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Algae are very important to the life of human as a bio-indicator of water pollution. The observation of algae vitality can give information of the environment changes of the algae, which are shown by the changes of parameter in its environment. This study is aimed to observe the influence of toxicity of herbicide 2,4-D dimethylamine 865 SL on the vitality of algae species Chlorella Kessleri in producing dissolved oxygen as a result of photosynthetic mechanism. A 50μL herbicide 2,4-D dimethylamine 865 SL with a concentration of 10 % was added into immobilized algae in the Biochip-C from cellasys GmbH and stimulated with artificial light of 400-700 nm for photosynthetic process. The effect of herbicide 2,4-D dimethylamine 865 SL was observed and shows the increase of the basal potential after 1500 s, which indicates the dissolved oxygen reduction in the environment of the algae. This effect is reversible and a restoration of the photosynthetic activity take place after the substance removal. The use of this toxin is systemic, which slowly kill the living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles derived from dimethylamine and α-pinene with sulfuric acid during CLOUD 7 (Cosmic Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) campaign at CERN. The hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles from 10 to 20 nm in mobility diameter was measured with a nano tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-TDMA). Here, we present preliminary results from the CLOUD 7 experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have run a set of experiments in the CLOUD chamber at CERN, Switzerland, studying the effect of dimethylamine (DMA) on sulfuric acid (SA)-water nucleation using a nitrate based Chemical Ionization Atmospheric Pressure ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (CI-APi-TOF). Experiment was designed to produce neutral high m/z SA-DMA clusters in close to atmospherically relevant conditions to be detected and characterized by the CI-APi-TOF. We aimed in filling up the gap in measurement techniques from molecular level up to climatically relevant aerosol particles and thus improve our understanding of the role of sulfuric acid and DMA in atmospheric nucleation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the CLOUD experiment at CERN we have been investigating the chemical species that are most important to atmospheric new particle formation. Sulphuric acid plays a key role in aerosol nucleation, but other vapours and ions can strongly enhance the formation rate. Quantifying the contribution of each species and the conditions under which each one is important is a major challenge and requires sophisticated laboratory experiments. The CLOUD chamber, a 3m stainless steel aerosol chamber exposed to a pion beam from the CERN Proton Synchrotron, can create a precisely controlled atmospheric environment over a wide range of temperatures, ionisation states and gas mixtures, while keeping contamination levels extremely low. CLOUD has studied a range of vapour species at atmospheric concentrations, including, in various combinations, sulphuric acid, ammonia, dimethylamine and alpha-pinene. The effect of ions on the nucleation rates has been measured for all species since it is of considerable interest as a possible link between galactic cosmic rays and climate[1]. This work will present an overview of the nucleation rates measured in CLOUD and compare them with atmospheric observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of new particle formation (NPF) events is still poorly understood. The CLOUD experiment is studying at which conditions this process occurs. During the CLOUD 7 campaign (fall 2012) the evolution of the nucleation rate with different reagents (sulphuric acid, ammonia, dimethylamine and α-pinene) was tested. Here we investigate the composition of freshly formed positive ions during the nucleation process, which allows us to understand the formation mechanisms of these clusters. The time evolution of the clusters is shown demonstrating the correlation between the formation of these clusters and the nucleation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clustering process (sulfuric acid) + (base)→(sulfuric acid)1(base)1 is of fundamental importance in the atmospheric new-particle formation. Especially interesting are the collisions where a proton transfer reaction can happen, as the reaction often leads to relatively strongly bound clusters. Here, we studied the clustering process of (sulfuric acid) + (dimethylamine) → (sulfuric acid)1(dimethylamine)1 using first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. The collision of the two molecules was simulated starting with various spatial orientations and the evolution of the cluster was followed in the NVE ensemble. The simulations suggest that the proton transfer reaction takes place regardless of the intial collision orientation. However, due to the energy released in the process, the newly-formed cluster is not able to reach the minimun energy configuration, which might affect the following growth processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have used a quantum chemical method to calculate the formation free energies of negatively charged sulfuric acid - ammonia and sulfuric acid - dimethylamine clusters. Using the calculated formation free energies we have estimated the evaporation rates of the clusters. We have compared the evaporation rate of the charged clusters with the corresponding neutral clusters. We found that, although small clusters of sulfuric acid with ammonia and dimethylamine are stable and should be present in the atmosphere, they can not be detected using mass spectroscopy techniques. Charging the cluster will result in the fast evaporation of the base molecules, and they will be detected as pure sulfuric acid cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies suggest that dimethylamine could be a key ternary species in the formation and early growth of atmospheric aerosol particles. We report on nucleation studies for the ternary system of sulfuric acid, water and dimethylamine which have been performed at the CERN CLOUD chamber. These studies were conducted at atmospherically relevant concentrations of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine at 278 K and 38% RH. Two newly developed Chemical Ionization-Atmospheric Pressure interface-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometers (CIAPi-TOF-MS) were used to measure the time-resolved concentration of neutral clusters containing sulfuric acid and dimethylamine. Results from other instrumental techniques are included in the analysis as well to obtain a deeper insight into the occurring mechanisms. It is the first time that the neutral nucleation pathway has been studied in such detail from the early generation of sulfuric acid monomers up to particle sizes reaching several nanometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have used a kinetic model and quantum chemical formation free energy data to study the growth of molecular clusters consisting of sulfuric acid and ammonia or sulfuric acid and dimethylamine in atmospherically relevant conditions. All simulations were performed both with and without charged clusters. We show that the cluster growth in the acid-ammonia system involves energy barriers in both electrically neutral and ionic systems, while in the acid-DMA system the growth along the major pathways is barrierless and occurs via electrically neutral clusters also when ions are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of hydrates of small molecular sulfuric acid clusters and cluster containing both sulfuric acid and base (ammonia or dimethylamine) has been studied by means of computational chemistry. Using a combined ab initio/density functional approach, formation energies of clusters with up to four sulfuric acid molecules, and up to two base molecules, have been calculated. Consequences for the hydration level of the corresponding clusters have been modelled. While the majority of pure sulfuric acid cluster are comparatively strongly hydrated, base containing cluster were found to be less hydrophilic. Dimethylamine is particularly effective in lowering the hydrophilicity of the cluster. Implications of the hydration profiles on atmospheric processes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have simulated the formation of sulfuric acid-dimethylamine clusters in different experimental setups and in the atmosphere. We demonstrate that the cluster formation rate may be different in flow tube experiments than in chamber experiments due to the depletion of some trace compound. We also show that applying the nucleation theorem in a situation where all its assumptions do not hold may lead to erroneous results: the slope d(log J)/d(log C) of the formation rate versus the sulfuric acid concentration is in many conditions 4, although each step of the formation process decreases the Gibbs energy of the system and there is no critical cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on quantum chemistry calculations it has been suggested that the quantitative detection of gas phase sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by use of Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CIMS) could be biased in the presence of gas phase amines such as dimethylamine (DMA). An experiment was set up at the CLOUD aerosol chamber to test the quantitative detection of H2SO4 by CIMS by directly comparing the measured H2SO4 with and without DMA being present in the sample air. It was found that the H2SO4 cluster distribution changes but the CIMS detection efficiency is not strongly influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpha-pinene oxidation was studied in the CERN CLOUD chamber under near atmospheric conditions using varying levels of different oxidizers (i.e., O3, HOx and NOx with differing gas mixture compositions) in the presence and absence of UV-radiation, SO2 and additional organic traces; ammonia (NH3) and dimethylamine (DMA). The oxidation products and their evolution due to aging in the chamber were studied using a novel CI-APi-TOF technique, with the nitrate ion (NO3-) based chemical ionization (CI) scheme. We aimed to the results that would indicate how different oxidizing pathways lead to different product distributions in the product clusters detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diorganotin(IV) complexes of dithiocarbamates derived from from N-ethyl-n-propylamine (EtPrdtc), 2-dimethylaminoethylamine (Me2Etdtc), 3-dimethlyamino-1-propylamine (Me2Prdtc), p-tolylmethanamine (TylMetdtc) and N-methyl-1-phenylmethanamine (MePhMetdtc) have been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies on Ph3Sn(EtPrdtc), Me2Sn(MePhMetdtc)2 and Bu2Sn(MePhMetdtc)2 showed that the complexes adopted a monoclinic system with space group P(2)/n, P21/n and C2/c, respectively. The Ph3Sn(EtPrdtc) complex adopted a trigonal pyramidal structure while the Me2Sn(MePhMetdtc)2 and Bu2Sn(MePhMetdtc)2 complexes displayed structures which may be described as distorted octahedrons. Cytotoxicity test using HL60 cells (human promyelocytic leukemic) showed that only Me2Sn(Me2Etdtc), Me2Sn(MePhMetdtc)2 and Bu2Sn(MePhMetdtc)2 complexes were active. The rest of the complexes did not show cytotoxicity behaviour towards HL60 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]