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As a country that relies on its electricity consumption from the coal power plant, the production of fly ash as a coal power plant by-product in Indonesia is high. However, fly ash consumption in Indonesia was reported to be below. One promising attempt to increase fly ash consumption is introducing high amounts of fly ash as cement replacement in producing innovative mortar. However, this novel mortar's early age properties are still scarcely reported. Thus, this research tested the early age properties of high-volume fly ash mortar (HVA). Two compositions of HVA that used 50% and 75% cement replacement were produced. The workability, setting time, and seven days old compressive strength of mortar were tested. The result shows that increasing the amount of fly ash in the mortar mixture proved to increase the workability and delay the setting time of fresh mortar. The compressive strength of 7 days old mortar decreased with the increase of fly ash amount. In conclusion, the maximum recommended cement replacement in the mortar with fly ash was 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowering Covid-19 cases globally and nationally provides a positive indication of economic growth, especially in Batam City, Indonesia. This condition is also followed by increased electrical energy consumption, particularly in residential houses. This paper presents an electrical energy audit process of a residential house using the IKE (Energy Consumption Intensity) parameter. The audit was conducted in a home with a building area of 226 m2 and an electrical capacity of 4400 VA. The result shows that the total electricity consumption of such a house is 1,266.34 kWh per month, to which the air-conditioning system contributed the most prominent electricity consumption of the whole facilities in the house. Providentially, the score of IKE is less than 8.5, which means such a residential house is categorized as very efficient energy consumption. Furthermore, the self-evaluating checklist technique has carried out to find the main factor that affects the electricity consumption of the air-conditioning system. Regarding the highest rating score on the self-evaluating checklist of air conditioning systems, the ceiling has a score of 77.5%. This result means that the ceiling needs to be evaluated to reduce the heat load of the house, which in turn reduces the electrical energy consumption of the air conditioning system. Finally, this work can use as an initial audit framework for assessing electrical energy consumption in residential houses in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the frontier, outermost, and underdeveloped area (3T) in Indonesia, one of the primary problems that must be addressed is the severely limited access to electricity. In order to fulfil the electricity demand in 3T areas, a simple, cheap, safe, and clean power generation system is required. Hydride microreactor is a conceptual micro nuclear reactor design proposed to address the issue. This research is aimed to analyze the neutronic properties of hydride microreactor fueled with a combination of uranium hydride (UH3) and thorium carbide (ThC) fuel rods. The analysis was performed for core criticality, temperature coefficient of reactivity, and control rod worth. The UH3 rods use low-enriched uranium whose enrichment was varied between 11-15%, while the number of ThC fuel rods were varied between 3 to 6 rods. The calculation was done using Serpent-2 code with ENDF/B-VII.0 library. The result shows that 13% LEU enrichment and 6 ThC rods allow the reactor to operate for more than 15 years while fulfilling the passive safety criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"How safe is safe enough?" is a common question in the risk-benefit analysis including for the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sitting selection. Prospective sites for nuclear power plants should be chosen in locations that are as safe as possible from external potential hazards such as seismic and tectonic disasters. Nevertheless, the areas that are considered to have a low-risk probability are located in remote areas and far away from the electricity demand, and vice versa. There must be a trade-off by considering acceptable risk levels with other factors such as economics to deal with such problems. The risk level caused by geological factors can be reduced by geotechnical engineering methods. However, the higher geological disaster likelihood should be engineered using more expensive geotechnical engineering costs to reach the same risk level. This article generally discusses Indonesia's geological aspects, especially from tectonic and volcanology views. By looking at several indicators such as economic & population growth and the existing electricity conditions, the future electricity demand projection is forecasted to be used as the mapping for the areas with good prospects for future NPP development. This study shows that the areas along the northern islands of Java and Sumatra, alongside Boni Bay in Sulawesi and the coast of East Kalimantan, are high potential areas that require further studies to determine detailed geological characteristics to determine the optimal geotechnical techniques for the NPP construction. A sample of the implementation of geoengineering techniques is also shown by referring to the Muria Peninsula sitting as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The net zero emission commitment under Paris Agreement has fostered the clean energy transition agenda. ASEAN becomes the home of untapped renewable energy resources due to its geographic condition. However, the distribution of renewable energy is far from it has expected. It is not only limited extent due to the country spread, but also the high capital investment costs that caused sluggish progression. It is believed that the interconnection grid and integration energy market across region becomes a prominent key to broaden energy access and bolster the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well. Hence, it is essential to study and analyze the scheme to foster the energy security across border through clean electricity that produced from renewable energy, particularly in ASEAN. The qualitative method through desk review approach was adopted for the paper work. There are two study objectives for this paper: (1) Renewable energy as export commodity in ASEAN which in line with ASEAN Power Grid (APG) agenda and (2) Indonesian future potential as renewable energy exporter. It is found that untapped renewable energy across ASEAN possibly meet the regional electricity demand through interconnected grid and electricity market integration. Such condition also supports the on-going APG project. Electricity trades are regulated through bilateral and multilateral agreement between countries with certain tariff. In this case, a comparison between Indonesia and Singapore about renewables export issue has been analyzed and studied. For attaining the status of renewable energy exporter in the future, it is suggested that Indonesia should deal with policy & regulation certainty (including its harmonization) and renewable energy infrastructure readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public knowledge and perception are the main factors in geothermal development in Indonesia, many people think that geothermal development has a high risk. Knowledge becomes the basis because it includes psychological factors that have an impact on public acceptance. Knowledge enhancement can be done by investigating peoples' perceptions of acceptance and involvement in geothermal management. The method used to find out is the questionnaire and interview method by processing quantitative descriptive qualitative standards. Measurements on this instrument use a Likert scale as a reference in determining the value of the instrument's answers. Each instrument item contains 5 (five) grading answers. The results showed the level of peoples' knowledge about the use of geothermal at 83% agreed or high level, where many peoples agreed that geothermal could be used for electricity production. In the aspect of trust, 32% of peoples stated that the use of geothermal energy could prevent increased global warming. In the next question, it was found 53% of peoples agreed that geothermal energy was used in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrification of 1723 underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost villages (3T villages) using renewable energy-based microgrid is vital role in improving electricity access and socio-economic activities in the regions. This development strategy in line with the government of Indonesia's program to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions by 29% in 2030 and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) point 7. The challenges of 3T villages electrification are the location of villages that are spread out, varied renewable energy potential and low economic value. To answer those challenges, this study aims to cluster the villages based on renewable energy resource and electricity demand and to assess techno-economic viability of microgrid. The clustering the villages using Clara method and design the microgrid system by optimization model of Homer Pro, and also financial analysis is carried out using several incentive scenarios. The result shows that there are 4 cluster centers: Sari Tani (Gorontalo), Kubang Kondang (Banten), Tuno Jaya (Maluku), and Sungai Pisau (Kalimantan Barat) with microgrid configurations PV capacity 173 – 607 kWp, WTG capacity 12 kW, and BESS capacity 254 – 946 kWh. For 4 cluster villages, the base-case tariff of EPC business model is 3066 - 4115 Rp/kWh, Public Private Patnership (PPP) business model is 3362 – 4525 Rp/kWh, and Resco business model is 4051 – 5478 Rp/kWh. The most effective incentive scenario is the combination of tax allowances, carbon emissions reduction, and interest subsidy minimum 3% or grant 25% capex which can reduce base-case tariffs by 51–59 %. Hence it becomes below 85% regional cost of generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to design and install a solar water pumping system in Bunaken Island of Indonesia. This activity becomes an implementation of solar energy utilization for empowering island communities that face limitation of energy electricity. Bunaken Island is chosen as the site of implementation due to the need of electricity demand to support public facility in a church that located in this small and beautiful island. The method for this study is a research and development through case study in the site by designing and constructing. The result indicates that the utilization of solar energy to power a solar water pumping done well and can be a showcase of case study about utilization of solar energy to empower island communities. In the future, some further studies about solar pump system application need to be explored and scale up more in term of technical and economic consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is a major need in the industrial era 4.0, where almost all human activities use electricity such as computers, stamping press machines, and many more. This increase in the amount of electricity usage has not been met by the state. The potential of solar energy in Indonesia is very large, in the range of 4.8KWh/m2 equivalent to 112,000GWp. From this energy, it can be used as a source of electricity generation to meet the huge demand for electricity. Solar panels can be used to convert solar energy into electricity. This research uses the prototyping method in its development. This power plant is monitored using the Arduino uno R3 board which is supported by the nodeMCU ESP8266 module so that it can be viewed in real time on the website using the internet. The website is made with the php programming language and uses the code igniter framework. From this monitoring, it can be seen that electrical energy is generated or used, such as electrical power and voltage. With this monitoring so as to increase and maximize the use of solar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic, the government issued policies to limit economic activity and reduce electricity demand. However, to overcome this, the government has carried out a Covid-19 vaccination program to achieve Herd Immunity to resume their economic activities to increase electricity demand for several sectors. To analyze electricity in Central Java after the vaccination program during Covid-19 then an energy planning model was made using the LEAP software. LEAP requires data in social-economic data, customer data, and energy use intensity per sector. The scenarios used in this study are the no pandemic or business as usual (BAU) scenario and two post-COVID-19 pandemic scenarios with vaccination policies, namely optimistic (OPT) and pessimistic (PES) scenarios. From the results of this research, the projected results of electricity demand in 2030 are 40,691 Gigawatt-Hour (OPT) and 39,924 Gigawatt-Hour (PES). Therefore, it is necessary to consider the consequences of the Covid-19 Pandemic, where in the basic scenario, 43,773 Gigawatt-Hour, is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption in buildings contributes to an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The high energy consumption of buildings is caused by electrical energy for artificial ventilation, lighting, and electronic equipment. Residential buildings are the most significant contributor to GHG due to electricity consumption for artificial ventilation. The use of electrical energy for air conditioning in Indonesia is predicted to continue to increase every year. This study aims to analyze the application of passive design in flats in Jakarta to optimize energy consumption. Due to their close location, the Rawa Bebek Flats and Pulo Gebang Flats are the objects of this research, which have similar building typologies and similar climatic conditions. The research was conducted by observing, analyzing secondary data, and calculating the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The results of the OTTV calculation show that residential units facing the west side get the highest thermal transfer, which is 37.35 Watt/m2. At the same time, the east side gets the lowest thermal transfer, which is 26.35 Watt/m2. In conclusion, the passive design strategy will impact the energy consumption of the building, so this aspect needs to be considered carefully since the planning stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern architecture style has driven growth in Indonesia's property sector in recent years and has become one of the largest energy-consuming sectors. The flat roof is largely associated with modern style. Both, modern architecture and modern lifestyles like using advanced residential appliances in the urban area become one factor in increased energy consumption in Indonesia. Energy management for the residential building requires for future prediction usage of different appliances in residential buildings. Three different roof designs are represented the current modern residential buildings in Indonesia. This research aims to identify residential roof shapes and appliances to minimize energy consumption. Simulation analysis by eQUEST reveals that roof design has a substantial impact on minimizing energy consumption. Findings from this study indicate that roof shape does not significantly reduce electricity consumption in three different urban cities in Indonesia: Batam, Semarang, and Jakarta. The simulation results show that energy savings can be achieved from energy management appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has committed to the National Energy Policy (KEN) or the National Energy General Plan (RUEN) to increase the Renewable Energy Mix which is at least 23% by 2025. Given that Indonesia is a tropical country, the energy from solar using Solar PV (Photovoltaic) has great potential to be developed and utilized. In this study we conducted an analysis of the application of Solar PV to meet the additional electricity demand for residential sector in South Sulawesi from 2019 to 2025 with certain scenarios. The results of calculations using the center of gravity method show that Makassar is the best location for development of centralized power plant in South Sulawesi. The demand of residential sector increase by 34,88% from 2019-2025. The best option for developing Solar PV Power plant is by individual scale Solar PV rooftop power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water sector is one of the significant sources of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. However, there are still limited studies in evaluating the emissions from the clean water production and supply sector. This study aimed to calculate CO2 emissions from the sector which includes raw water abstraction, clean water treatment plant, and clean water distribution by using mathematical models. The calculation was carried out to two water treatment plants in Depok City, Legong and Citayam. CO2 emissions from both WTP are estimated at 0.49 kg CO2/m3 for WTP Legong and 0.35 kg CO2/m3 for WTP Citayam. Based on the calculation, electricity consumption is the most contributing component to CO2 emissions because the operation of both WTP requires an extensive amount of electricity. This study also revealed that changing the source of electrical power gave the largest reduction in CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the fourth most high population country in the world. This amount of population causes the electricity energy necessity much more. One of the common uses of electricity is for the usage of air conditioner which is part of the living standards in this generation. The government have created a regulation made by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia regarding energy labeling of commercial air conditioners stated in Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 7 2015. Energy label of air conditioners are rewarded through air conditioner testing, in this case the use of air enthalpy method. This method utilizes the Psychrometric Chamber, a chamber that is maintained at a certain condition, with the help of various equipment to help control the condition and calculate the Energy Efficiency Ratio of air conditioners such as psychrometric room, air handling unit, and measurements equipment. The psychrometric chamber itself is divided into two sections, indoor and outdoor room with specific parameters for each rooms. The specification for the indoor room is 27 °C and relative humidity of 47% while the outdoor temperature is 35°C. To achieve these parameters, an air handling unit connected to a water chiller is needed in each rooms to maintain the conditions of air as specified in the regulation. Then the result is used for designing control system for air handler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges in developing renewable energy for electricity in Indonesia are indeed still very complex. In terms of policy, energy use development in Indonesia is mostly still based on the least-cost electricity. The problem of high technological cost used to generate electricity from renewable energy when compared to electricity generation from fossil energy sources takes part burdening the development of renewable energy in Indonesia. This study aims to determine electricity demand projections and fulfillment of using renewable energy (RE) in South Sulawesi. Electricity demand projection is obtained from the time series model based on historical data. The results show that from 2017 to 2025 the public sector is the highest percentage increase (78 %), while the highest nominal increase is the household sector (971 GWh). In total, there is an addition of 2,285 GWh (43%) of electricity demand in South Sulawesi. Renewable Energy available in South Sulawesi has been able to meet the target of fulfilling electricity demand and the energy mix with the most optimum type of RE is Hydropower at a cost of USD 168,242,725 and the fulfillment of the electricity demand meet from Renewable Energy are 52% from the total electricity demand at year 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, the usage of renewable power plants for electric systems is expected not only increased over the year to meet electricity demand but also can support economic condition in a related place. In this paper, causality relationship between electricity consumption particularly from hydropower plant (HEC), losses of the power system (PLOSS), and economic growth (GDP) in Indonesia was investigated using statistical method. Yearly data from year 1985 to 2014 were used in this study. From results of unit root test, examined variables (HEC, PLOSS, and GDP) were stationary at first difference as indicated by their values which have significance at 5% level. Co-integration results using Johansen test to identify long-run relationship between observed variables confirmed that there is 1 co-integration equation in the model. This indicated HEC, PLOSS, and GDP have long–run relationship. Next determining causality direction using Granger test shown that HEC and PLOSS have only unidirectional Granger causality running from HEC to PLOSS. A similar finding for causality direction between GDP and PLOSS. For HEC and GDP, they have bidirectional causality which means HEC influenced GDP condition and vice versa. Resulted information assisted in making electricity energy policy from hydropower plant (HPP) which is potential in Indonesia as an indicator to get high economic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]