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Indonesia is a country that stands at the confluence of three major plates of the earth, namely the Indo-Australian plate, the Eurasian plate and the Pacific plate, which are actively moving. The plate that greatly affects the situation around the Java region is the urging of the Indo-Australian plate towards the Eurasian plate. This situation caused the formation of many volcanoes in Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Papua, and active movement between plates often causes earthquakes in the region. Indonesia's geographical location has a high risk of earthquake impact, but the rapid development and growth of infrastructure can affect the service life of a building structure. Earthquakes are dynamic loads that can not be predicted, particularly for buildings designed with old design codes and standards, which are vulnerable to earthquake/seismic loads. To achieve satisfactory global seismic behavior, it is necessary to evaluate the existing structure and add appropriate retrofitting. This paper analyzes the retrofitting of steel structures using the X-Bracing BRB with the Pushover Analysis Method. The results of this study are presented in the form of a fragility curve that describes the probability of damage before and after retrofitting X-Bracing BRB. By knowing the overall structure in the form of a capacity curve, it is possible to evaluate the retrofitting strategy rationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that Indonesia has more than 12 million hectares of rice fields, most of which are located on the island of Java. Indonesia is one of the biggest rice producers in the world and produces 146.7 million tons of biomass per year or equivalent to about 470 GJ/y of energy. However, more than 90% of the rice by-products are still non-well-valorized and interfere the environmental pollution. This paper presents a study to develop biopellet production and to analyze the physical quality of the product. The research used rice husk and rice straw by applying the appropriate technology in a line process of equipment with 70 kg per batch in capacity and 70 mesh of raw materials fineness. The study indicated that the densification technique affects the physical quality of the biopellet. The formulation of adhesive concentration and densification process affect the yield recovery of biopellet. The low moisture content of rice straw and rice husk respectively improved the density and the calorific value of biopellet. This study mentioned that the calorific value of biopellet-based rice husk was higher than that of the biopellet-based rice straw, but the opposite condition occurred in the content of ash and volatile matter. The study concluded that the quality of biopellet comprised of physical characteristics and calorific value of rice by-products prospective as an advantage bioenergy and the spectrum of product utilization increased due to relatively uniform size and density for efficient storage and transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural hazards and disaster education are significant for building community resilience and preparedness necessary for mitigation and reconstruction measures. Natural hazard education in Indonesia has covered the topics of seismic-induced, volcanic, and hydro-meteorological disasters extensively. However, there has been little to no mention of land subsidence yet. Land subsidence is the lowering of the ground surface due to the downward movement of the earth's surface. The process of land subsidence is so subtle that many do not realize that subsidence takes place until the impacts are widely visible and felt. Exposure to land subsidence is very high, where subsidence has occurred in 134 districts across 21 provinces in Indonesia, particularly in the coastal regions in North Java and East Sumatra. There is an urgent need for public education to build the community's capacity for effective mitigation. This paper aims to provide state-of-the-art knowledge on land subsidence hazard in Indonesia and propose a framework for land subsidence education. Land subsidence in Indonesia is potentially driven by its natural condition and rapidly accelerated by anthropogenic interventions. The structure for land subsidence learning material should cover formal and non-formal education and provide separate modules for each stage. Collaborations between researchers and educators are needed to ensure successful formulation and implementation of land subsidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has potential geothermal energy reaching 28,617 MegaWatt which is 40 of the total world geothermal potential. There are many areas with geothermal potential in Indonesia that have not been explored, especially exploitation related to their utilization. One area on Java Island that requires further investigation is Telomoyo Volcano. This study aims to look at the geothermal system and estimate the reservoir temperature using the geothermometer. Geothermometer methods are used for temperature calculations involving the concentrations of Na, K, Ca. The results of the analysis show that the type of fluid is Chloride water. The results of plotting the concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) show that they are all in the immature water zone. The estimated temperature of the subsurface reservoir of Pakis Dadu hot spring is ± 188 °C and Dukuh Temple hot spring is ± 171 °C. 5. The geothermal system in the study area is classified as a liquid-dominated system. According to the lineament analysis and the fault fracture density map indicate that the manifestations emerge on the surface from the outflow zone, which is controlled by the existence of geological structures. The utilization of geothermal potential in the research area as hot spring baths and high-temperature reservoirs that are good for being developed into geothermal power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to analyze the level of efficiency of rice production, especially in the western region of Indonesia. The level of rice production in the western region is not as good as the Java region. The Utilization of agricultural facilities and infrastructure such as land use, rice seeds, fertilizers and use of agricultural technology is the main obstacle. A Quantitative research method is conducted by using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to analyze the level of efficiency of rice production from internal factors: land area, rice seeds, fertilizers, tractors, and Multiple Regression Analysis to determine the effect of external factors: pests, flood, rainfall and drought to the level of efficiency of rice production. The data source used is based on statistical data from the Ministry of Agriculture in 2019. The results of this study indicate that based on the t-ratio value of the SFA, all the internal factors; land area, seeds, fertilizer, and the tractor did not affect rice production efficiency, but the Technical Efficiency Estimates shown that 10 regions are efficient (66.67%), 2 regions close to the efficient number (12.33%) and 3 regions are inefficient (6.67%). Meanwhile, external factors that affected the efficiency is flood areas. The government needs to ensure that all internal factors (seeds, fertilizers, and agricultural equipment) are well distributed among regions and for the land area, the government can provide farmers with government-owned lands that are not used, provide tractor subsidies to optimize rice production, and make programs that will strengthen farmers, such as training related to agricultural technology, seed selection, and the use of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Java is the most populated island in Indonesia. Not only the majority of people live there, but it also has the biggest granary in Indonesia. Stock farmers in this particular area also have a problem in maintaining the livestock. The major problem in Indonesia, especially on the Java Island, is the lack of government support and central monitoring system to help the farmers, which can lead to prevention-based action. Identifying the right technology is one success key to a successful digital transformation. In this study, we aim to propose a design of technology for smart farming in Java to control and monitor the growth of livestock animals and agricultural plants with distributed system. The agricultural products will also be monitored and maintained by the system with the same technology implemented with a greenhouse system. Information sharing can also be conducted from each farm to the other farmers for appropriate use in the proposed design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An earthquake is a big disaster that might cause a large amount of loss. Various ways had been proposed to overcome this situation, including the usage of catastrophe bonds. In this study, we propose an earthquake catastrophe bond in which both the coupon payment and principal payment are affected by the occurrence of earthquakes during the period. The pricing of this bond consists of several steps as follows: (1) obtain the earthquake data, (2) model the probability distribution of earthquake magnitude and depth, (3) propose the catastrophe bond's payment structure, and (4) derive the price formula. A numerical study using the data of earthquakes around Java and Sulawesi, Indonesia, is provided. We find that these data can be modeled well using Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, Rayleigh distribution, and Generalized Pareto distribution. Consequently, the price of catastrophe bonds can be determined using these distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government has intervened to deal with various affordable public housing programs, as well as financing programs for Low Income society in Indonesia. The characteristics of this society in each region are so diverse, that made the housing programs for this social segment uneasy in reaching the right target. Regulation of Housing and Settlement No. 2/2001 has mandated that the State are obliged to implement a habitable public housing for people, especially for the low income society. The purpose of this study is exploring the low-income residents' preferences and affordability of home ownership for their families in the poorest sub-district of Semarang. Aspects of studies include family conditions, financing, location, housing type and price. The research used a descriptive method to analyze a set of questionnaire data, distributed to low income residents in Sub district Tanjungmas, which isthe poorest sub district in Semarang. The results showed that the respondents developed a vision of home ownership by saving their money for the allocated housing budget and taking a bank installment. They tended to plan to get a house in their current neighborhood or nearby or anywhere else with the same price range. They really understood that, in order to get a better home and neighborhood they have to pay for higher prices. Therefore, their housing criteria or standards were set based on the quality of life in their current residential area, and should be located in a township (kampung). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]