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The implementation of green building is believed to be a key factor in achieving sustainable development in the building sector. The Green Building Council Indonesia is responsible for the development and deployment of green buildings in Indonesia, and has released version 1.2 of the Greenship rating tools for evaluating new green buildings. The use of renewable energy sources in green buildings is highly encouraged, with one point awarded for every 0.5% of energy usage covered by renewable energy, up to a maximum of five points. The installation of rooftop PV systems is a popular choice for renewable energy in many governmental green-rated buildings, but it is important to determine the ideal capacity to prevent overpriced installation costs. This paper proposes a method where the focus is on gaining maximum points in renewable energy and minimizing investment costs, rather than maximizing installed capacity. This approach can reduce capacity by up to 68%. Another important consideration is choosing the optimum grid connectivity type, and the paper discusses the options of on-grid or zero export schemes. Zero export scheme is chosen for this case since the capacity of the PV system is much smaller than the grid power connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The net zero emission commitment under Paris Agreement has fostered the clean energy transition agenda. ASEAN becomes the home of untapped renewable energy resources due to its geographic condition. However, the distribution of renewable energy is far from it has expected. It is not only limited extent due to the country spread, but also the high capital investment costs that caused sluggish progression. It is believed that the interconnection grid and integration energy market across region becomes a prominent key to broaden energy access and bolster the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well. Hence, it is essential to study and analyze the scheme to foster the energy security across border through clean electricity that produced from renewable energy, particularly in ASEAN. The qualitative method through desk review approach was adopted for the paper work. There are two study objectives for this paper: (1) Renewable energy as export commodity in ASEAN which in line with ASEAN Power Grid (APG) agenda and (2) Indonesian future potential as renewable energy exporter. It is found that untapped renewable energy across ASEAN possibly meet the regional electricity demand through interconnected grid and electricity market integration. Such condition also supports the on-going APG project. Electricity trades are regulated through bilateral and multilateral agreement between countries with certain tariff. In this case, a comparison between Indonesia and Singapore about renewables export issue has been analyzed and studied. For attaining the status of renewable energy exporter in the future, it is suggested that Indonesia should deal with policy & regulation certainty (including its harmonization) and renewable energy infrastructure readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an archipelago country and has wave energy potential for renewable energy. It can be applied as a sustainable energy source for bordered and remote coastal areas. Understanding and identifying the most influenced variables to ensure the sustainability of wave energy is crucial. Therefore, this paper aimed to present how people used the structural analysis method to identify the influence factors of sustainability wave energy in coastal areas. The study's methodology was using the Impact Matrix Cross-Reference Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) software for analyzing the influence variables. It was also utilized to identify the correlation among the identified factors. After that, these factors were rank. The result shows that factors of 'subsidies', 'financing institution', proper wave energy potential data', and 'lack of policy and regulation' are classified as a critical factor which has the highest influence and highest independent. However, future research should be performed with more variables and focus group discussions of experts on formulating the best scenarios of wave energy sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to RUPTL 2021 – 2030, Indonesia committed to 23% renewable energy in 2025; meanwhile, in 2019 it is still 9%. Therefore it will require effort from all type renewable energy source which available in Indonesia. As Indonesia is a country with most people who consume rice, the rice husk availability will be abundant automatically. Without good utilization of rice husk in the rice, mills will become a severe threat to the environment. It can generate millions of tons of CO2 when burnt. Also, it will take a long time to degradation if only throw into the environment. Biomass Gasification Power Plant is a technology that utilizes bioenergy with less CO2 emission since the fuel is the rice husk. Utilizing biomass gasification is part of renewable energy available in Indonesia. In this paper, a gasification power plant prototype with a 10 kW capacity will be used as a model to determine how big the possible contribution of a gasification power plant to participate 23% renewable energy in 2025. It will review the recent cost of Tarif /kWh and compare it with the local electricity tariff price. Also, alternative utilizing energy biomass becomes heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns on process modeling of torrefaction and activation of oil palm trunk (OPT) becoming activated charcoal, abundant biomass resources coming from replantation of oil palm. The processes are very crucial in treating OPT before utilization for energy source due to the high level of water content and volatile matters in the biomass. Oil palm trunk is solid waste biomass from oil palm, which can be a new and renewable energy source with great potential in Indonesia. One way to increase the value of oil palm trunk is by increasing its calorific value. Utilization of this OPT waste will be used to produce fuel that is relatively more environmentally friendly. One of the processes to increase the calorific value of the OPT is torrefaction, and its use-value can be increased again by the activation process to produce activated carbon. In this research, modeling and simulation were carried out on the drying process and OPT torrefaction using three types of reactors of the Gibbs reactor, Yield reactor, and Batch reactor. Oil palm trunk is defined as cellulose, hemicellulose, extractive, ash, and water. The simulation results in the form of HHV and yield values were then validated with experimental data. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of HHV charcoal and impregnation ratio (IR) on the surface area was carried out by collecting and processing literature data. For the torrefaction process, the difference between the simulation results and the experiment on the Gibbs reactor is about 5 % for HHV and about 10 to 14.94% for yield. Meanwhile, the yield reactor has an error about 12 to 19% for HHV and 5 % for yield. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the optimum temperature for the torrefaction process is 275°C. Based on statistical analysis, the impregnation ration of ZnCl2 to produce the maximum surface area of 1652.507 m2/g is 5.458. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with a large number of daily coastal fishermen. The majority of fishing boats use diesel as fuel, on the other hand, solar energy as a renewable energy source is widely available in countries that cross the equator. This paper aims to conduct a preliminary design of a 5 GT fishing boat's use of solar panels as electric motor propulsion for daily coast fishermen. Based on field data processing, it was found that the appropriate fishing boat size was 10 m in length, 2.2 m in width, 1.1 m in height, and 0.55 m in the draft. The results of the design show that the electric motor propulsion fishing boat can operate optimally using solar energy is 7 hours with a sailing distance of 9 sea miles. These results can be used as a reference for the substitution of fossil fuels into renewable energy so that they can provide the benefits of low daily operating costs for daily coast fishermen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia has a water energy potential of 75 GW. However, only 8.1% of this potential has been utilized. Therefore, it is necessary to develop potential energy sources to increase energy for Indonesia. one of the potential energies comes from water resources known as hydro energy. This paper aims to design an innovative concept of a water turbine that flows from inside a pipe that utilizes wastewater. Pipe Flow Turbine or TULIPA is an innovative concept of water turbine with exhaust pipe as a new renewable energy power plant. TULIPA is a hydroelectric power plant that has advantages, among others; sustainable, low emission, can be used in any season. This turbine will produce an estimate power around 2395,379 kW, whereas this number is expected to be enough to supply for the daily needs of electricity for devices like television, lights, and any room cooler. With this turbine available in the market, we expect that the cost of electricity for every household may be decreased severely, and to change people mind from using limited energy source, such as fossil energy and try to make use of better technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the strategic efforts of universities in Indonesia in marketing their research results according to government recommendations through startups with digital marketing. Products marketed range from education, equipment, and training services. Preliminary studies aimed at accelerating digital marketing traffic have been carried out in the MATLAB framework. We use the Queen honey bee colony migration (QHBM) method to accurately launch promo coupons so that they can change the tendency of ordinary visitors to become buyers. As a fair comparison, we use a moving average (MA) with the same threshold as QHBM. The simulation results show the fact that QHBM is more accurate than MA. After using the simulation results in real situations, this startup was able to achieve BEP in 6 months with an average monthly turnover of US 2,045. Based on the results of this evaluation, it was found that consumer satisfaction reached 85%, the effectiveness of digital marketing reached the level and consumer trends for renewable energy in the future reached 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing rate of population growth in Indonesia has resulted in an increase in the rate of energy demand each year. Indonesia has the potential for quite abundant energy sources, one of which is the potential for water energy. The po-tential of water energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources and provides a sizeable contribution in the world. Micro hydro and picohydro power plants are quite popular in various countries and are considered suitable for application in remote areas that have a potential source of water energy. The Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) is a micro-hydro power plant for low-head and low-flow applications. GWVPP was first developed by Franz Zotlöterer since 2006 to produce surface runoff created in an open space with an orifice located at the bottom of the basin resulting in a water vortex. This paper presents a theoretical review, performance evaluation, and findings of previous research on GWVPP. GWVPP is a relatively new technology in micro hydro power generation. GWVPP works by means of a water vortex induced by a gravitational force which is then absorbed by a Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) which is connected to a generator to produce electricity. In GWVT the water energy hits the blade at the same time, so the active area of the blade is relatively larger. The average efficiency of this GWVT is 53%. Various experimental studies as well as numerical simulations on turbine design and parameters have been carried out to improve their efficiency. Further research is still being carried out by researchers to get the most optimal efficiency. Below, various parameters that affect the per-formance of GWVT are described which are expected to meet the electricity needs of regions in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal is a potential renewable energy source to be developed in Indonesia. Indonesia's geothermal energy potential reaches 25,386.5 MW, but only 1,948.5 MW is used for electricity generation. One of the biggest obstacles to geothermal development for power generation is geothermal electricity tariffs and the absence of regulatory reform or the establishment of attractive incentives to further ensure the economics of geothermal power projects, This paper tries to look at the economics of the latest geothermal electricity tariffs set by the government, Calculation of the economic value of geothermal electricity rates using excel software using secondary data, It is necessary to adjust the tariff for geothermal electricity from 11.74 US$ cents/kWh to around 0.198 cents US$/kWh so that the price of geothermal electricity is in the range of 11.938 cents. IRR value that is smaller than the Discount Rate value of 10.36% indicates a high risk of loss to inflation or changes in the value of currency or goods, The benefits of this research for the world of education can be a reference for the geothermal economy in Indonesia, while in the industrial world it can be a reference for tariffs set by the government to see if the project is feasible to run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of electricity in an area will increase along with the increasing number of residents in the region. The source of electrical energy which is derived from fossils will be depleted from time to time because this type of energy source cannot be renewed. Thus, renewable electricity sources must be developed and become a very urgent need for the community, including in the coastal areas of Malang Regency, Indonesia. This location has the considerable potential of wind speed and solar radiation which can be utilized to generate electricity. These two types of renewable energy sources can be combined to develop a hybrid power plant. The development of hybrid power plan supports the independence of the community in fulfilling electricity by utilizing the resources around them. This paper aims to examine the opportunities for developing hybrid power plants in coastal areas of Malang Regency using HOMER software simulations. The aspects studied include the costs and the output power produced, as well as the greenhouse emissions. The results of this study were then used as a consideration in designing a hybrid power generation system that produces optimum electricity, both in terms of power output and the costs required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of the countries which have geothermal potential as a renewable energy resource. Forty per cent of the world's geothermal energy potential, at 28,000 megawatts (MW) is estimated found in Indonesia. Activities in geothermal also generate some waste, including solid waste. The sources of solid waste in geothermal energy are including drill cuttings, scale from cooling water, scale from maintenance, domestic waste, hazardous solid waste from the machine and heavy equipment maintenance, and others. The objectives of this study are to determine the variety of solid waste sources, types and characteristics of solid waste, and management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste in Indonesia's geothermal energy utilization. The methods used in this study are field observation, literature review, and interview with the worker in the geothermal field. The source of solid waste is generally similar because of similar activity. The primary solid wastes generated from Indonesia geothermal field are drill cutting, scale, domestic waste, silica sludge, and organic waste. The source for solid waste is similar to other countries such as exploration and production, maintenance, laboratory analysis, and also power generation activity. Indonesia geothermal field manages its organic waste generally by composting. The other non-hazardous waste is delivered to the waste bank or environmental community to be recycled or reused. They manage hazardous waste with the third party and also collect it first at the final disposal site. To reduce solid waste from the geothermal field, they should have suggestion and innovation program to manage their solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is the future energy for the substitution of the depleting fossil fuels. In Indonesia, biomass is one of promising renewable energy due to its abundant availability. Biomass can be converted into energy by thermochemical process, such as pyrolysis. In the implementation, pyrolysis can be applied in household cookstove, called pyrolytic stove. Pyrolytic stove will be proposed for people still cooking over an open biomass fire. This paper studied the pyrolysis of Indonesian teak using household pyrolytic stove. The effect of outer air holes on the performance of household pyrolytic stove was investigated. The increasing of cross section area of outer air holes effected on the higher of biomass combustion releasing energy for pyrolysis and cooking. Furthermore, the optimum outer air holes condition in the stove was fully open with the minimum of char product and the maximum of energy recovered for cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-renewable energy source will run out quickly and pollute dangerously the environment. This causes the change in using source of energy to the renewable energy which is clean and eco-friendly. Wind turbine is one of renewable energy which is eco-friendly and having abundant sources. Indonesia has wind velocity for about 4 m/s which is appropriate to be installed Savonius wind turbine. This paper aims to increase Savonius wind turbine performance by adding slotted 5 mm and 7 mm, at 30 % chord of blade. In measuring the turbine, blower fans were used as the source of wind with the wind velocity of about 4 m/s to 7 m/s. The result showed that applying slotted blades could increase torque, therefore it was able to produce performance improvement at the condition of low angular velocity. The highest power coefficient occurred when slotted blades variation 5 mm at 30 % chord of blade is 0.118 at TSR 0.350. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable and sustainable energy is increasingly gaining interest in current research circles due to the debates on renewable energy resources. It is essential for scientists and researchers to search for solutions in renewable energy resources, with effective technologies, and low cost in operation and maintenance. Hydro resources can be considered a potential renewable energy resource. The traditional water wheel with simple construction coupled with a basic concept of technology can be utilised as a renewable and sustainable rural energy system. This paper discusses the case of the water wheel as a renewable energy system employed in Padang, Indonesia. The Padang water wheel is constructed from hardwood material with a diameter of 300 cm and width of 40 cm. It is built on a river using water flow to generate the movement of the wheel. The water wheel application in the area showed that it is suitable to be utilised to elevate and distribute water to rice fields located at a higher level than the water level of the river. The water wheel capacity is about 100–120 liters/min. It could continuously irrigate ±5 ha. of the rice fields. One of the advantages of this water wheel type is to function as a green technology concept promising no negative effect on the environment. The traditional water wheel has also a big economic impact on the rural economy, increasing the productivity of the rice fields. The people of Padang live in a water landscape encompassing the water wheel as an ubiquitous part of their lives, hence they relate to it and the technology of fabrication as well as the utilisation, making it an amenable and effective technology, finding relevance in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste in Indonesia in total reaches 189 kilograms tons/day. The types of plastic waste that are often found are low density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The aim of research are to describe the characteristic and to analyze the validation result of plastic simple recycler. The method used to treat LDPE, PS and PET plastic waste was pyrolysis. Plastic waste to be processed was cleaned and dried first to separate it from impurities. The time used in the experiment was 108 minutes with a temperature above 370°C. The results of LDPE and PET pyrolysis, can produce alternative energy. Based on the results of the validation tests, the mean rcount was 0.87 which indicates that the plastic simple recycler declared valid. The plastic simple recycler has six main component consist of a reactor, stove, the first and second alternative condensors, a basin, and a storage container. This plastic simple recycler has insteresting characteristics; easy to assembly and use, low cost and good pyrolysis performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of domestic waste water treatment, especially black water, starts from technology selection, collection, treatment, and by-product utilization. The objective of this research is to analyze the sanitation condition in Indonesia, particularly regarding toilets, and the potential of fecal sludge as energy. Data from Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014 (IFLS 5) become the basis for analysis of toilets and fecal sludge production. The data are projected from 2015 until 2030 with 5 years interval. The analysis results find that 74.3% of households already have improved toilets, 17.7% of households have unimproved toilets, and 8% of households do not have any toilet. Combination of statistical data on population and IFLS 5 data generate electrical energy value in urban and rural areas of 1,814.58 GWh/year, equivalent to the electricity needs of 1,680,167 people/year or 420,042 households/year, and energy of 113.00 GWh/year, equivalent to electricity needs of 104,630 people/year or 26,158 households/year. Then, the projection shows that the production of electrical energy continues to grow in line with the growth of proper sanitation facilities and handling of fecal sludge. This indicates that increasing proper sanitation facilities and handling of fecal sludge can contribute to the value of renewable energy sources in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal, which reserve is still abundant, can be a vital primary energy source in Indonesia in the coming decade to substitute oil and gas. The oil and gas reserves has nearly depleted but they have not been compensated by other new and renewable energy sources. However, coal as a solid fuel cannot be used as versatile as liquid fuel, especially for transportation fuel. Therefore, it is important to study the coal liquefaction technology in order to substitute the petroleum based liquid fuel. Among other technologies, solvent coal liquefaction has an interesting potential since it usually employs moderate operating conditions and does not require as much hydrogen supply as other technologies. From this review, we found that the choice of solvent is important factor in coal liquefaction. Solvent polarity will affect the yield and the product composition. Another important factor is operating temperature. The solvent liquefaction rate will increase if the operating temperature is closer to the coal softening temperature. In the coal liquefaction process, coal particle size can be an essential element. Depending on the initial size, the particle may remain intact or may completely dissolved during the process, therefore it will significantly affect the extraction rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays electricity is very important to support various sectors of life. However, as the demand for electricity increases, the source of electrical energy is not enough to supply the energy demand. Indonesia has various potential sources of renewable energy that can be used, one of them is hydropower which in 2018 reached 94.3 GW. But, the utilization of these energy sources has not been maximized because there are limited water turbine manufacturers in Indonesia. This research will develop an application for calculating the design of a Cross Flow water turbine. Cross-Flow Turbine has several advantages, that it is easy to build and has an efficiency that tends to be constant. The calculations include power, rotational speed, speed components, dimensions of turbine components like runners, blades, and nozzles. The application can be used to simulate performance using discharge variations to determine the efficiency of the designed turbine. Also, a Cross Flow turbine is designed with a gross head of 10 meters and a flow rate of 0.4 m3/s. Turbine component calculations are adjusted to the application and manual calculations are used to the validation and application testing. Performance simulation using flow variation of 0.05 m3/s; 0.3 m3/s; and 0.7 m3/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final energy consumption of Indonesia's fuel oil continues to increase every year for the past ten years. In general, most of energy consumption is obtained by fossil-fuels such as oil, gas, coal, and geothermal and the rest is renewable energy. This condition indicates that Indonesia is relying on non-renewable energy sources yet, whereas the numbers are running low. To overcome it, other energy needs to be developed to replace oil fuels that are renewable, eco-friendly, and natural. One potential renewable energy source developed in Indonesia instead of fuel is bio-ethanol (C2H5OH), which is mixed with gasoline (E5, E10, and E15); further the octane value of fuel can be increased. In addition to the problems in the comparison of the two fuel mixtures, the properties of each different substance are resulted in the difficulty of mixing both types of fuel that can produce a high Coefficient of Variation which results in the performance of the gasoline engine and cause torque fluctuations (vehicle driveability problem) produced. Addition of oxygenated additives (0.5 vol %) is intended, so that an insignificant COV value will be produced (less than 10%) in the two mixtures, whereby it can enhance performance and emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has a considerable potential for renewable energy, which is around 168GW. This potential can be utilized to support the government programs as an alternative solution to fulfill the need of electricity, especially in remote areas. One of the problems that arises is that the power generated by renewable energy sources, especially those derived from wind resources and solar radiation, is in the form of DC power while the load supplied is in the form of AC power. The conversion of DC power into AC power will cause power losses so that it will reduce the generator efficiency. One solution related to this problem is to develop DC House, i.e. a residential with DC power loads in it. In its development, a DC House can be supplied by several renewable energy sources, all of which are DC power sources. Then a converter is needed which has several input voltage sources with one output voltage or referred to as the Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) converter. This study simulates a Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) converter, which consists of 3 DC input voltage sources originating from wind power generation, solar cell and battery with one output voltage to supply DC loads. The MISO design and analysis developed emphasizes the regulation of input voltage variations from 3 different sources to produce an output voltage to be supplied to a DC bus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the principles to achieve national energy independence and resilience is to maximize the use of new and renewable energy (NRE) by taking into account the economic level and mastery of technology. The economic level is not only seen from the energy price point of view, but also must be seen from its impact on the environment, economic activity growth and employment. Mastery of technology and industry can guarantee the continuity of the use and development of NRE independently and sustainably. The contribution of NRE in national energy need is targeted as much as 23% in 2025, and 31.2% in 2050 (NEGP, 2017). In 2015 the contribution of NRE in national energy consumtion was only 5%, and in 2018 increased to around 12% (MEMR, 2018), the potential for renewable energy in Indonesia is quite high but its utilization is still not very significant, there are still limited research on it both by research institution as well as academia, it is presumably due to various challenges and obstacles both technical and non-technical. Result of this study analysis show that there is a need for comprehensive NRE roadmap supported by reliable regulations. Beside it, the implementation of energy independence requires involvement of quadruple helix collaboration, i.e. Academia; Business; Government; and Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal is a potential renewable energy source to be developed in Indonesia. Indonesia's geothermal energy potential is recorded at 28,579 MW but only used for electricity generation of around 1,948.5 MW. Investment in geothermal power plants is an investment that is capital intensive with high investment risk factors. This study aims to determine the financial feasibility of investing in geothermal power plants in the Gedongsongo geothermal field with 55 MWe of potential electrical energy. Also, research is conducted to find out from the beginning of the project implementation to the end of the project's economic life and to determine the feasibility level of the financial feasibility of investment in the project. The results of investment analysis using sensitivity analysis, indicating that price movements in project calculations have a significant influence on changes in NPV. Sensitivity analysis is carried out on several parameters that affect the project value (in the form of NPV) with a Low Case of 70% parameter value and High Case of 130%. The inflation rate for operating costs such as O & M, Make-Up Well Drilling, and Overhaul is assumed to be 2% per year. Project financing is expected to originate from personal capital of 30% and loans of 70% with interest rates (interest) of 4% per year. To get the value of the internal rate of return on personal capital or the Equity Internal Rate of Return by PLN standards of 14%, the electricity tariff for the Gedongsongo Geothermal power plant is 11.47 cents/ kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, one of the renewable energy sources which is promising to be developed for producing electricity at a certain region is wind energy. However, a suitable area for the wind farm is affected by various factors. Therefore, selecting the best site using a certain procedure is important to maximize the benefits obtained. This research has the focus to identify the optimal location in Jeneponto regency, South Sulawesi province based geographic information system (GIS) for developing wind power plant (WPP). Three step analyses using the scoring approach with 7 parameters in total were applied to determine the best location specifically. The adopted parameters which are considered affect decision in building WPP at particular place include wind potential, elevation, slope, land use type, soil condition, populated area, and distance to roads (access). In the first step analysis using 5 parameters for eleven sub-regencies in Jeneponto, it is obtained that area within Kelara sub-regency is the suitable location. To identify more detail, second step analysis using 5 parameters for 10 villages within Kelara sub-regency shown that there are three villages as candidates for the best location as indicated by the same highest scoring total. Next, final analysis for the three locations using all considered parameters shown in Tolo village is the best site with 127-hectare area. As applied procedure based GIS is capable in determining optimal location, presented results useful to increase more WPP particularly in South Sulawesi to follow electricity demand growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuel reserve becomes lower each day, while energy demand keeps increasing. For a developing country like Indonesia, careful planning to reduce the tendency of fossil fuel usage is critical. This brings an advancement in the usage and technology of biofuels in Indonesia. One important type of biofuels which consumption keeps increasing each year in Indonesia is bioethanol. With its tropical climate and huge land area, Indonesia has great potential of biomass to produce bioethanol. However, this potential cannot be fully utilized because of large area requirements for infrastructure, settlement, industry and food. Current biomass that is used as raw material to produce bioethanol in Indonesia is usually from crops like corn, sugarcane or cassava. Those plants could be used as bioethanol production, but their usage is also important in food sector. Another potential raw material is napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) which bioethanol production is reportedly high and its usage do not compete with food availability. An evaluation of each potential raw materials for industrial scale bioethanol production is important to ensure Indonesia's energy security and decreasing the tendency of fossil fuel usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) gasification is a promising method that used in energy generation field. The impurities of SCB such as moisture content, ash and volatile maters will disturb the gasification process and decrease yield and quality of syngas. Pre-treatment, such as pelleting and torrefaction, can be applied on SCB to improve gasification performance in a gasifier. The aims of this experiment were to study non-catalytic gasification of Indonesian SCB for syngas production in a downdraft gasifier. This experimental investigation was focused on gasification temperature effect (800, 950 and 1050°C) and pre-treatment methods (pelleting and torrefaction) of Indonesian SCB on carbon conversion efficiency (CCE), syngas volumetric percentage and lower heating value (LHV). The result showed that the highest CCE was 88.16%, obtained at 1050°C of torrefied SCB gasification. Meanwhile, the highest LHV of syngas was 4.48 MJ/Nm³, obtained at 1050°C of pelletized SCB gasification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar, wind, biomass and micro-hydro can be found in abundant in almost all rural area throughout the world. Despite of the fact that there are already so many research results showing the potential application of these renewable resources to substitute fossil fuel and to increase added value of local products, however, up to now very view if any result that has been realized in significant way. A concept of Small Provessing Unit using renewable energy sources have been introduced in Indonesia since 1999, in which domestically developed conversion technology, such as the greenhouse effect (GHE) solar drying system has been applied to process agricultural products such as coffee, cocoa, soices, various types of fishes and sea weeds. In addition, hybrid nocturnal cooling method has also beeing developed and used to help the farmer in extending shelf life of tropical fruits and vegetables and therefore, contributed in reducing post harvest losses. The Small Processing Unit concept as well as the developed renewable energy technology are now gradually being appreciated by both the central and local authorities, the private sectors including the NGO. The demand of such system is also gradually increasing each year and the area of applications have been extended not only within the heavtily inhavited Java Island but also to the other island of Indonesia. Our experiences in dealing with the system have also been transferred to fellow ASEAN engineers as well as those coming from the African continent through training and workshops activities. The future direction of the development will be to enhace the role of the Small Processing Unit (SPU) by providing more value added facilities driven by renewable energy technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]