Search

Developing nations are facing a huge gap in generation and demand of electricity across the world. In present scenario the demand of electricity is increasing day by day and the shortfall of electricity has become one of the major obstructions in the development of rural areas. There is a big gap between electricity supply and demand. In India it is very difficult that to give twenty four hours electric supply in rural areas. The traditional use of camel as draught animal, for the purpose of transport of goods and agricultural work, has been drastically reduced during last few decades, due to advancements and cheaper availability of mechanical machineries. In this research paper we experimentally studied the camel powered electricity generation system at National Research Centre on Camels (NRCC) Bikaner. Camel Energy in form of high torque low speed can be converted into low torque high speed through motion converting system i.e. gear and pulley mechanism for high RPM output. This high RPM (more than 3000) output is used for electricity generation. The electricity generated can be used directly or stored in the battery and later may be used whenever it is required either for DC light or AC light using inverter. According to experimental study a camel can comfortably generate electricity up to 1KW by rotating shaft. The complete set up for electricity generation using camel power has been designed, developed and physically commissioned at National Research Centre on Camels (NRCC) Bikaner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays Bangladesh is facing the problem with electricity as the production is less comparing to the demand. A significant amount of electricity is consumed in urban areas especially by industries whereas in rural or coastal areas most of the people are not having it. Around 40 millions of people living in the 724 km long coast in Bangladesh. Moreover, it is surprising that throughout the year there is sufficient wind blow in coastal areas by which we can produce a massive amount of electricity. However, day by day the utilization of wind energy is increasing in the world which reduces costs of renewable energy technology, improves efficiency. It would be a good alternative solution instead of dependency on natural gas. Wind energy is mainly potential in coastal and offshore areas with strong wind regimes. Wind energy is vital for ensuring a green energy for the future. The agricultural land of Bangladesh needs the supply of water at right time for better yielding. The installation of windmills will be very much convenient for operating the water supply pumps. This research highlights the possibility of wind energy and describes the necessary steps to implement and develop wind energy sector in Bangladesh by using other's successful ideas. Supportive policies, rules, and decree can be applied to make government, non-government organization, and donor organizations work together to develop wind energy sector in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because power saving is a main concern of wearable devices we present here a transient method with a low power demand for impedance spectroscopy of the skin, but the idea is valid for other test materials. The used signal is an electrical pulse (the ON period) followed by a pause (the OFF period) when the electrodes do not consume current from the power supply. The method has the advantage of being able to measure at once the frequency characteristics of the impedance and is well suited for the time varying bioimpedance. In addition, this kind of measurement creates a more direct and explicit relationship between the lumped elements of the electrical model and the measured signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the possibilities for implementation of local heating, air-conditioning and electricity generation (trigeneration) as distributed energy resource in the Smart Grid. By the means of microturbine-based generators and absorption chillers buildings are able to meet partially or entirely their electrical load curve or even supply power to the grid by following their heating and air-conditioning daily schedule. The principles of small-scale cooling, heating and power generation systems are presented at first, then the thermal calculations of an example building are performed: the heat losses due to thermal conductivity and the estimated daily heating and air-conditioning load curves. By considering daily power consumption curves and weather data for several winter and summer days, the heating/airconditioning schedule is estimated and the available electrical energy from a microturbine-based cogeneration system is estimated. Simulation results confirm the potential of using cogeneration and trigeneration systems for local distributed electricity generation and grid support in the daily peaks of power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term forecasts have recently gained an increasing attention because of the rise of competitive electricity markets. In fact, short-terms forecast of possible future loads turn out to be fundamental to build efficient energy management strategies as well as to avoid energy wastage. Such type of challenges are difficult to tackle both from a theoretical and applied point of view. Latter tasks require sophisticated methods to manage multidimensional time series related to stochastic phenomena which are often highly interconnected. In the present work we first review novel approaches to energy load forecasting based on recurrent neural network, focusing our attention on long/short term memory architectures (LSTMs). Such type of artificial neural networks have been widely applied to problems dealing with sequential data such it happens, e.g., in socio-economics settings, for text recognition purposes, concerning video signals, etc., always showing their effectiveness to model complex temporal data. Moreover, we consider different novel variations of basic LSTMs, such as sequence-to-sequence approach and bidirectional LSTMs, aiming at providing effective models for energy load data. Last but not least, we test all the described algorithms on real energy load data showing not only that deep recurrent networks can be successfully applied to energy load forecasting, but also that this approach can be extended to other problems based on time series prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, 45% of the average household electricity was consumed by air conditioners to create an acceptable indoor environment. This high energy consumption was mostly related to poor thermal performance of the building envelope. Therefore, selecting a low thermal conductivity of brick wall was of considerable importance in creating energy efficient buildings. Previously, numerous researchers reported the potential used of agricultural waste as an additive in building materials to enhance their thermal properties. The aim of this study is to examine how agricultural wastes from empty fruit bunch (EFB), coconut fibre (CF) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) can act as additive agents in a fired clay brick manufacturing process to produce a low thermal conductivity clay brick. In this study, these agricultural wastes were individually mixed with clay soil in different proportions ranging from 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% by weight. Physical and mechanical properties including soil physical properties, as well as thermal conductivity were performed in accordance with BS 1377: Part 2: 1990, BS 3921: 1985 and ASTM C518. The results reveal that incorporating 5% of EFB as an additive component into the brick making process significantly enhances the production of a low thermal conductivity clay brick as compared to other waste alternatives tested. This finding suggests that EFB waste was a potential additive material to be used for the thermal property enhancement of the building envelope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Powered Street Lights is a project that can be served to School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (SEEE), Universiti Sains Malaysia in electricity cost savings by implementing the existing solar Photovoltaic (PV) system used for a green technology of energy efficiency. Due to the electricity of the national grid Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) continue to increases, perhaps this system is able to maximize cost savings for SEEE. Solar energy collected during the day will be converted into electricity to charge the battery. Electricity charged the battery then will be connected and used to power the lights around the SEEE parking area at night. After taking all important aspects into accounts that help to optimize energy saving, this system has been proven to reduce electricity costs. System data such as the power consumption of the load, battery charging rates, and other relevant data is measured. From the measured data, calculations and analysis were performed to determine the actual performance of the system. Proper wiring connections between solar PV systems and light poles grid around the SEEE parking lot have been executed. As a result, the implementation of this system could save as much as RM 462.86 for the cost of monthly electricity bills incurred by the SEEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile utilization has rapidly expanded due to its feasibility in executing different applications that can be used in solving everyday problems. Common issues in daily life include electricity saving. In Iraq, the Ministry of Power seriously faces such issue. This is because most households have lack access to information regarding to sufficient power consumption, as well as applications that educate about such saving. Therefore, this study aims at developing a mobile application for Iraqi to help them understand the basis for reducing electricity consumption based on the meter data supplied by the users for square meter along with the active devices and period of usage. The proposed mobile application was evaluated by 50 households from the perspective of ease of use, usefulness, ease of learning, and satisfaction. The obtained result showed that majority of the participants found the application to be ease to use, useful, easy to learn, and were satisfied with its functionalities. The study findings provide some insights about the importance of using mobile application for promoting households in Iraq to manage their power consumption behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving and emission reduction policies affects the development of high power industry, thereby affecting electricity demand, so the study of the electricity industry boom helps to master the national economy. This paper analyses the influence of energy saving and emission reduction on power generation structure and pollutant emission in power industry. Through the construction of electricity market composite boom index to indicate electricity boom, using boom index to study volatility characteristics and trend of electricity market. Here we provide a method for the enterprise and the government, that it can infer the overall operation of the national economy situation from power data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By subjecting to the massive usage of electrical energy in Malaysia, energy efficiency is now one of the key areas of focus in climate change mitigation. This paper focuses on the development of an energy efficiency system of household electrical appliances for residential areas. Distribution of Questionnaires and pay a visit to few selected residential areas are conducted during the fulfilment of the project as well as some advice on how to save energy are shared with the participants. Based on the collected data, the system developed by the UTHM Energy Team is then evaluated from the aspect of the consumers' behaviour in using electrical appliances and the potential reduction targeted by the team. By the end of the project, 60% of the participants had successfully reduced the electrical power consumption set by the UTHM Energy Team. The reasons for whether the success and the failure is further analysed in this project [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adders play an important role in various arithmetic circuits such as multipliers. Speed and power consumption become very vital in multiplier design consideration to conserve energy. In this paper, a 2×2 bit Vedic multiplier has been designed using 3 different adder circuits. The first circuit is utilizing two half adders which used 3 transistors exclusive OR gate (3T XOR), the second circuit used two full adders with 6 transistors XOR (6T XOR) gate and the last circuit used two 13 transistors hybrid full adders (13T HFA). The adders used are combined with four AND gates to form a multiplier module to execute a Vedic mathematics algorithm. This algorithm satisfied the requirement of a fast multiplication operation because of the vertical and crosswise architecture from the Urdhva Triyakbyam Sutra which reduced the number of partial products compared to the conventional multiplication algorithm. The 2×2 bit multiplier is simulated using Synopsys Custom Tools using General Process Design Kit (GPDK) of 90 nm CMOS technology. Performance parameters such as power consumption and delay were compared as well as the swing of the output produced. With a 1 V voltage supply, the 2×2 Vedic multiplier with 13T HFA was found to be the best multiplier which produced a full output voltage swing even though the power consumption is second lowest at 22.96 µW and a delay of 47.70 ps. With the combination of hybrid full adder and Vedic mathematics, a new combination of multiplier method with low power and low delay has been successfully produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited lifetime is one of the important factors restricted wireless sensor networks (WSNs), when possible, wireless nodes often operate with small batteries, while battery replacement is a very difficult and expensive. So the nodes must work long hours in the case of no battery replacement. Therefore, in WSNs, minimizing energy consumption is an important design consideration, at the same time, the transmission strategies of energy efficiency must be used for data forwarding. This paper, using cooperative multiple input multiple output(MIMO) technology combined with multiple hops technology, has put forward a new transmission model, i.e., the MIMO-MISO(multi-input multioutput)/MIMO-MIMO model. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed MIMO-MISO/MIMO-MIMO to minimize energy consumption of each node every node for multi-hop WSNs, to save a great deal of energy for a larger transmission distance, which makes the life of the entire network be extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on pre-regulated voltage structure, a voltage bandgap reference with high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is presented in this paper. A pre-regulated voltage structure is used in the circuit to achieve isolating the supply voltage of the bandgap core circuit from VDD to reach a high PSRR. The circuit was designed and simulated in 0.35um BCD technology. The results show the output voltage variation versus temperature (-50°C-100°C) is 8.8 ppm/°C, bandgap reference voltage is 1.236V, current consumption is 30.3μA. Noise is 53.54μV/Hz-1/2 at 1Hz. PSRR is -91dB at low frequency, -90.3dB at 1 kHz and -30.3dB at 1MHz. thus, the circuit maintains a good performance in PSRR through a broad frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic thermal hybrid (PVT) collectors, which simultaneously produce electricity and heat, are an alternative to photovoltaic modules and thermal collectors installed separately. Indeed, the heat extracted from the solar cell is used to heat water or air, thereby cooling the cell, and thus increasing its energy efficiency. This paper deals with a hybrid PVT air collector in which a new design has been proposed and tested. Its principle is based on the return of the preheating air to a second heating. The air thus passes twice under the solar cells before being evacuated to the outside of the collector (for space heating). The system is modular and expandable to cover large spaces to be heated. The experimental results of this novel design are presented and discussed under both normal and forced circulation. This technique of air return shows favorable results in terms of the quality of the heated air and electric power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for electric power and inevitable future depletion of conventional sources require major research on the alternative sources, like renewable energies. Among which, solar energy is the most largely used because of its many applications. And as Algeria comprises an exceptional solar layer thanks to its large surfaces, therefore it represents an important source of photovoltaic energy. The objective of this work is to be ensured that the energy produced by the photovoltaic plant supplies the electrical distribution network. The configuration of this system comprises a photovoltaic generator, connected to a chopper booster. For an optimal operation of the system, one must connect in cascades partial generators each one connected to a chopper booster adapted by an order MPPT by the method of Disturbance and Observation (P&O) to ensure the operation of their maximum powers whatever the climatic conditions, and also allows to raise the output voltage of these photovoltaic generators. The adaptation between the photovoltaic generator and the load was carried out with the help of converter DC/DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is only dedicated to the assessment of costs in the manufacture of the same part (the insert of "Spider") three different methods. Moreover, costs are estimated on the basis of the consumed electrical power and the cost of the materials used in the manufacture of the part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the overall context of the diversification of the use of natural resources, the use of renewable energy including solar photovoltaic has become increasingly indispensable. As such, the development of a new generation of photovoltaic cells based on CuZnSnS4 (CZTS) looks promising. Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a new film absorber, with good physical properties (band gap energy 1.4-1.6 eV with a large absorption coefficient over 104 cm-1). Indeed, the performance of these cells exceeded 30% in recent years. In the present paper, our work based on modeling and numerical simulation, we used SCAPS to study the performance of solar cells based on Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and thus evaluate the electrical efficiency n for typical structures of n-ZnO:Al / i- ZnO / n-CdS / p-CZTS and n-ITO / n-ZnO:Al / n-CdS /p- CZTS. Furthermore, the influence of the change of CdS by ZnSeand In2S3buffer layer was treated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compressed air is a common energy medium. The production of compressed air itself is not a very efficient process. Avoiding any unnecessary losses of air can lead to large reductions in electricity consumption. Since blowing applications are one of the main domains were compressed-air is used, any reduction in the mass flow needed for operation can lead to significant energy savings. In this paper the normal volumetric flow rate and generated impact force are compared between a stepped nozzle and a so called energy saving nozzle which allows extra air from the surroundings to be entrained. These two different nozzle geometries are used in industrial blowing applications. Until now there was no study available which compares the impact forces and volumetric flow rates for these types of nozzles. The flow field of the two nozzles was calculated by CFD simulations. The impact forces and volumetric flow rates are calculated out of this flow field. Each nozzle was simulated with three different input pressures. The nozzles were simulated with an input pressure of 3, 4 and 5 barg. The energy saving nozzle consumes only 1 % less volumetric flow rate then the stepped nozzle at the same inlet pressure. The replacement of a stepped nozzle with an energy saving nozzle will not immediately result in a decrease in input volumetric flow rate. The pressure at the inlet of the energy saving nozzle has to be reduced as well. After reducing the input pressure the energy saving nozzle generates the same impact force than the stepped nozzle. Hereby a decrease of 4.5 % in input volumetric flow rate was possible. The energy cost will decrease with 4.5 % as well because the normal volumetric flow rate is directly proportional to the energy cost. The replacement of a stepped nozzle with an energy saving nozzle while maintaining the same inlet pressure is only useful when the impact force from the stepped nozzle is not sufficient. The energy saving nozzle can generate 5.6 % more impact force then the stepped nozzle with the same inlet pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, several attempt were made to investigate the best electrical performance of a floating photovoltaic (FPV). In photovoltaic (PV) system, the electrical efficiency of the system decreases rapidly as the PV module temperature increases. Therefore, in order to achieve higher electrical efficiency, the PV module have to be cooled by removing the heat in some way. This paper presents study on a conventional photovoltaic (PV) module and floating photovoltaic (FPV) system. The objective of the study is to compare the performance of conventional PV module and FPV. At FPV, an absorber comprises of aluminum flat-box housing was attached to the back of the PV module to absorb heat. Water is used to cool the PV module by passing it under the bottom surface of the module. The system was tested under simulated solar intensity of 417 W/m2, 667 W/m2 and 834 W/m2. Current (I) - voltage (V) curves and power (P) - voltage (V) curves of the results were analyzed. The study found that the FPV has higher efficiency and total power gain than the conventional PV module. The average PV temperature in a FPV might be lower than that for a conventional PV module, thereby increasing its electrical power output. The simplicity of the system structure and aluminum as the chosen material enabled it to reduce the installation costs for a larger scale. Applicable as heat sink, this FPV system is convenient to place on lakes, ponds or rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays due to valuability of electrical energy and high production costs that is spent on its production should be more accurate in electricity production. In a steam unit typically between 5 to 8 percent of electric power production will be spent on internal consumption. In this paper, One of strategies of reducing internal consumption and increase efficiency and net production has been studied. The purpose of this study was comparison between the electromotor and turbine as driving feed pump of three aspects of the efficiency driving, the efficiency of steam unit at work of any one of them and costs. Study showed that turbo-feed pump is more efficient than a electro-feed pump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity consumption growth has increased steadily in the recent decade which is a great concern for the environment. Increasing the number of high-rise air-conditioned buildings and the rapid use of electrical appliances in residential and commercial sectors are two important factors for high electricity consumption. This paper investigates the annual energy required for cooling per unit area and the total energy cost per unit area for each type of air conditioning systems in hot and humid climates. The effects of changing the coefficient of performance (COP) of absorption chillers on cost saving was also investigated in this study. The results showed that using absorption chillers for cooling will increase the amount of energy consumption per unit area; however the energy cost per unit area will decrease. In addition this research indicates that for each 0.1 increment in COP of absorption chillers, there is about 500 USD/m2 saved cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of electric power consumption of the cryo-cooler during the working conditions of applied superconducting systems is important, as superconductivity can only be stored at low temperature and the power required for the cooling determines the efficiency of the systems employed. Use of Peltier current leads (PCLs) represents one key solution to effect heat load reduction on the terminals in systems. On the other hand, the performance of cryo-coolers generally increases as the temperature increases given the higher Carnot efficiency. Therefore, combination with suitable mid-stage temperatures represents one possible approach since the thermal anchor can enhance the performance of the system by reducing the electric power consumption of the cryo-coolers. In this paper, we discuss this possibility utilizing an advanced configuration of PCL with a commercially available high temperature cooler. Over 50% enhancement of the performance is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of ultrasonic imaging, the synthetic aperture techniques are well known due to their ability for obtain images using fewer resources. Initially, these techniques were developed to reduce the cost and complexity of phased array instrumentation. Although these drawbacks have already been overcome, the interest on the synthetic aperture systems has not decayed. The reasons of that are the high image quality achieved with these techniques (images dynamically focused both in emission and reception), and the fact that they are an excellent solution for the design of new high performance instrumentation with a low volume and power consumption, easily integrable in autonomous and embedded systems. Using the coarray as a model of the pulse-echo systems, the present work analyzes experimentally the main synthetic aperture strategies appeared until now, introducing two new proposals (2R-SAFT and nR-SAFT) that allow to improve the quality of the images without increase the hardware complexity of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reception beamforming requires a high-resolution time base to keep low delay quantization lobes. Usually signals acquired at the Nyquist sampling rate are up-sampled by a factor of 4 to 16 to achieve the required time-resolution. Although this has been carried out for decades using fractional delay interpolating filters, the interpolation and coherent addition processes use a large silicon area and consume power, mainly when implemented in FPGAs. These drawbacks are reduced if the beamformer is implemented in ASICs, but this precludes any retro-fitting operation. This work presents a beamfoming architecture to overcome these shortcomings, based on the DSP cells incorporated into state-of-the art FPGAs. Since the manufacturing process is similar to that of ASIC, these cells consume low power and processing speed is high. The proposed beamformer interleaves the interpolation and the coherent sum. Besides reducing hardware resources, the design is modular and scalable, which allows to trade off among the number of channels per device, time resolution and resource requirements. It can be easily tailored to very different applications, from the low-channel count systems to the more demanding ones with multi-beamforming capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

California has set an ambitious goal of pursuing all cost-effective energy efficiency and increasing the percent of electrical power generated by renewable energy sources to 33% by 2020. Through a large mixture of projects, many overseen by the California Public Utilities Commission, the state is aiming to greatly increase its reliance on sustainable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Congress directed the U.S. Department of the Treasury to arrange for a review by the National Academy of Sciences to define and evaluate the health, environmental, security, and infrastructural external costs and benefits associated with the production and consumption of energy-costs and benefits that are not or may not be fully incorporated into the market price of energy, into the federal tax or fee, or into other applicable revenue measures related to production and consumption of energy. In response, the National Research Council established the Committee on Health, Environmental, and Other External Costs and Benefits of Energy Production and Consumption, which prepared the report summarized in this chapter. The report estimates dollar values for several major components of these costs. The damages the committee was able to quantify were an estimated $120 billion in the U.S. in 2005, a number that reflects primarily health damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation and motor vehicle transportation. The figure does not include damages from climate change, harm to ecosystems, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security, which the report examines but does not monetize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores a variety of ways to measure, adjust, and augment home energy usage. Particular examples of using electricity and gas utility meters, power/energy meters for individual devices, whole-home energy monitoring, infrared cameras, and thermal measurements are discussed-leading to a factor-of-four reduction in home energy use in the case discussed. The net efficiency performance of a stand-alone photovoltaic system is also presented. Ideas for reducing one's energy/carbon footprint both within the home and in the larger community are quantitatively evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of optimization of gate-source/drain extension region (also known as a non-classical underlap design) in double gate (DG) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) FETs to improve the linearity performance of a low power folded cascode operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is described. Based on a new figure-of-merit (FoM) involving AV, linearity, unity gain bandwidth fT and dc power consumption PDC, this article presents guideline for optimum design for underlap spacer s and film thickness Tsi to maximize the performance of OTA. It has been shown that FoM exhibited by an underlap DG MOSFET OTA gives significantly higher value (≅9) compared to a conventional single gate bulk MOSFET OTA. This is due to a combination of both higher fT, and higher gain AV for the same linearity at low power consumption of 360 μW. With gate length scaling, FoM continues to improve, primarily due to higher value of fT. A scaled bulk MOSFET OTA exhibits similar but much smaller enhancement in trend for FoM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U. N. Framework Convention on Climate Change calls for the stabilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at double the preindustrial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. To achieve this goal, carbon emissions in 2050 must not exceed their current level, despite predictions of a dramatic increase in global electricity demand. The need to reduce GHG emissions and simultaneously provide for additional electricity demand has led to a renewed interest in the expansion of alternatives to fossil fuels-particularly renewable energy and nuclear power. As renewable energy sources are often constrained by the intermittency of natural energy forms, scale-ability concerns, cost and environmental barriers, many governments and even prominent environmentalist turn to nuclear energy as a source of clean, reliable base-load electricity. Described by some as a 'nuclear renaissance', this trend of embracing nuclear power as a tool to mitigate climate change will dramatically influence the feasibility of emerging nuclear programs around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp mill is one of the heavy industries that consumes large amount of electricity in its production. In particular, the breakdown of the generator would cause other generators to be overloaded. Thus, load shedding scheme is the best way in handling such condition. Selected load will be shed under this scheme in order to protect the generators from being damaged. In the meantime, the subsequence loads will be shed until the generators are sufficient to provide the power to other loads. In order to determine the sequences of load shedding scheme, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is introduced. Analytic Hierarchy Process is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. By using this method, the priority of the load can be determined. This paper presents the theory of the alternative methods to choose the load priority in load shedding scheme for a large pulp mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low energy cyclotrons for Positron emission tomography (PET) have been wanted for the production of radio-isotopes after 2002. In the low energy cyclotron magnet design, increase of magnetic field between the poles is needed to make a smaller size of magnet and decrease power consumption. The Permanent magnet can support this work without additional electric power consumption in the cyclotron. In this paper the study of cyclotron magnet design using permanent magnet is shown and also the comparison between normal magnet and the magnet which is designed with permanent magnet is shown. Maximum energy of proton is 8 MeV and RF frequency is 79.3 MHz. 3D CAD design was done by CATIA P3 V5 R18 [1] and the All field calculations had been performed by OPERA-3D TOSCA [2]. The self-made beam dynamics program OPTICY [3] is used for making isochronous field and other calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a data collection effort, allowing to assess the overall environmental impact of the air bending process using the CO2PE!-Methodology. First the different modes of the air bending process are investigated, including both productive and non-productive modes. In particular consumption of electric power is recorded for the different modes. Subsequently, time studies allow determining the importance of productive and nonproductive modes of the involved process. The study demonstrates that the influence of standby losses can be substantial. In addition to life cycle analysis, in depth process analysis also provides insight in achievable environmental impact reducing measures towards machine tool builders and eco-design recommendations for product developers. The energy consumption of three different machine tool architectures are analysed and compared within this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper puts forward 45 combination schemes of different-type pumps in different daily-average heads and operation loads in Jiangdu Pumping Station. Based on every scheme, the minimum electricity consumption cost selected as the objective function, this paper gives the results of variable speed optimal operations with dynamic planning methods in both considering time-sharing electricity prices and not, simultaneously, it gives the results of fixed speed conventional operation considering time-sharing electricity prices. Then according to the unit energy consumption cost, the paper gives comparison analysis of the effect of different-type pumps in variable speed optimization operation, the conclusions can offer decision-making bases for optimization research of pumping stations considering time-sharing electricity prices and tide levels of Yangtze River, and offer references for transformation and economical operation of large and medium-size pumping stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main emphasis of this paper is on the engineering economics and design developments in the field of thermal power generation in Pakistan. Pakistan is rich with coal fields but is making no use of this available natural resource to fulfil its energy demands. The shortage of power is getting worst day by day and to align with the power requirements, Pakistan needs to add 2000 MW each year to national grid. With the increasing prices of natural gas and oil, Pakistan should consider coal, the abundantly available natural resource, as an alternate fuel for its new power plants to overcome the power crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of attaining a usable wireless connection at an arbitrary location is one of great concern to mobile end users. The majority of antennae currently in use for mobile devices conducting two way communications are omnidirectional. The use of a directional antenna allows for increased effective coverage area without increasing power consumption. However, directional antennae must be oriented toward a wireless network access point in order for their benefits to be realized. This paper outlines a system for determining the optimal orientation of a directional antenna without the need for additional hardware. The response of the antenna is described by the use of a parameterized model corresponding to the sum of a set of cardioid functions. Signal strength is measured at several antenna orientations and is used by a Metropolis-Hastings search algorithm to estimate the model parameter values that best describe the antenna’s response pattern. Using this model the antenna can be oriented to respond optimally to the wireless network access point’s broadcast pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exploratory study of negative ion beam photo-neutralization for future fusion reactors is explained. A refolded Fabry-Perot cavity system is proposed, with which a 60% neutralisation efficiency could be reached with low electric power consumption. The system would make use of sophisticated optical-cavity locking systems, which have been developed recently for gravitational-wave optical detection. The ITER Neutral beam Injector is taken as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrostatic charging of the test masses in the Lisa Pathfinder inertial sensor has severe implications on the design, operation and noise behaviour of the sensor. The flight model (FM) charge management device (CMD) designed to keep the test masses at a low residual charge is currently being built at Imperial College, London. Detailed simulations and tests of the FM uv-lamps, the vacuum feedthroughs (F/T) and the distribution of light in the inertial sensor housing have been performed. Simulations show excellent mechanical robustness of the F/Ts and the lamp assembly. Vibration response has been calculated using finite element modelling on the F/T and the lamp assembly. Two lamps have been measured for performance before and after a vibration and shock test to flight acceptance specifications. The lamp performance is found to be unaffected by the vibration load. The distribution of light inside the sensor has been modelled to high accuracy in order to predict discharge rates for various voltage settings on the sensors electrodes. The noise of the uv-light as well as the long term variations have been accurately measured and the noise is found to be well below the required specifications. Furthermore developments towards modifying the charge management device for LISA will be presented. These developments include uv-leds or frequency tripled red laser diodes to replace the mercury lamps used in the current systems to achieve equivalent or superior performance at lower weight and power consumption. These technologies are however as yet untried in space and need thorough investigation. Lifetime, noise and uv output vs power consumptions are critical parameters. Experiments to measure these parameters have been set up and started and first results have been achieved. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-third of total carbon footprint in the world is being caused by conventional combustion-based transportation system. To reduce these carbon footprints various renewable energy sources-based transportation mechanism is innovated with less maintenance cost. Electric vehicle is one of the most prominent among them which uses electricity and provides transportation. Various power conversion methods are used to convert energy from one another form to electrical energy. Various losses occur during the process which leads in CO2 emission and causes harm to the environment. Wide band gap GaN provides better efficient converters and chargers for electrical vehicles to make them more efficient and environment friendly. This paper gives a detailed discussion on GaN for EVs and relevant process for ion-implantation based discrete device. This paper reports on a discrete GaN depletion mode high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) with a breakdown voltage of 200V with a high isolation resistance of 2.89 ×1010 Ohms/sq. and a mobility of 1600 cm2/V.sec. for the of 48V DC-DC power converters employed in Electric vehicles (EVs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light Emitting Diode lamp or LED lamp nowadays is widely used by consumers as a new innovation in the lighting technologies due to its energy saving for low power consumption lamps for brighter light intensity. How ever, the LED lamp produce an electric pollutant known as harmonics. The harmonics is generated by rectifier as part of LED lamp circuit. The present of harmonics in current or voltage has made the source waveform from the grid is distorted. This distortion may cause inacurrate measurement, mall function, and excessive heating for any element at the grid. This paper present an analysis work of shunt and series filters to suppress the harmonics generated by the LED lamp circuit. The work was initiated by conducting several tests to investigate the harmonic content of voltage and currents. The measurements in this work were carried out by using HIOKI Power Quality Analyzer 3197. The measurement results showed that the harmonics current of tested LED lamps were above the limit of IEEE standard 519-2014. Based on the measurement results shunt and series filters were constructed as low pass filters. The bode analysis were appled during construction and prediction of the filters performance. Based on experimental results, the application of shunt filter at input side of LED lamp has reduced THD current up to 88%. On the other hand, the series filter has significantly reduced THD current up to 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicle has been developed through several decades as transportation mean, without paying sufficient attention of its utilization for other purposes. Recently, the utilization of electric vehicle to support the grid electricity has been proposed and studied intensively. This utilization covers several possible services including electricity storage, spinning reserve, frequency and voltage regulation, and emergency energy supply. This study focuses on theoretical and experimental analysis of utilization of electric vehicles and their used batteries to support a small-scale energy management system. Charging rate of electric vehicle under different ambient temperature (seasonal condition) is initially analyzed to measure the correlation of charging rate, charging time, and state-of-charge. It is confirmed that charging under warmer condition (such as in summer or warmer region) shows higher charging rate than one in colder condition, therefore, shorter charging time can be achieved. In addition, in the demonstration test, each five electric vehicles and used batteries from the same electric vehicles are employed and controlled to support the electricity of the office building. The performance of the system is evaluated throughout a year to measure the load leveling effect during peak-load time. The results show that the targeted peak-load can be shaved well under certain calculated peak-shaving threshold. The finding confirms that the utilization of electric vehicle for supporting the electricity of grid or certain energy management system is feasible and deployable in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban living is one of the areas with large electrical power consumption that requires a power supply that is more than rural areas. The number of multi-storey buildings such as offices, hotels and several other buildings that caused electricity power consumption in urban living is very high. Therefore, energy alternative is needed to replace the electricity power consumption from government. One of the utilization of renewable energy in accordance with these conditions is the installation of wind turbines. One type of wind turbine that is now widely studied is a crossflow wind turbines. Crossflow wind turbine is one of vertical axis wind turbine which has good self starting at low wind speed condition. Therefore, the turbine design parameter is necessary to know in order to improve turbine performance. One of wind turbine performance parameter is blades number. The main purpose of this research to investigate the effect of blades number on crossflow wind turbine performance. The design of turbine was 0.4 × 0.4 m2 tested by experimental method with configuration on three kinds of blades number were 8,16 and 20. The turbine investigated at low wind speed on 2 – 5 m/s. The result showed that best performance on 16 blade number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia located in tropical climate which have a typical temperature range between 21 °C to 36 °C. Due to this, air-conditioning system for buildings become a necessity to provide comfort to occupants. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the air-conditioning system, the transmission of heat from outdoor to indoor space should be kept as minimum as possible. This article discuss about a technology to resist heat transfer through concrete wall panel using a hybrid method. In this research, PVC pipe was embedded at the center of concrete wall panel while the EPS foam beads were added about 1% of the cement content in the concrete mix forming the outer layer of the wall panel. Water is regulated in the PVC pipe from the rainwater harvesting system. The aim of this study is to minimize heat transfer from the external environment into the building. Internal building temperature which indicated in BS EN ISO 7730 or ASHRAE Standard 55 where the comfort indoor thermal is below 25°C during the daytime. Study observed that the internal surface temperature of heat resistance wall panel is up to 3°C lower than control wall panel. Therefore, we can conclude that application of heat resistance wall panel can lead to lower interior building temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any electrical utility prefers to implement demand side management and change the shape of the demand curve in a beneficial manner. This paper aims to assess the financial gains (or losses) to the generating sector through the implementation of demand side management programs. An optimization algorithm is developed to find the optimal generation mix that minimizes the daily total generating cost. This daily total generating cost includes the daily generating cost as well as the environmental damage cost. The proposed optimization algorithm is used to find the daily total generating cost for the base case and for several demand side management programs using the data obtained from the Sri Lankan power system. Results obtained for DSM programs are compared with the results obtained for the base case to assess the financial benefits of demand side management to the generating sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]