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Bacterial cellulose (BC) is synthesized from extract of pineapple peel and Acetobacter xylinum as fermentation bacteria. This study aims to investigate the influence of graphene concentration on the morphology and crystalinity in bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) nanocomposites. To obtain bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), the previously manufactured pellicle BC was homogenized using a high-speed blender and a high-pressure homogenizer (HPH). Bacterial nanocellulose was combined with different concentrations of graphene (0.25, 0.5, and 1%), and then put into an ultrasonic homogenizer. Then, BNC-graphene solution was poured into a glass mold laminated with aluminium foil, and it was dried in an oven for 14 hours, 80°C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of nanocomposites membrane. X-Ray Diffraction is used to investigate the crystallinity of nanocomposites membrane. The structure of BNC-graphene nanocomposites membrane become more compact, according to the synthesized results. A few peaks at 2θ of 14.5°, 16.6°, 22.7° are seen in the XRD analysis, as well as a graphene diffraction pattern peak at 2θ of 13.7°. Nanocomposites membrane's crystallinity was reduced after graphene was added when compared to nanocomposites membrane without graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kepok Banana Peel, derived from Musa paradisiaca L, stands out as a common waste material frequently encountered in Indonesia. Nata de musa, a potential alternative food derived from processed Kepok banana peels, serves as a substitute for nata de coco. This study aimed to identify the optimal duration and concentration of Acetobacter xylinum bacteria in the fermentation process of Kepok banana peels, focusing on the thickness and crude fibre content of nata de musa. Employing an experimental research approach with a quantitative method, the fermentation occurred over 4 days, 8 days, 12 days, and 16 days, using varying concentrations of Acetobacter xylinum (20 mL, 40 mL, and 60 mL). The research findings indicate that a concentration of 60 mL of Acetobacter xylinum and a fermentation duration of 12 days represent the most effective treatment, resulting in the optimal nata de musa thickness of 1.75 cm and the finest crude fibre content of 7.39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head injury is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the productive age. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 90% of the causes of head injuries in Indonesia are caused by traffic accidents. It causes tearing of the dura mater layer on the head and will be fatal if not treated immediately. The aim of this study is finding out the replacement composites of artificial head dura mater layers which are compatible. In this study, artificial dura mater derived from the bacterial cellulose Acetobacter xylinum which was synthesized on coconut water media. In this study, four variations of composition were used, namely bacterial cellulose (control), bacterial cellulose-glycerol, bacterial cellulose – collagen, and bacterial cellulose-collagen-glycerol. Characterization of the river group (FTIR), tensile strength, swelling and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium reduction assay. Assay was conducted in this study. Characterization of functional groups shows the functional groups characteristic of bacterial cellulose, collagen, and glycerol. The results of the tensile strength characterization show that of the four variations in sample composition have average UTS (Ultimate Tensile Strength) and Elongation values that are close to the standard value of artificial dura mater. The best results in the swelling test were obtained on the composition of the bacterial cellulose sample-Collagen-Glycerol with a swelling value of 28.30%. These results did not exceed the membrane swelling ratio limit of 70%. For the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium reduction assay test, the percentage of living cells from each sample is above 50% which means that the material produced is not toxic when applied to the body. Bacterial Cellulose Composites-Collagen has the potential to be an artificial dura mater candidate based on the characterization of functional groups, tensile strength, swelling, and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium reduction assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This objectives of the research were to determine the formation of silver nanoparticles, the effect of adding glycerol and chitosan on biodegradability of bacterial cellulose from sweet potato waste water deposited by silver nanoparticles, the effect of biodegradation time to biodegradatibility of bacterial cellulose deposited silver nanoparticles. The research was started by making nata of liquid waste of sweet potatoes which is fermented by Acetobacter xylinum during 7 days. Bacterial cellulose-chitosan and bacterial cellulose-glycerol-chitosan were prepared before the drying process by immersed in chitosan solution. Preparation of silver nanoparticles was carried out by chemical reduction method from solution of AgNO3 with trisodium citrate and gelatin and than was characterized by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Biodegradability of bacterial cellulose and its composite was studied by mass loss and rate of mass loss. The cellulose was characterized by FTIR-ATR to determine the functional groups and XRD to determine crystallinity. The results showed that the silver nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized indicated by absorption at 418.80 nm, the addition of glycerol and chitosan decreased biodegradability of bacterial cellulose, the biodegradation time caused increasing mass loss and decreasing the rate of mass loss, and the highest nanosilver doped bacterial cellulose had -OH and C-O functional group and than the higher crystallinity than before biodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose contains pure cellulose, so it can be used for wound healing better. Bacterial cellulose has been produced from coconut water by Acetobacter Xylinum. The aim of this research is improving mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose with supplemented Curcuma Longa Linn extract. Sample Bacterial Cellulose (BC) and Bacterial Cellulose supplemented Curcuma Longa Linn extract (BCC) has been characterized by mechanical test. The result of this research shown in elongation-load and Strain-stress graphic. There is decreasing elongation at break at Bacterial Cellulose supplemented Curcuma Long Linn. It shown improving mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose supplemented Curcuma Longa Linn extract for wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose produced from bacteria is a biopolymer that having high strength, purity and permeability so that it can be applied in various fields. The study aims to observe the morphology and structure of BC after being treated by a chemical reagent. The study was conducted using a BC pellicle that was produced from an extract of pineapple peel waste after being fermented for 10 days by Acetobacter xylinum. BC pellicle was treated by a chemical reagent solution (BmimCl, H2O2, and NaOH) by a concentration of 5%. BC pellicle was immersed in chemical reagent at 80 °C for 2 hours then dried in an oven for 6 hours at 70°C. The morphology observation was conducted under the Scanning Electron Microscope, and the structure was analysed using XRD apparatus. The results indicate that diffractogram of BC film after chemical pretreatment, the crystal size of BC film reduce from 10.01 nm (without treatment) to 3.67 nm, 3.62 nm, and 3.68 nm for pretreatment fo NaOH, H2O2, and BmimCl, respectively. The highest crystallinity of BC film was obtained by pretreatment using H2O2 with a crystallinity of 76.83%. The morphology of BC film indicated that pretreatment using NaOH, H2O2, and BmimCl cause peel of BC nanofiber so that the surface of BC film looks rougher and more porous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct synthesis of bio-composite aerogel (BA) of bacterial cellulose/polysaccharide from Arenga pinnata Merr. seeds using Acetobacter xylinum has been successfully carried out. The starter of Acetobacter xylinum used was obtained from the pineapple pulp while the palm seeds with soft textured was used. The weight of the palm seeds were varied of 15, 20, 25 and 30 grams and the volume of Acetobacter xylinum were diverse from 1 to 6 ml. The process started from converting hydrogel to alcogel by exchanging ethanol solvents at concentrations of 70%, 96%, and pure ethanol followed by vacuum drying to form aerogel. Spectrophotometer FT-IR did not showed any changes in functional groups and only the interaction of bacterial cellulose and palm seed polysaccharides detected. The maximum tensile strength for (BA) was obtained in the ratio of palm seed polysaccharides with Acetobacter xylinum of 25 g : 5 ml. Compared to bacterial cellulose the BA have Young modulus and tensile strength better of 12.6 GPa and 369.1 GPa, respectively. The cavities on the surface of the bio-composite aerogel are increasingly closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Research has been carried out on the use of tofu liquid waste as raw material for the manufacture of nanocellulose produced with the help of Acetobacter Xylinum bacteria. The research media was carried out by adjusting the degree of acidity to pH 4 and mixing tofu liquid waste and coconut water with a volume ratio of 1: 0; 1:1; and 3:1. The results of the study showed that at a ratio of 1: 0 no nanocellulose was formed, this was due to the absence of sufficient nutrient content in the media. Meanwhile, at a ratio of 1:1 and 3:1, nanocellulose was formed with a mass of 1.8 g and 0.9 g, respectively. The formed nanocellulose was washed with distilled water and soaked for 24 hours with 2.5% NaOH. The results were then washed again with distilled water to a neutral pH and dried using a dryer oven at a temperature of 30°C. The drying results were further characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The results of the characterization of the two samples showed the formation of nanocellulose with sizes ranging from 20 nm to 60 nm. The FT-IR results show specific groups of cellulose at wave numbers 3200-3700 cm−1 for the OH group and 2900-2950 cm−1 for the CH group and 998-1050 cm−1 -C-O-C- group. nanocellulose is formed which is shown from the typical peaks of cellulose there are 14° and 22°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose is widely used in various fields, one of which is in biomedical fields such as separation membranes, artificial wound dressings, and cartilage tissue engineering substrates. Bacterial cellulose has low mechanical properties, so a composite of bacterial cellulose with seaweed extract (BC-Se) was formulated to obtain a new, better material. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variation crosslinker (tapioca flour) on the mechanical, structural and physical properties of BC-SeC. Bacterial cellulose is made from a mixture of coconut water, urea and sugar, which is then fermented with Acetobacter xylinum for 15 days. The bacterial cellulose made from seaweed extract is called the bacterial compound cellulose-seaweed extract (BC-SeC). The BC-SeC will feature testing for tensile strength, compressive strength, water content and structural analysis using FTIR. The best tensile strength test result was BC-SeC with 2% crosslinker added with a value of 50.10 MPa. The addition of Crosslinker can reduce the percentage of BC-SeC water content, while the FTIR spectrum results show that the functional groups contained in cellulose only experience a shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV radiation, environmental pollution, stress conditions can cause skin disorders that lead to premature aging. An antioxidant bio-cellulose mask is an option to reduce the premature aging process by using environmentally friendly materials. Natural antioxidants can be obtained from plant extract that contains phenols and flavonoids, which are found in Camellia sinensis such as black tea and red tea. The purposes of this research were to determine the total phenol and total flavonoid content of black tea and red tea extracts; to determine the physical characteristics of the essence of black tea and red tea extracts, and to know the antioxidant activity of the bio-cellulose mask extract qualitatively. Extracts were prepared using ethanol 70% with the maceration method. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents were determined with the colorimetric method. Essence physical characteristics test in the form of pH, homogeneity, viscosity, and primary irritation index. Bio-cellulose mask was obtained by fermenting coconut water using Acetobacter xylinum bacteria. The antioxidant activity of the mask was determined qualitatively using 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhidrazyl (DPPH). The total phenol content of black tea and red tea extracts were 227.91±6.39 and 184.77±9.18 mg GAE/g extract, while the total flavonoid content of 2.71±0.006 and 2.35±0.015 mg QE/g extract. The essence of extracts was homogeneous; pH in the range of 5.42 – 5.59; viscosity of 501.50 and 634.10 cps. The primary irritation index values of essences were less than 0.05. The bio-cellulose mask showed qualitative antioxidant activity with DPPH. It can be concluded that black tea and red tea extracts are potential ingredients in the development of the bio-cellulose mask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha tea is a traditional fermented beverage product of tea and sugar solution using kombucha starter culture (Acetobacter xylinum and some types of yeast) that has some health effects, among others, as an antioxidant, antibacterial, endurance improvement, and others. This study aimed to determine the impact of time fermentation on the chemical properties (capacity of antioxidants, sugar content, alcohol content, and pH value), the physical properties (colour), and the organoleptic properties of butterfly pea kombucha tea. This research used explorative and descriptive methods. The treatment was fermentation time: 0-day, 3 days, 6 days and 9 days against chemical, physical, and organoleptic properties of the butterfly pea kombucha. The research design used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two repetitions for each treatment. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with a further DMRT test. This study showed that the duration of fermentation affects the antioxidant capacity, sugar content, pH and alcohol content, the colour's physical properties, and the organoleptic properties of butterfly pea kombucha. The results showed that 9 days of the time fermentation had the highest value of colour brightness (L) 20.3875, reddish (a+) 20.195, antioxidant of 42.77600 ppm, alcohol content 0.735% and had a taste organoleptic value of 3.98, and the colour hedonic score of 4.16. Meanwhile, 0-day fermentation had the highest value of a blue colour level (b-) of 2.76, the sugar content of 14.600 %, and had highest aroma organoleptic value of 3.9. A fermentation time of 9 days was not recommended for production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) composite reinforced with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) in terms of morphology and membrane functional groups. Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) was used as a surfactant. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of addition CTAB on the membrane composite. Bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicle was produced from the extract of pineapple peel waste. Acetobacter xylinum was used as the fermentation agent. The solution of 1% NaOH was applied for removing the BC pellicle impurities. Mechanical treatment and high pressure homogenize process had been done to synthesize BNC. The composite membranes were synthesized by using a mixture of BNC, TiO2 1%, and CTAB with different mass percentages, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, and then the composite solution was dried by the oven for 14 hours at 80 °C. Properties of the composite membrane can be known based on its morphology and functional groups. Scanning Electron Microscope was used to observe the morphology. The results show that a higher concentration of CTAB makes BNC structure became more porous, and TiO2 particles spread more uniformly. FTIR analysis was conducted in range of 682cm-1, 862cm −1, 1041cm −1 and 3421 cm−1. Successively, they are the position of the C-OH, C-H, C-O-C, and O-H function clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a large producer of pineapples, Indonesia also produces much pineapple peel waste. An effort to reduce this waste is to utilize it as a culture medium to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicle. BC has properties of high mechanical strength, crystallinity, hydrophilicity, and high purity. This study produces a new biocomposite using BC pellicle with adding polyethylene glycol (PEG). This study aims to observe the effect of adding PEG4000 on BC/PEG biocomposite membrane structure. BC pellicle was produced using pineapple peel extract as medium fermentation and Acetobacter xylinum as a fermentation agent. After the fermentation process, produced pellicle was immersed in PEG 4000 at different concentrations (1, 2.5, and 5%wt). After that, the BC was dried using the freeze-drying method. The biocomposite BC/PEG4000 membrane was observed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The XRD result showed the BC membrane has diffractogram peaks found at 28 of 14, 16, and 22°. The addition of PEG4000 causes diffractogram new peaks at 28 of 19°. The higher addition of PEG4000 produces higher peak intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), a well-known spice, often used as an Indonesian traditional medicine or "jamu" ingredient which possesses immunostimulant effect as it contains curcumin. During the COVID-19 outbreak, the consumption of "jamu" tends to increase recently. However, the millennial consumers as one of the target markets do not like "jamu" due to its bitter taste. Accordingly, turmeric should be formulated as nata, namely "Nata de Curcuma" to become "friendly consumed". The study aimed to formulate nata obtained from the water juice of turmeric, to evaluate the physical properties, to identify the curcuminoids, and to test the hedonic. Four formulae of "Nata de Curcuma" consisting of turmeric, coconut water, sucrose, ammonium sulphate (ZA), vinegar, and those fermented with Acetobacter xylinum as a starter. Subsequently, the physical properties of nata including organoleptic, thickness, water content, and fiber content were evaluated. Moreover, curcuminoids in this formula were identified by performing thin layer chromatograph (TLC) method. The best formula of "Nata de Curcuma" contains the mixture of water juice of turmeric and coconut water (1:2) added by 30 g of sugar, 3 g of ZA, and 60 mL of starter. This formula exhibited the thickness of 1 cm and the diameter of 3 cm after 28-days-incubation. The organoleptic properties showed that yellow with the mixed odor of fresh turmeric and slightly coconut, a chewy texture with the specific taste of fresh turmeric but bitterless. The water content of this nata was 95.3% while the fiber content was 4.48% and it contained curcumin evident by the TLC profile. The hedonic test showed that the panelists didn't like the smell of nata due to its smell like turmeric, but they really liked the taste of nata as the unpleasant taste of turmeric was covered. Turmeric was able to be formulated into "Nata de Curcuma" which has the potential as functional food for immunostimulant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to obtain strong and lightweight material from pristine nanocellulose of bacterial cellulose (BC) which produced from Acetobacter xylinum bacterium. The nanocellulose hydrogel resulted from inter- and intrafibrillar hydrogen bonding cellulose was used as the first network. While the second network was formed by immersion of vacuum and oven dried of BC in a mixture of citric acid and glycerol in 1 to 1 molar ratio for 2, 4, 6 and 24 h followed by crosslinking initiation by heating at 130 °C for 15 h. The composite film was characterized for mechanical testing, infrared spectroscopy and microscopy analysis. The result showed that vacuum dried BC film obtained high strength compared to oven dried BC film which suggested that slow water evaporation minimize fibrils hornification and effectively facilitated the penetration of glycerol and citric acid. Infra-red spectra showed that ester linked was formed which corresponded to the formation of interpenetrated polymer network while maintaining the transparent film. Since, all materials are edible, this quite low mechanical strength composite could be applied for rigid food edible packaging material such as hard capsule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose- Curcuma Longa Linn from acetobacter xylinum has been produced. The aim of research: To isolate Bacterial Cellulose-Curcuma Longa Linn from Acetobacter xylinum and to improve activity catalitic of bacterial cellulose. Morphology properties was carried out on sample of bacterial cellulose and Bacterial Cellulose-Curcuma Longa Linn extract. This characteristic test was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membrane is highly dependent on the membrane structure properties. Crystallinity and morphology are two of the properties needed to determine the quality of a membrane. The objective of the study is to investigate the influence of high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) process on the crystalline structure and morphology of the BNC membrane. The methods were conducted by fermentation of pineapple peel extract using Acetobacter xylinum for 10 days. Resulted pellicle was disintegrated by high-speed blender, followed by HPH with 150 bars then poured to a rectangular glass mold. The solution was dried in the electric oven for 4 hours, 70 °C. The dry membrane was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for analyzing the crystallinity and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test for morphology observation. The result shows that the crystalline structure of BNC membrane was changed after the HPH process. It was found that the crystalline index of BNC membrane was decreased from 88% to 86% by applying pressure of 150 bars. From SEM observation results show that additional treatment using HPH resulting in the fiber to reduce the particle size, which is confirming the XRD test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has unique physical properties such as having high crystallinity, mechanical strength, purity, porosity, high water absorption capacity and biodegradable. This research aims to investigate the effect of high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) treatment cycle on the tensile strength and morphology of BNC membrane. This experiment begins from pineapple peel waste juice added with Acetobacter xylinum incubated for 14 days. The yielded pellicle then washed by distilled water then immersed in 1% NaOH for 24 h and pellicle well disintegrated using a highspeed blender, followed by homogenizing using HPH with repetition of 5 cycles at 150 bar. The solution was cast into a rectangular glass container and dried into an oven at 60 °C for 8 h. Results show that the tensile strength of BNC was 77.76 MPa and 75.97 MPa for membrane without HPH process and HPH process, respectively. The elastic modulus of BNC was16 GPa and 27.25 GPa for membrane without HPH process and HPH process, respectively. Morphological analysis using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the pores of BNC membrane prepared using HPH smaller than non-HPH. This means that the BNC membrane prepared by HPH was dense compared than Non-HPH membrane. Dense membrane caused a higher strength of the membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]