction of a temperature increase in samples due to adiabatic heating and for the determination of a yield strength needed for the separation of the elastic and plastic deformation regimes during numerical simulation of multi-pass hot rolling. At the next step, an asymmetric Hot Rolling Simulator (adjustable table inlet/outlet height as well as separate roll infeed) was developed in order to match the exact processing conditions of a semi-industrial rolling procedure. At each element of a finite element mesh the total strength is calculated by in-house Flow Stress Model based on evolution of mean dislocation density. The strength values obtained by numerical modelling were found in a reasonable agreement with results of tensile tests for thin Al-Mg-Sc foils. Thus, the proposed simulation procedure might allow to optimize the processing parameters with respect to the microstructure development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the experiments conducted to investigate the efficiency of different type of reflecting surfaces used on solar thermal collector. Three types of commonly available reflective surfaces coated with silver colour acrylic paint, reflective aluminium foil and blank compact disc are investigated. In this paper, the effect of different reflective surfaces on the water container and parabolic concentrator dish are investigated. In the first experiment, two types of surfaces, coated with silver colour acrylic paint and black colour acrylic paint on an aluminium container are compared. The other factors that might influence the experiment outcome like the material, focal point, and weather condition are kept constant. The experiment results proved that black colour surface is better in absorbing heat reflected by the parabolic dish. The second experiment focused on investigating the effect of different reflective surfaces on the parabolic concentrator dish itself. These surfaces are tested on a parabolic disc of a static solar thermal collector that reflects heat from the sun to a body of water stored in a black colour aluminium container. The temperature of the water is measured at a predetermined interval to measure the efficiency of the reflective surfaces used. It is found that the aluminium reflective surface performed the best compared to the other surfaces.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work present an approach of how to account for the anisotropic mechanical material behaviour in the simulation models of the thin aluminium foil layer (≈10 &#181'm) used in the Packaging Industry. Furthermore, the experimental results from uniaxial tensile tests are parameterised into an analytical expression and the slope of the hardening subsequently extended way beyond the experimental data points. This in order to accommodate the locally high stresses present in the experiments at the neck formation. An analytical expression, denominated Ramberg-Osgood, is used to describe the non-linear mechanical behaviour. Moreover it is possible with a direct method to translate the experimental uniaxial tensile test results into useful numerical material model parameters in Abaqus™. In addition to this the extended material behaviour including the plastic flow i.e. hardening, valid after onset of localisation, the described procedure can also capture the microscopic events, i.e. geometrical thinning, ongoing in the deformation of the aluminium foil. This method has earlier successfully been applied by Petri Mäkelä for paperboard material [1]. The engineering sound and parameterised description of the mechanical material behaviour facilitates an efficient categorisation of different aluminium foil alloys and aid the identification of the correct anisotropic (RD/TD/45°) mechanical material behaviour derived from the physical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the recent work about reinforcing E-glass into Aluminium foil to attain high strength to weight ratio. Aluminium is corrosion resistant, light in weight and ductile, also when alloyed through other metals deliver the greater strengths as desirable for high-tech applications. The density of pure Aluminium is 2.7 g/cm³. Electrical grade glass formally known as E-glass, is by far the most used fiber in reinforced plastic composites. It is a high strength material with light weight compared to steel and corrosive resistant. The matrix and reinforcement is bonded with a resin, named Araldite Ly556, which has density at 25 °C, 1.15-1.20 g/cm³. Thus gives a good binding structure. In the present work, Aluminium, E-Glass and Epoxy are combined to fabricate a laminate by Hand-Lay process. Hand-lay is the oldest and simplest method used for producing reinforced plastic laminates. The fabricated metal matrix composites are tested for their mechanical properties. The metal laminate is found to render high strength, hardness, flexural strength and increased wear resistance. Further theoretical simulations was carried out to validate the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retort Pouch had become a choice to preserve foods nowadays, besides the used of the can. Both had their own advantages, and Retort Pouch became more popular for the reason of cheaper and easier to recycle. General Method usually used to estimate the lethality of commercial heat sterilization process. Lethality value was used for evaluating the efficacy of the thermal process. This study aimed to find whether different layers of pouch materials affect the lethality value and to find differences lethality in two types of multilayer retort pouch, PET/Aluminum Foil/Nylon/RCPP and PET/Nylon/Modified Aluminum/CPP. The result showed that the different layer arrangement was resulted different Sterilization Value (SV). PET/Nylon/Modified Aluminum/CPP had better heat penetration, implied by the higher value of lethality. PET/Nylon/Modified Aluminum/CPP had the lethality value of 6,24 minutes, whereas the lethality value of PET/Aluminum Foil/Nylon/RCPP was 3,54 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vacancy-type defects in the aluminum single crystal foils after a series of the cyclic tensions were studied using positron annihilation. Two components were identified in the positron lifetime spectra associated with the annihilation of free positrons and positrons trapped by dislocations. With increasing number of cycles the dislocation density firstly increases and reaches a maximum value at N = 10 000 cycles but then it gradually decreases and at N = 70 000 cycles falls down to the level typical for the virgin samples. The direct evidence on the formation of a two-phase system "defective near-surface layer/base Al crystal" in aluminum foils at cyclic tension was obtained using a positron beam with the variable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-forming refers to the application of conventional forming processes to manufacture products from ultra-thin sheet materials. While attempting to meet the increasing demand for cost-effective manufacturing of micro-formed components, it is very important to reduce the defects in the products. In this paper, we report a number of Finite Element (FE) simulations of the micro-deep drawing process with various sample thicknesses and eccentric distances. The simulations indicated that when the sample thickness is nearly equal to the gap between the plunger and the die, the sample is likely to develop fractures at the bottom corner. When the sample thickness is much smaller than the gap, wrinkling appears in the sample. If the sheet thickness is reduced, the wrinkles approach the bending zone. If the punch-die eccentricity is increased, the pressing process results in a defective product. The simulation results compared well with experimental results. This suggests that the computer simulations can be used to design future experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro-Newton thrust generation was observed through low-power continuous-wave laser and aluminum foil interaction without any remarkable ablation of the target surface. To evaluate the thrust characteristics, a torsion-balance thrust stand capable for the measurement of the thrust level down to micro-Newton ranges was developed. In the case of an aluminum foil target with 12.5 micrometer thickness, the maximum thrust level was 15 micro-Newtons when the laser power was 20 W. It was also found that the laser intensity, or laser power per unit area, irradiated on the target was significantly important on the control of the thrust even under the low-intensity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro-newton thrust generation was observed through low-power continuous-wave laser and aluminum foil interaction without any remarkable ablation of the target surface. To evaluate the thrust characteristics, a torsion-balance thrust stand capable for the measurement of the thrust level down to micro-Newton ranges was developed. In the case of an aluminum foil target with 12.5 micrometer thickness, the maximum thrust level was 15 micro-newtons when the laser power was 20 W, or about 0.75 N/MW. It was also found that the laser intensity, or laser power per unit area, irradiated on the target was significantly important on the control of the thrust even under the low-intensity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of SEM imaging and hydrocode modeling has been used to reconstruct the impactor of a complex shape hypervelocity impact crater found on a Stardust aluminium foil. Stardust was a NASA mission which in 2004 flew past a comet at 6.1 km s-1 and collected freshly emitted cometary dust via impacts (at the encounter speed) on the spacecraft. Two models were investigated, a simple co-planar impactor with multiple sub-grains distributed in a non-compact form and comprising all one material, and a more complicated impactor with variable composition sub-grains whose individual compositions were based on residues found within the crater. Both models give rise to a crater morphology very similar to that found on the foil, suggesting that this is a valid method for interpreting complex crater morphologies and their progenitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NASA Stardust mission to comet 81P/Wild 2 collected grains of cometary dust freshly ejected from the comet during a fly-by at a speed of 6.1 km s-1. These were captured on aluminum foils and in blocks of silica aerogel. The dust underwent a severe shock during capture. The nature of the shock process depends on the properties of the dust and the collecting media. On the aluminium, the shock process and impact damage is typical of that between high-density (or hard materials) at high velocity, resulting in craters lined with impactor residues. The peak shock pressures are estimated at 60–80 GPa. Two main crater types are seen, simple bowl shaped and multiple pit craters: these reflect the degree of consolidation of the original dust grain. Capture in the low density aerogel was via a more gradual slowing of the dust grains accompanied by a variety of effects on the grains (complete break up of weak grains vs. ablation of well consolidated grains). The relation between the structure of the dust grains and the resulting impact features in both collector materials is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NASA Stardust mission to comet 81P/Wild 2 collected grains of cometary dust freshly ejected from the comet during a fly-by at a speed of 6.1 km s-1. These were captured on aluminum foils and in blocks of silica aerogel. The dust underwent a severe shock during capture. The nature of the shock process depends on the properties of the dust and the collecting media. On the aluminium, the shock process and impact damage is typical of that between high-density (or hard materials) at high velocity, resulting in craters lined with impactor residues. The peak shock pressures are estimated at 60–80 GPa. Two main crater types are seen, simple bowl shaped and multiple pit craters: these reflect the degree of consolidation of the original dust grain. Capture in the low density aerogel was via a more gradual slowing of the dust grains accompanied by a variety of effects on the grains (complete break up of weak grains vs. ablation of well consolidated grains). The relation between the structure of the dust grains and the resulting impact features in both collector materials is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) have two inherent advantages. First, they allow the wireless-electrodeless measurements. Second, they show higher efficiency for exciting and detecting bulk shear waves. These two characteristics are essential for achieving a high-sensitive oscillator biosensor. This paper shows a Lorentz-force-EMAT biosensor with 50-μm thick aluminum foil for detecting human immunoglobulin G (IgG) by Staphylococcus-aureus protein A immobilized on both surfaces of the foil oscillator. The fundamental resonance frequency near 32 MHz was monitored during the binding reaction, which successfully detected the frequency change for the IgG solution with a concentration of 1 ng/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of biomaterials starch-based polymers have been widely studied for several different applications, including scaffolds for tissue engineering. Recently, electrospinning has been gaining interest as a promising method to manufacture highly porous 3D structures. Such structures provide a high surface area for cell attachment and proliferation, being adequate for several uses in tissue engineering. The aim of the current work is to develop nanofiber-based constructs from starch-polycaprolactone (SPCL 30/70 wt%) blends by means of electrospinning and to study the effect of different solvents. Solutions of 5–15 wt% either in acetic acid or chloroform were electrospun to aluminum foil. The voltage used was 30 kV and the counter-electrode distance was 25 cm. The microstructure of the obtained constructs was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was possible to obtain highly porous 3D scaffolds with a typical nanofiber-mesh structure by using electrospinning from different SPCL-solvent solutions. Electrospinning was most successful when using higher concentrations (15 wt%). With lower concentrations the process was not very feasible and at a concentration of 5 wt% it was not possible to obtain fibers. The diameter of the fibers obtained was 130–180 nm. SEM analysis revealed the presence of particles which are assumed to be starch. The particles were interconnected by the nanofibers. It is possible to produce highly porous nanofiber-based constructs from SPCL by using electrospinning. Such constructs may have applications in tissue engineering of different tissues, such as bone, skin and cartilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental results are presented for the first time on the deformation of thin aluminum foils induced by 8MeV Si[sup 4+] ions irradiation. The deformation was measured systematically using a laser displacement meter with accuracy of 0.1 µm, as a function of the incident beam current ranging from 1 to 200 nA for two different foil thickness of 2 and 5 µm foils. Protrusive deformation profile was observed only within the beam spot size. The deformation was found to be completely elastic without hysteresis and was independent of the beam current. The deformation was increases linearly as the beam current increases up to 10 nA, above which it increases more rapidly. The surface expansion for a given foil is saturated at some beam current. The present method will be developed as a new method to study ion-solid interaction relating to high-density electronic excitation, thermal deformation of thin foil and ion track structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments are being developed to shock compress metal foils in the solid state to study the material strength under high compression. The x-ray drive has been characterized and hydrodynamics experiments performed to study growth of the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability in Al foils at a peak pressure of about 1.8 Mbar. Pre-imposed single mode modulations with an initial wavelength of 10-50 μm, and amplitude of 0.5 μm show growth. Variation in the growth factors may be a result of shot-shot variation in preheating of the Al sample due to emission from the plasma in the hohlraum target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]